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Electronic interactions of the Group 2A elements with magnesium have been studied through the dilute solid solutions in binary Mg-Ca, Mg-Sr and Mg-Ba systems. This investigation incorporated the difference in the ‘Work Function’ (ΔWF) measured via Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy (KPFM), as a property directly affected by interatomic bond types, i.e. the electronic structure, nanoindentation measurements, and Stacking Fault Energy values reported in the literature. It was shown that the nano-hardness of the solid-solution α-Mg phase changed in the order of Mg-Ca>Mg-Sr>Mg-Ba. Thus, it was shown, by also considering the nano-hardness levels, that SFE of a solid-solution is closely correlated with its ‘Work Function’ level. Nano-hardness measurements on the eutectics and ΔWF difference between eutectic phases enabled an assessment of the relative bond strength and the pertinent electronic structures of the eutectics in the three alloys. Correlation with ΔWF and at least qualitative verification of those computed SFE values with some experimental measurement techniques were considered important as those computational methods are based on zero Kelvin degree, relatively simple atomic models and a number of assumptions. As asserted by this investigation, if the results of measurement techniques can be qualitatively correlated with those of the computational methods, it can be possible to evaluate the electronic structures in alloys, starting from binary systems, going to ternary and then multi-elemental systems. Our investigation has shown that such a qualitative correlation is possible. After all, the SFE values are not treated as absolute values but rather become essential in comparative investigations when assessing the influences of alloying elements at a fundamental level, that is, free electron density distributions. Our study indicated that the principles of ‘electronic metallurgy’ in developing multi-elemental alloy systems can be followed via practical experimental methods, i.e. ΔWF measurements using KPFM and nanoindentation.

The Internet has become the fastest-growing way to sell luxury products. Purchase intention for luxury products in online stores has taken attention in the last few years since the sector has proliferated. The primary objective of this study is to examine the impact of various factors such as Product knowledge, Price consciousness, Perceived enjoyment, Perceived ease of usage, and usefulness on online luxury purchase intention in developing countries like Pakistan. Data was collected from 267 luxury fashion customers in Pakistan through an online questionnaire, and the results were analyzed using Smart PLS-SEM. In addition, the paper investigates the moderating effect of Perceived risk, Brand awareness and Web Atmospheric on the link between the Attitude and Online Luxury Purchase Intentions of the consumer to buy luxury fashion products online. The framework of this study is validated by structural equation modelling (SEM). The findings of this study show that perceived enjoyment, price consciousness, and Perceived ease of use significantly and positively impact online luxury purchase intention. Additionally, the findings indicated that brand awareness, perceived risk, and web atmospherics each intervened as moderators in the relationship between attitudes toward purchasing luxury products and online luxury purchase intentions. Product knowledge is not directly related to online purchase intention, but Attitude plays a mediating role in the relationship between product knowledge and online luxury buying purpose. In the context of luxury product intention, this study is one of the first to investigate the moderating effect that brand awareness, perceived risk, and web atmospherics play. It will help luxury brands develop the right tactics for selling luxury goods online in developing countries like Pakistan.

Objective: To evaluate functional outcomes and complications in gunshot femur shaft fractures treated with intramedullary nailing primarily. Study Design: Prospective longitudinal study Place and Duration of Study: Department of Orthopaedic Combined Military Hospital, Nowshera, Combined Military Hospital Sialkot, Combined Military Hospital, Rawalpindi Pakistan, from Jan 2016 to Dec 2021. Methodology: A total number of 53 cases of open fracture of the femur shaft due to gunshot were included in the study. After initial wound debridement, an X-ray was taken, and fractures were classified according to the Gustilo–Anderson classification. All fractures were fixed with titanium I/M I/L Nail in static mode by the same orthopaedic surgeon. Rehabilitation was instituted immediately after the operation, and the outcome was assessed in regards to infection, range of motion at the knee, full weight bearing and radiological union achieved. Results: Thirty-four (64.15%) patients had Type-1 fractures of the femur shaft, and 19(35.8%) patients had Type-2 fractures. Fracture union was observed in 47(88.67%) patients after three months and 6(11.32%) over the next five months. Complications were wound infections 5(9.44%), leg length discrepancy 4(7.53%), and non-union 2(3.77%) at six months. In these two cases, bone grafting was done, and union was achieved. Conclusion: Primary intramedullary (IM) is the preferred mode of treatment of Type 1 and 2 shafts of femur fractures if early good debridement is done. It avoids secondary procedures, has fewer complications and helps in early mobilization.

