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Objective: Coronavirus-2019 (Covid-19) was first observed in December 2019 and recognized as a pandemic by the World Health Organization. Apart from respiratory symptoms, neurological, dermatological, and gastrointestinal symptoms can also occur in humans. Some neurological symptoms may be caused by microembolism. The present study aims to determine the presence of microemboli in patients with Covid-19 using Transcranial Doppler (TCD) ultrasonography and examine its correlation with D-Dimer levels. Material and Methods: This study involved 20 hospitalized patients diagnosed with Covid-19 using the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) method. D-Dimer results of the patients were recorded and analyzed within two groups (First group: D-Dimer < 1 mg/L, and second group: D-Dimer ≥ 1 mg/L). The middle cerebral arteries were bilaterally examined with TCD to screen for microemboli. Patients were classified into two groups based on the number of MES (first group: 0-3 MES (n=10), second group: ≥ 4 MES). Results: Cerebral arterial microemboli were observed in patients with Covid-19. The relationship between D-Dimer and emboli was investigated, and the presence of microemboli was found to be statistically significant in both the low D-Dimer value group (p < 0.001) and the high D-Dimer value group (p < 0.003). Furthermore, D-Dimer results were found to be higher in the group with a greater number of microemboli (p < 0.001). Conclusions: Microemboli were detected in the cerebral arteries of Covid-19 patients, even in the absence of neurological symptoms. Additionally, a positive correlation was observed between high D-Dimer levels and the presence of cerebral microemboli. Therefore, physicians should assess the presence of microemboli in Covid-19 patients and determine appropriate treatment methods accordingly.

Introduction: Proprioception is significantly affected by dysfunction of the basal ganglia, which play an important role in sensorimotor integration. Parkinson’s disease (PD), which is characterized by progressive loss of the dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra, leads to a variety of motor and nonmotor symptoms throughout the course of the disease. The aim of this study was to determine trunk position sense and to investigate its relationship with spinal posture and spinal mobility in patients with PD. Methods: The study included 35 patients with PD and 35 age-matched control subjects. Trunk position sense was determined with “trunk reposition errors.” A spinal mouse was used to assess spinal posture and spinal mobility. Results: According to the Hoehn–Yahr rating scale, the majority of the patients were in Stage 1 (68.6%). Trunk position sense was found to be significantly decreased in patients with PD compared with the control group (p p > .05). Conclusions: This study revealed that trunk position sense was impaired in PD from the early stages of the disease. However, neither spinal posture nor spinal mobility was associated with decreased trunk proprioception. Further research into these relationships in the late stages of PD is needed.

Objective: Neurological involvement can be seen in Covid-19 and cognitive functions can be affected negatively. There is not enough study and data about cognitive functions of patients followed with Covid-19 diagnosis. For this reason, the current study aims to examine the cognitive functions of patients diagnosed with Covid-19. Material and Methods: Patients, who were hospitalized and followed-up with the diagnosis of Covid-19, were selected as consecutive. For evaluating cognitive functions, Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) test was performed to under 65-year-old participants, Standardized Mini- Mental State Exam (MMSE) test was performed to 65-year-old and older participants and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) was performed to all participants. Results: The study has consisted of 32 patients and 35 volunteers. The mean of MMSE scores was found to be lower in the patient group than the control group (p>0.05). The mean of MoCA scores was found to be lower in the patient group than the control group, and it was statistically significant (p

Objective: Parkinson Disease (PD) is known the second most frequent neurodegenerative age-related disorder after Alzheimer’s disease. Although over the six million people worldwide suffer from PD, the main cause of the disease remains are unknown. Speech and language impairments have emerged in most patients with PD during the course of the disease. However, clinical profiles or characteristics that might differentiate individuals with PD who are predisposed to speech and language deficits are generally overlooked. Moreover, factors that expedite language disability have still been remained elusive. It is thought that the awareness of speech and language impairments in PD can significantly help to maintain language abilities as the disease progresses and also may contribute to improving communication skills with patients. For this reason, the present study aims to constitute a comprehensive frame for the speech and language characteristics of individuals with PD