Objective: To determine whether the blood lost in total knee arthroplasty surgery can be salvaged and reused using the autotransfusion technique without adverse effects and need more blood requirement. Study Design: Prospective longitudinal study. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Combined Military Hospital Rawalpindi from Aug 2020 to Dec 2021. Methodology: The study included all the candidates undergoing total knee replacement surgery. Fifty-five patients underwent autologous transfusion using blood bags attached to drains and reusing them within 4-6 hours. All the transfusions were recorded. Results: Out of 55 patients, 49(89%) underwent unilateral knee replacement, and 6(11%) underwent bilateral knee replacement. All 49 patients (89%) received a single blood transfusion, and all 6(11%) bilateral knee replacements received two blood transfusions each. Out of 61 transfusions, no adverse reaction was noted. One patient needed additional blood transfusion while undergoing bilateral knee replacement. Conclusion: Blood autologous transfusion during knee replacement surgeries is a practical and cost-effective measure, especially in rare blood groups. Autotransfusion is a simple and hassle-free approach that can be used routinely while avoiding adverse blood reactions.

Objective: To compare the institutional practices among patients undergoing living-related renal transplants in different hospitals throughout Pakistan. Study Design: Cross-sectional survey. Place and Duration of Study: Armed Forces of Institute of Urology, Rawalpindi Pakistan, from Jun 2020 to Jan 2021. Methodology: Pakistan's leading kidney transplant centres were sent data electronically to ask about their anaesthetic practices. The methodology adopted was a simple questionnaire model that included 26 questions encompassing all the steps the anaesthesia team took for renal transplant. Uniformity in anaesthetic practices was expected in large centres through rigorous training and workload management. The teams responded according to their standard operating procedures and compared their answers using statistical formulas. Results: Nine out of 11(81.8%) institutes responded. Marked heterogeneity in Anaesthesia practices was found among different institutes. Only 2(18.2%) institutes had Anaesthesia guidelines for a kidney transplant. Conclusion: There is a need for centralized country-specific homogeneous guidelines for Anaesthesia for the kidney transplant to improve outcomes.

Introduction: There are many possible sources of medical information; however, the quality of the information varies. Poor quality or inaccurate resources may be harmful if they are trusted by providers. This study aimed to analyze the quality of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)-related intubation videos on YouTube. Methods: The term “COVID-19 intubation” was searched on YouTube. The top 100 videos retrieved were sorted by relevance and 37 videos were included. The video demographics were recorded. The quality of the videos was analyzed using an 18-point checklist, which was designed for evaluating COVID-19 intubation. Videos were also evaluated using general video quality scores and the modified Journal of the American Medical Association score. Results: The educational quality was graded as good for eight (21.6%) videos, moderate for 13 (35.1%) videos, and poor for 16 (43.2%) videos. The median safe COVID-19 intubation score (SCIS) was 11 (IQR = 5–13). The SCISs indicated that videos prepared in an intensive care unit were higher in quality than videos from other sources (p < 0.05). The length of the video was predictive of quality (area under the curve = 0.802, 95% CI = 0.658–0.945, p = 0.10). Conclusions: The quality of YouTube videos for COVID-19 intubation is substandard. Poor quality videos may provide inaccurate knowledge to viewers and potentially cause harm.

Objective: To assess live donor nephrectomy for development of hypertension. Study Design: Retrospective observational study. Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted at Armed Forces Institute of Urology (AFIU) Rawalpindi, from May 2016 to May 2020. Methodology: All consenting kidney donors for live renal transplant were introduced with the process. Baseline blood pressure at time of workup of donation and annually afterwards after transplant on follow up examinations using retrospective data analysis of donor’s workup and follow up was used. Comparison of 1,2,3 and 4-year occurrence of hypertension among (normotensive) donors with 1,2,3 and 4-year of donation using estimates from Framingham Hypertension Risk Score. Results: A total of 79 donors with a completed annual follow-up rate of up to100 % during a 4-year period. The average age at donation was 33.96 ± 10.23 SD years; 50 donors (63.4%) were women. Overall 27% (22 out of 79) of all live donors developed post donation hypertension who were normotensive at the time of donation. Almost 2/3rd of the patients developing hypertension were females. There was a significant increase in blood pressure measurements each year after donation. Increased BMI of the patient was a risk factor for post donation development of hypertension. The donors who continue being normotensive 1-year post donation yielded an analogous risk to that fit Framingham populace. Conclusion: Live organ kidney givers are at augmented risk of development of hypertension post kidney donation. The study ascertains the potential significance of following donors and handling risk factors aggressively................

Objective: To determine the efficacy of high dose carboxymaltose vs iron sucrose for anemia among pregnant women managed at our hospital. Study Design: Comparative cross-sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: Gynecology and Obstetrics department, Pak Emirates Military Hospital Rawalpindi, from Jan 2019 to Jan 2020. Methodology: The study was done on 150 patients receiving carboxymaltose preparation and 150 patients receiving iron sucrose preparation in second or third trimester of pregnancy due to either not responding to or not tolerating the oral preparation. Mean change in hemoglobin was assessed after 12 weeks of standard therapy with both the agents. Complete recovery from anemia (hemoglobin levels), mean corpuscular volume and ferritin levels were also compared in both the groups. Results: Mean age of participants was 32.89±7.191 years. Mean rise in hemoglobin in carboxymaltose was 3.96 ± 4.19 mg/dl while in iron sucrose group was 2.11±1.72 mg/dl (p-value

Objective: To compare effectiveness of infusion with phenylephrine plus rescue boluses and rescue boluses in preventing frequency of maternal hypotension in patients undergoing cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Study Design: Quasi experimental study. Place and Duration of Study: Anesthesia Department, Holy Family Hospital Rawalpindi, from Nov 2015 to May 2016. Methodology: A total of 80 patients were randomly divided using lottery method in group A and B. Spinal anesthesia was given with co-loading as 15 ml/kg of ringer lactate, with 12mg of hyperbaric bupivacaine (0.75%). No pre-medication was used. Patients received variable amount phenylephrine infusion starting at 0.75μg/kg/ min (group A) or variable rate prophylactic saline infusion at 0.0075ml/kg/min (group B) (control group). Maternal hypotension was treated with rescue boluses of phenylephrine (50-100μg). Results: Mean age was 30 ± 2.23years’ vs. 31± 2.81 years (group A Vs group B) (p=0.0818). The two groups did not differ in American society of Anaesthesiologists ASA status. Mean BMI in group A and group B was 24 ± 2.813 vs. 25 ± 3.114 (p=0.1358). Mean NIBP in group A and group B was 110/70mm Hg ± 8.62 vs. 111/80mm Hg ± 10.224 (p=0.6376). Phenylephrine infusion with rescue boluses was operational in 32 (80%) subjects (there was less incidence of maternal hypotension) compared to boluses only was efficacious in 14 (35%) of all patients p

Amaç: Bu çalışmada beyin cerrahisinin prokalsitonin düzeylerine etkisini ve prokalsitoninin beyin cerrahisinin yaratmış olduğu enflamatuar reaksiyonla, postoperatif gelişen enfeksiyonu ayırt etme özelliği araştırılmıştır.Gereç ve Yöntem: Çalışmamız 10’unda ventriküler drenaj, 17’sinde ventriküloperitoneal şant uygulanan 27 hidrosefalili hastada yapılmıştır. Preoperatif 1 ve postoperatif 7 gün boyunca Prokalsitonin, Beyaz küre sayısı, C-reaktif protein ve ateş değerlerindeki değişimler incelenmiştir.Bulgular: Tüm hastalarda postoperatif 1. günde preoperatif değerlere göre ateş değerlerinde anlamlı yükseklik tespit edilmiştir. C-reaktif proteinin postoperatif 2. günde pik yaptığı ve daha sonra azalma paterni gösteren düzenli bir kinetik izlediği gözlenmiştir. Postoperatif 5. günde, C-reaktif proteinin halen preoperatif değerinin 3 katı kadar yüksek olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Prokalsitoninin enfeksiyon gelişmeyen tüm hastalarda postoperatif normal sınırları aşmadığı, enfeksiyon gelişen hastalarda ise arttığı gözlenmiştir.Sonuç: Gelecekte daha fazla hasta sayısı ve farklı operasyon türlerini de içeren gruplarla yapılacak çalışmaların sonuçlarıyla prokalsitoninin beyin cerrahi sonrası sistemik komplikasyonları takipte ciddi ve güvenli bir parametre olacağını düşünmekteyiz.