BACKGROUND/AIM: Coronavirus 2019 disease (Covid-19) was first seen in December 2019 and afterwards it became a pandemic. Several systemic involvements have been reported in Covid-19 patients. In this study, it was aimed to investigate the cerebrovascular hemodynamics in patients with Covid-19. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The sample of this study was conducted on 20 patients hospitalized in our clinic diagnosed with Covid-19 via PCR modality and 20 healthy volunteers of similar age and sex. Bilateral middle cerebral arteries were investigated with Transcranial Doppler Ultrasonography. Basal serebral blood flow velocities and vasomotor reactivity rates were determined and compared as statistically. RESULTS: When patient and control groups were compared, the mean blood flow velocity was found to be higher in Covid-19 patients than the healthy volunteers and it was statistically significant (p = 0.00). The mean vasomotor reactivity rates values were found to be lower in Covid-19 group than the healthy group and also it was statistically significant (p = 0.00). CONCLUSION: An increase in cerebral basal blood velocity and a decrease in vasomotor reactivity rates in patients with Covid-19 can be considered as an indicator of dysfunction of cerebral hemodynamics in central nervous system and this can be evaluated as a result of endothelial dysfunction.

Background and objective Clinical studies on COVID-19 headache are limited. This prospective study aimed to define headache characteristics, associated clinical and laboratory factors, and treatment response in COVID-19. Methods Cross-sectional study enrolled 287 patients diagnosed with COVID-19 and hospitalized on a regular ward during the pandemic. All patients were examined face to face and followed by a neurologist during their stay in the hospital. The characteristics, concomitant symptoms, treatment responses, and laboratory findings of COVID-19-associated headaches were recorded. Results Eighty-three COVID-19 patients reported headache (28.9%), in which 85.5% had no prior headaches. Mean age was 48.40 +/- 15.90 and 58% was men. Compared to COVID-19 patients without headache (n = 204), patients with headache showed significantly higher frequency of pulmonary involvement (76%) and increased D-dimer levels. Fifty-nine percent of headaches responded iv paracetamol 1000 mg, and 85% of the paracetamol unresponsive headaches were relieved by greater occipital nerve (GON) blocks. Latent class cluster analysis identified 2 distinct class of bilateral, frontal, throbbing headaches: severe (VAS > 84), longer (> 14 h), frequent (> 7 headache days), paracetamol unresponsive-GON responsive headaches (85%), with pulmonary involvement (100%), and higher IL-6 levels (> 90 pg/mL) were classified in cluster 1. Cluster 2 included moderately affected patients (VAS > 54, > 6 h, > 4 days, 60% pulmonary involvement, > 20 pg/mL IL-6) and paracetamol responsive headaches (96%). VAS scores showed positive linear correlation with IL-6 levels (p < 0.001; r = 0.567). Conclusion The intensity, duration, frequency, bilateral frontal location, and treatment response of COVID-19 headache was related to pulmonary involvement and IL-6 levels, which indicated a role of inflammation in determining the headache manifestations in moderately affected hospitalized patients. ROC curve cutoff values pointed that VAS > 70 severity, > 9 h duration, > 5 headache days, and IL-6 > 43 pg/mL levels can be diagnostic for COVID-19 headache. GON blocks can effectively abort headache when patients are unresponsive to paracetamol, and other NSAIDs are avoided during the SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Objective: The present study aimed to investigate the factors that affects the fear of falling, also known basophobia, in patients with stroke and the aspects of life quality. Material and Methods: Stroke patients in the physical therapy were included in this study. Demographic data of the patients were recorded. Patients were asked whether they fell after the stroke and experienced fear of falling. Itaki Fall Risk Scale, Functional Ambulatory Categories, Functional Independence Measure, Beck Depression Inventory and Stroke Specific Quality of Life scale (SS-QoL) have been used. The data of the study were analyzed with SPSS 15 package program. Results: This study was conducted on 102 patients with stroke. Of these, 36 (35.3%) patients were female with a mean age of 60.97. There was a fear of falling in 65 (63.7%) of the patients. 48 patients (47.1%) fell at least once after the stroke. Falls were significantly high with the ones who were experiencing fear of falling (p = 0.006). Fear of falling was significantly high in females, patients with ischemic stroke, elderly and the patients with coexistent systemic diseases (p