Amaç: Klinik çalışmamızda multıple seviyeli servikal dejenaratif disk hernilerinde (2-4 seviye) yaş, cinsiyet, seviye sayısı, şikayet ve bulgular gözönünde bulundurularak anterior servikal diskektomi ile beraber bıçaklı cage uygulaması ve cerrahi sonrası hastaların klinik düzelmeleri, komplikasyon oranları ve radyolojik olarak değerlendirilmeleri amaçlanmıştır.Gereç ve Yöntem: 2012-2018 yılları arasında 2,3 ve 4 seviyeli servikal dejeneratif disk hernisi tespit edilen 156 hastanın şikayet, semptom, nörolojik muayene, radyolojik bulgular ve cerrahi olarak uygulanan diskektomi ve bıçaklı kafes ile postoperatif sonuçlar ve komplikasyonlar değerlendirilmiştir. Bulgular: Hastaların %41.6’sı (65 hasta) erkek, %58.4’ü (91 hasta) kadındı. Yaş aralıkları 32-76 ve yaş ortalamaları 50.68’di. %85.2’si (133 hasta) iki mesafe, %13.5’i (21 hasta) üç mesafe, %1.3’ü (2 hasta) dört mesafe servikal disk hernisine sahipti. Hastaların hepsi daha önce konservatif tedavi olarak ilaç kullanmış ve %79.5’i (124 hasta) fizik tedavi görmüştü. Hastalar postoperatif 3-36 ay ortalama 18 ay izlendi. Komplikasyon olarak, postoperatif erken dönemde 5 hastada nörodefisit, 1hastada yüzeyel yara enfeksiyonu gelişti. Sonuç: İki ve daha fazla seviyeli servikal dejeneratif disk hernili ve spondilozlu hastalara uygulanan anterior servikal diskektomi ve bıçaklı kafes ameliyatları ile anterior plakla stabilizasyona gerek kalmaksızın servikal bölgenin hareketlerinin korunması sağlanabilir.

ABSTRACT: INTRODUCTION: Spinal Anaesthesia is a major component of Anaesthetist's tool set and is widely used in Anaesthesia practices. A frequent problem encountered after spinal Anaesthesia is shivering caused by hypothermia. Incidence is 10-40%, if no prophylactic measures are taken, in different studies conducted on this topic. Hypothermia during intraoperative period is caused by different causes like cold ambient OR temperature, cold IV fluids, unhumidified cold inspired gases, body cavity exposure, extremes of age and prolonged procedures. Shivering occurs because of vasodilation caused by inhibition of vasoconstriction by spinal Anaesthesia and altered perception from anaesthetized dermatomes. Shivering has an array of adverse effects including increased workload for cardiopulmonary system , poorly tolerated by patients at extremes of age. A number of drugs have been studied for shivering. Objective: To compare efficacy of Dexmedetomidine and ondansetron for prevention of shivering under spinal Anaesthesia Setting: AFIU Study design: Randomized quasi experimental study Study duration: 03 months Materials and Methods: The selected patients were randomly allocated to any of the two groups with 50 patients each, according to computer generated random numbers. Both groups recieved study drugs after spinal Anaesthesia. Ondansetron group, 0.1mg/kg (groupO) and Dexmedetomidine group 0.1mcg/kg (group D). Patients were scored for shivering at scheduled intervals and rescue doses of Pethidine were given for severe shivering not responding to study drugs. Results: Our study in group O had high mean shivering scores at scheduled intervals as compared to group D Conclusion: Dexmedetomidine provides better control of shivering than Ondansetron

Müslümanlar, Hz. Peygamber'in (s.a.v.) hayatını öğrenmek gayesiyle ilk zamanlardan itibaren gerekli çalışmaları yapmışlardır. İslam'ı din olarak seçen Türkler de bu faaliyetlerin içine girmişler ve bu çalışmaların bir kısmı da tercüme faaliyetleri şeklinde olmuştur. Osmanlı Devleti'nin tartışmasız en parlak dönemi olan XVI. asır bu tür çalışmaların artması yönüyle de önemlidir. Şairler sultanı olarak anılan Bâkî’nin, Kastallânî’nin eseri Mevâhıbu’l-ledünniyyeyi tercümesi de bunlara güzel bir örnektir. Bu eser onun şiirdeki üstatlığının yanında nesirdeki gücünü de göstermektedir. Bâkî'nin bu tercümede tarihî rivâyetleri nasıl değerlendirdiği konusu ile hadis metinlerinin tercüme ve tenkidinde izlediği yöntem hakkında ise yeterli bilgi bulunmamaktadır. Bu çalışmada eserin özellikle ilk bölümleri bu amaçla karşılaştırmalı olarak incelenmiştir. Yapılan bu tercümede, ilgili eserdeki rivâyetlerin tenkit edilmesinden ziyade, Bâkî tarafından bazı rivâyetler arasında tercihte bulunulduğu sonucuna varılmıştır. Çalışmada Bâkî'nin tercümede takip ettiği metod ve rivâyetleri tercih ederken neleri dikkate aldığı gibi hususlar üzerinde durulmuştur.

Amaç: Bu çalışmanın amacı subaraknoid kanamalı hastalarda serum ve beyin omurilik sıvısı örneklerinde endotelin-1 düzeylerini analiz etmek ve vazospazm üzerindeki etkilerini değerlendirmektir. Gereç ve Yöntem: Hastalar subaraknoid kanamayı takiben birkaç saat içinde beyin cerrahisi bölümünün yoğun bakım ünitesine yatırılan hastalar arasından seçildi. Subaraknoid kanama teşhisi serebral bilgisayarlı tomografi ve lomber ponksiyon ile konuldu. Hastaların ilk nörolojik muayeneleri Hunt-Hess sınıflamasına göre değerlendirildi ve serebral bilgisayarlı tomografi ile tespit edilen kan miktarları Fisher sınıflamasına göre derecelendirildi. Bulgular: Çalışmaya dahil edilen 20 hastanın serum ve beyin omurilik sıvısı örnekleri subaraknoid kanamanın ardından 1, 3, 5 ve 7. günlerde toplandı. Kontrol grubu olarak herhangi bir kranial vasküler hastalığı, sinir sistemi travması veya enflamatuar hastalığı olmayan 10 hasta çalışmaya dahil edildi. Örnekler mikro-ELISA yöntemi ile analiz edildi ve serumda ve beyin omurilik sıvısında endotelin-1 düzeyleri tespit edildi. Hunt-Hess sınıflamasına göre; 6 hasta Evre I, 10 hasta Evre II, 2 hasta Evre III ve 2 hasta Evre IV olarak değerlendirildi. Fisher sınıflamasına göre; 17 hasta Evre II, 3 hasta Evre IV olarak saptandı. Vasospazm, 3, 6, 11 ve 18 numaralı olgularda dijital subtraksiyon anjiyografi ile tespit edildi. Sonuç: Yaptığımız çalışmada, Fisher ve Hunt-Hess sınıflandırmalarında evre arttıkça serebral vazospazm riskinin arttığı saptanmıştır. Ayrıca endotelin-1 düzeylerinin subaraknoid kanamadan sonra arttığı ve artan endotelin-1 seviyelerinin spontan subaraknoid kanamayı takiben vazospazmda önemli bir rol oynayabileceği ortaya konmuştur.

ABSTRACT: The effect of sunflower oil (SO), sunflower oil-pomegranate sauce (PS1) and sunflower oil-plum sauce (PS2) on shelf life of marinated carp fillets was investigated in terms of sensory evaluation, chemical (peroxide value (POV), thiobarbituric acid (TBA), free fatty acids (FFA), total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N) and pH), and microbiological properties (Total viable count (TVC), Escherichia coli, Total coliform, Staphylococci/Micrococci, Salmonella spp.) during 30 days of storage. Proximate composition, which includes total crude protein%, fat%, moisture% and ash% of fresh carp fillets before marination process was analyzed and found 18.69±0.86, 4.08±0.19, 74.33±0.63 and 2.17±0.45, respectively. Sensory evaluation analysis showed that total appearance, odor-taste and texture scores decreased during storage. TVB-N significantly increased in all group after 1 month of storage (P

Technological innovations in spinal intradural tumor surgery simplify treatment. Surgical treatment of cranial benign and malignant pathologies under microscope with sodium (Na)-fluorescein guidance has often been reported, but few studies have focused on spinal intradural tumors. We aimed to investigate the usefulness of Na-fluorescein under yellow filter in intradural spinal tumor surgery by retrospectively reviewing cases involving intramedullary and extramedullary tumors operated under the guidance of Na-fluorescein. Forty-nine adult patients with a diagnosis of spinal intradural tumor operated under a yellow filter (560 nm) microscope using Na-fluorescein dye were included in the study. Demographic data, such as age and sex, neurological status, extent of tumor resection, histopathological diagnosis, Na-fluorescein staining pattern, and its usefulness during surgery were noted and statistically analyzed. Of all recruited patients, 26 women (53.1%) and 23 men (46.9%), were included for analysis. The age range of the patients was 18–64 years, with a mean age of 41.6 ± 13.9. An intradural intramedullary mass was found in 30.6% (n = 15) of the patients, and an intradural extramedullary mass in 69.4% (n: 34). While Na-fluorescein staining was homogeneous in all intradural extramedullary tumors, 73.3% (n: 11) of intradural intramedullary tumors were homogeneous, and 13.3% (n: 2) moderately heterogeneous. In the whole study group, the Na-fluorescein staining pattern was helpful in surgical resection in 47 cases (95.9%). While 34/34 (100%) found it helpful for extramedullary tumors, 13/15 (86.7%) did in intramedullary tumors, and for 2/15 (13.3%) it was not. In conclusion, Na-fluorescein helps in distinguishing tumor from healthy tissue in intradural extramedullary and intramedullary tumor surgery under a yellow filter microscope in most cases, thus providing convenient assistance to surgeons.

Objective: This study was carried out to determine whether the rate of abnormal placentation is increasing in concurrence with the cesarean section and to assess risk factors and outcomes with multidisciplinary team interventions and anesthetic practices. Study design: Prospective cohort study. Material & Methods: A study was conducted in the department of anaesthesia from January 2014 to December 2017. All candidates under the spectrum of placenta accreta were observed for maternal age, parity, mode of anesthesia, blood loss, and outcome. Results: Out of 109 patients, the preoperative diagnosis of PAS was made up of 100 (91.74%) and intraoperative diagnosis of 9 (08. 26%) patients. According to the mode of anesthesia, 100 (91.74%) patients received GA, and 09 (08.26%) patients received spinal anesthesia. In 06 (05.49%) patients, spinal was converted to GA. Perioperative CPR was done in 05 (04.58%) cases. Out of 109 cases, 83 survived uneventfully, and 21 developed complications. 05 patients expired in the following days. (01 immediately postoperative period, 02 in 1st 24 hours and 02 in 1st 48 hours. Conclusion The rate of placenta accreta increased in conjunction with cesarean deliveries; the most important risk factors were previous cesarean delivery, placenta previa, and advanced maternal age and outcomes improved in a multidisciplinary team intervention.

Mukaddime, İbnü's-Salâh eş-Şehrezûrî'nin (ö. 643/1245) hadis usûlüne dair meşhur eseridir. Müellif esirini, Eşrefiyye Darülhadisi'nde hocalık yaptığı süre içerisinde, derslerde talebelerine imlâ ettirmiştir. Kendisinden önce yazılmış usûl eserlerinden istifade etmiş ve yazıldığı dönemde hadis usûlünün yeniden ihyâsı olarak kabul edilmiştir. Eserin girişinde hadîs ve hadîs ilmiyle meşgul olanların önemine vurgu yapılmıştır. Daha sonra hadîs ıstılahları, hadîs çeşitleri, hadîs yazma usulleri ve bu ilmin adâbı gibi konular üzerinde durulmuştur. Bazı alimler tarafından usûle dair en değerli çalışma kabul edilirken, bazıları tarafından da tertibinin iyi olmadığı yönünde eleştirildiği de olmuştur. Fakat sahasında ilk derli toplu eser olduğundan çok büyük ilgi görmüş ve bu eserle ilgili sonraki dönemde ihtisar, şerh, ikmal, manzume türünde sayısız eser yazılmıştır. Günümüzde yazılan hadis usûlü esreleri için de vazgeçilmez bir kaynak vazifesi görmektedir. Bu itibarla bu eser üzerine yapılan çalışmaların derli toplu bir arada verilmesi, günümüz hadîs usûlü çalışmalarının tarihi seyri açısından önemli bir katkı sağlayacaktır.

Bu çalışma, Salmonella spp. ile deneysel olarak kontamine edilen broiler pirzolalarının 4oC’de muhafazasında bu patojen üzerine asidifiye sodyum klorit (ASK) ve ASK içeren sosun etkilerini incelemek amacıyla yapılmıştır. Örnekler 4oC’de muhafaza edilerek 0., 2., 3., 5. ve 7. günlerde Salmonella spp. yönünden incelenmiştir. Salmonella spp. sayısı bakımından hem günler hem de gruplar arasındaki farkın önemli olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Salmonella spp. sayısında en fazla azalma 2,14 log kob/g ile 1800 ppm ASK çözeltisi uygulanan grupta, en az etki ise 0,08 log kob/g ile 1200 ppm ASK içeren sos uygulanan grupta belirlenmiştir. Kontrol ve sadece marinat uygulanan gruplarda ise patojen sayısında artış belirlenmiştir. Araştırma sonunda Salmonella spp. sayısı üzerine en yüksek antimikrobiyel etkinin 1200 ppm ve 1800 ppm ASK içeren çözeltilerde 2 dakika bekletildikten sonra muhafaza edilen broiler pirzolalarında olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Bu nedenle, asidifiye sodyum klorit çözeltisinin broiler pirzolalarında Salmonella spp. riskinin azaltılmasında etkili olacağı sonucuna varılmıştır.

Subdural higroma pediatrik populasyonda sık olarak görülür ancak yönetimi konusunda tam bir fikir birliği yoktur. Bu çalışmada subduroperitoneal şant takılan 4 subdural higromalı hastayı sebepleri, preoperatif semptomları ve postoperatif sonuçları ile birlikte değerlendirildi. Tüm hastalar erkekti. Hastalarda subdural higromaya bağlı gelişen fontanel gerginliği, nöbet geçirme, huzursuzluk gibi başlıca semptomlar düzeldi. Subduroperitoneal şant uygulamasının subdural higromalı pediatrik populasyonun yönetiminde etkili bir metod olduğu görülmektedir.

INTRODUCTION: We aimed to discuss surgical approaches and results that we applied foramen magnum meningiomas. METHODS: we retrospectively investigated 11 foramen magnum meningioma cases, who had been operated between the dates of February 2012 and March 2017. RESULTS: eight of the patients were females and 3 of the patients were males, the age range was 32-75 and the age average was 60.8. 5 of the tumors were anatomically localized as posterolateral, 2 of them were localized as anterolateral, 2 of them were localized as lateral and 2 of them were localized as anterior according to the brain stem or spinal cord. Posterior far lateral (4 patients) approach including C1 laminoplasty (7 patients) and 1/3 condyle resection was surgically applied to the patients with median suboccipital craniotomy. Gross total excision was applied to 82% of the patients (9 patients) and subtotal mass excision was applied to 18% (2 patients) of the patients. The most frequent post-operative complications were temporary lower cranial nerve (CN IX and X ) palsy in our 2 anterior localized cases (18%) and also cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) fistula in our 1 anterior localized case with difficulty in swallowing (dysphagia). Karnofsky scores of the patients, who were followed for 18 months in post-operative 12 and 48 months of average, in the last follow-up were 80 and no post-operative mortality occurred. CONCLUSION: posterior midline suboccipital and far lateral approaches that we apply in our own series were appropriate approaches for foramen magnum meningiomas.

Background & objectives: Dengue is one of the most common arthropod-borne viral diseases which is transmitted mainly by two vector species, Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus 1762) and Ae. albopictus (Skuse, 1894) worldwide. As there is no effective medicine and vaccine available, vector control remains the most effective measure to prevent its transmission and outbreak. The aim of the study was to confirm the co-occurrence of Aedes aegypti and Ae. albopictus populations in the different localities of Rawalpindi, Pakistan and examine their susceptibility status against different groups of insecticides. Methods: Ovitraps were randomly placed in the study localities. The number of eggs from all the ovitraps were counted and incubated for hatching in Medical Entomology and Disease Vector Control (MEDVC) insectarium for rearing up to adult stage. The adults were then identified by using the pictorial keys. Spatial distribution and aggregation of both Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus populations was determined by using Index of dispersion or variance to mean ratio and k values of the negative binomial distribution. The susceptibility status of both the species against different insecticides was assessed by using the World Health Organization (WHO) standard bioassay tests. Results: The results showed that there was coexistence among Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus populations and the aggregation of their eggs was also observed in all the localities studied in Rawalpindi. Larval bioassays of both the populations exhibited incipient resistance against temephos while adult susceptibility testing results showed that both the species were resistant to DDT, malathion, bendiocarb and permethrin. Interpretation & conclusion: The results suggested that all the field populations of Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus existed together and showed qualitative changes in their susceptibility status. Resistance against deltamethrin and lambdacyhalothrin was not confirmed and further investigation was recommended to confirm the change in their susceptibility status. This study could help public health authorities to apply simultaneous control activities on both species due to their coexistence and also resistance management strategies should be formulated to slow down the process of development of resistance.

Repolymerization is a huge problem in the storage and processing of biomass pyrolysis liquid (PL). Herein, to solve the problem of repolymerization, mild catalytic hydrotreatment of PL was conducted to convert unstable PL model compounds (hydroxyacetone, furfural, and phenol) into stable alcohols. An Ni/SiO2 catalyst was synthesized by the deposition-precipitation method and used in a mild hydrotreatment process. The mild hydrotreatment of the single model compound was studied to determine the reaction pathways, which provided guidance for improving the selectivity of stable intermediate alcohols through the control of reaction conditions. More importantly, the mild hydrotreatment of mixed model compounds was evaluated to simulate the PL more factually. In addition, the effect of the interaction between hydroxyacetone, furfural, and phenol during the catalytic hydrotreatment was also explored. There was a strange phenomenon observed in that phenol was not converted in the initial stage of the hydrotreatment of mixed model compounds. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Ultraviolet-Raman (UV-Raman), and Brunauer−Emmett−Teller (BET) characterization of catalysts used in the hydrotreatment of single and mixed model compounds demonstrated that this phenomenon did not mainly arise from the irreversible deactivation of catalysts caused by carbon deposition, but the competitive adsorption among hydroxyacetone, furfural, and phenol during the mild hydrotreatment of mixed model compounds.

We explored how beginning-level interior architecture students develop skills to create mental visualizations of three-dimensional objects and environments, how they develop their technical drawing skills, and whether or not physical and computer generated models aid this design process. We used interviews and observations to collect data. The findings provide an insight on what kind of difficulties students experience during their learning process and how they overcome those difficulties. The results of the study indicate that the students’ lack of skills in technical drawing and in creating 2D and 3D mental visualizations negatively influenced their design process. Using the existing body of literature, we discussed the findings and suggested teaching strategies to improve the learning process for the beginning-level interior architecture students. The findings of this study allowed us to have a better understanding of the student design and learning process.

Osmanlı Devleti’nde modernleşme hareketi neticesinde Avrupa tarzında bir üniversite Darülfünun adıyla 1845 yılında kuruldu. 1900 yılana kadar üç kez fasılalarla açılıp kapanan üniversite, bu tarihten itibaren eğitimine aralıksız devam etti. 1900 senesinde aynı zamanda İlahiyat Fakültesi (Ulum-ı Şeriye) bölümü de hizmete girdi. İstanbul Üniversitesi’nin ikinci kez yeniden yapılandırılması döneminde akademik ve bilimsel özgürlüğün geliştirilmesi amacıyla fakülte ve meclisleri de yeniden düzenlendi. Bu kapsamda İlahiyat Fakültesi Meclisi de 24 Aralık 1911 senesinde çalışmalarına başladı. Bilindiği kadarıyla bu meclis ve bu meclise ait zabıtlar, Türk yüksek öğretiminde bu kapsamdaki ikinci örneği teşkil etmektedir.

Objective: To develop a Raman spectroscopy-based analytical model for quantification of solid dosage forms of active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) of Atenolol. Significance: For the quantitative analysis of pharmaceutical drugs, Raman Spectroscopy is a reliable and fast detection method. As part of this study, Raman Spectroscopy is explored for the quantitative analysis of different concentrations of Atenolol. Methods: Various solid-dosage forms of Atenolol were prepared by mixing API with excipients to form different solid-dosage formulations of Atenolol. Multivariate data analysis techniques, such as Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Partial least square regression (PLSR) were used for the qualitative and quantitative analysis, respectively. Results: As the concentration of the drug increased in formulation, the peak intensities of the distinctive Raman spectral characteristics associated with the API (Atenolol) gradually increased. Raman spectral data sets were classified using PCA due to their distinctive spectral characteristics. Additionally, a prediction model was built using PLSR analysis to assess the quantitative relationship between various API (Atenolol) concentrations and spectral features. With a goodness of fit value of 0.99, the root mean square errors of calibration (RMSEC) and prediction (RMSEP) were determined to be 1.0036 and 2.83 mg, respectively. The API content in the blind/unknown Atenolol formulation was determined as well using the PLSR model. Conclusions: Based on these results, Raman spectroscopy may be used to quickly and accurately analyze pharmaceutical samples and for their quantitative determination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study has been conducted to find out the microbiological quality of Şavak white pickled cheese. Average values of viable aerobes, coliforms, staphylococcus, taecal streptococcus, lactobacillus- leuconostoc - pediococcus, proteolytic, psychrophile, yeast and Mold were 6.9 x 107/g., 1.8 x 105/g., 1.2 x 106/g., 6.9 x 105/g., 8.5 x 106/ g., 1.3 x 106/g., 3.0 x 106/g., 5.1 x 105/g. respectively and average of pH values was 5.19. Asa result. it was seen that microbiologically 94.0 % of Şavak white pickled cheese differed from the values of standards and were potentially hazardous for public health.

In this study, meats of 8 poultry species (chicken, turkey, gull, ostrich, duck, goose, quail, partridge) ware identified by random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) method using two different primers of 10 nucleotides each (primer 1- CAA TCG CCG T, primer 2- CCA CAG CAG T). A 45-cyclus PCR (each cycle; 45 s at 94°C, 45 s at 364C, and 60 s at 72°C) was performed for identification of poultry flesh. Results concluded that RAPD is a practical, rapid, and reliable method that can be used for identification of poultry meals in control of adulteration of consumers from exposure to the flesh thai the society normally does not consume.