Introduction Even though lifelong premature ejaculation (PE) is highly prevalent, few studies have investigated the neural mechanisms underlying PE. Aim This study aimed to investigate whether patients with lifelong PE exhibit macrostructural or microstructural alterations of the parts of the brain involved in the male sexual response. Materials and Methods We enrolled 42 healthy participants and 54 lifelong PE patients. Lifelong PE was diagnosed according to the Premature Ejaculation Diagnostic Tool (PEDT) and intravaginal ejaculation latency time (IELT). We compared measures of cortical morphology, such as volumes of gray matter, white matter, cerebellum volumes, and subcortical structures (ie, amygdala, caudate, hippocampus, globus pallidus, putamen, and thalamus) between the groups using a voxel-based morphometry method from whole-brain T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging. Moreover, we evaluated the relationships between the relevant cerebral alterations and the severity of symptoms obtained from participants via self-reported questionnaires. Main Outcome Measures Cerebral macrostructural and microstructural alterations were assessed in PE patients and controls, along with the correlation of caudate nucleus changes in PE patients with clinical data (including the PEDT and the IELT). Results The mean volume of the caudate nucleus was significantly larger in the lifelong PE patients compared with healthy controls (P = .048). Moreover, caudate nucleus volume was positively correlated with PEDT score (r = 0.621; P = .0179) and negatively correlated with the IELT (r = −0.592; P = .0101). However, cortex morphology and the other subcortical volumes were not significantly different between the 2 groups (P > .05). Clinical Implications Microstructural alterations in deep gray matter nuclei might be a useful parameter for studying the mechanism of the neurobiology underlying PE. Strengths and Limitations There are few studies examining microstructural changes in PE patients. This study furthers our understanding of the etiology of PE. Limitations include the small sample, which limits our ability to make an absolute determination as to whether such subcortical changes are the cause or the consequence of lifelong PE. Conclusions We found a significant difference in caudate nucleus volume between patients with PE and healthy controls. In addition, the caudate nucleus volume was positively associated with the severity of PE symptoms. More extensive and possibly longitudinal studies are needed to improve our understanding of the mechanism of the neurobiology underlying PE.

Background COVID-19 is a virus pandemic. According to the first obtained data, COVID-19 has defined with findings such as cough, fever, diarrhea, and fatigue although neurological symptoms of patients with COVID-19 have not been investigated in detail. This study aims to investigate the neurological findings via obtained face-to-face anamnesis and detailed neurological examination in patients with COVID-19. Methods Two hundred thirty-nine consecutive inpatients with COVID-19, supported with laboratory tests, were evaluated. Detailed neurological examinations and evaluations of all patients were performed. All evaluations and examinations were performed by two neurologists who have at least five-year experience. Results This study was carried out 239 patients (133 male + 106 female) with diagnosed COVID-19. Neurological findings were present in 83 of 239 patients (34.7%). The most common neurological finding was a headache (27.6%). D-dimer blood levels were detected to be significantly higher in patients with at least one neurological symptom than patients without the neurological symptom (p

Purpose Epilepsy has an impact on the reproductive system. Males with epilepsy have lower fertility rates, hypo-sexuality and reduced potency compared with the general population. Anti-epileptic drugs and epilepsy itself are thought to be responsible for this reduced fertility. LEV is a second-generation anti-epileptic agent with low incidences of both adverse effects and drug–drug interactions. In this study, we have investigated the effects of LEV treatment on sex hormones and sperm parameters in newly diagnosed epilepsy patients. Methods We recruited 26 males with newly diagnosed epilepsy and introduced LEV monotherapy. Patients were divided into two groups depending on whether they had partial or generalized seizures. We acquired the results of pre- and post-treatment sperm analyses and serum sex hormone levels. We also recorded the maximum dose, daily dose and treatment duration for each individual. Pre- and post-treatment comparisons and correlations between both sperm and sex hormone parameters and both treatment duration and dose were determined. Results Pre- and post-treatment sex hormone levels were not significantly different. The total sperm count, percentage of normal morphology and functional sperm count tested after treatment were significantly lower in both groups compared with pre-treatment values ( p r : 0.41, p : 0.034). Conclusions Our findings confirm that LEV treatment of newly diagnosed epilepsy patients decreases sperm parameters without altering sex hormone levels. Our results may guide the choice of anti-epileptic drug treatment among men with epilepsy.

Amaç: Huzursuz bacaklar sendromu (HBS); ekstremitelerde öncelikle bacaklarda hareket ettirme dürtüsü ve anormal duyularla karakterize, kronik, ilerleyici sensorimotor bir bozukluktur. HBS’ nin patofizyolojisi net değildir. Son yıllarda birçok çalışmada patofizyoloji hakkında yorum yapabilmek ya da tanı ve tedavi takibi için farklı serum biyomarkerları kullanılmaktadır. HBS ve Nötrofil/Lenfosit (N/L) ilişkisini detaylı araştıran yeterli sayıda çalışma bulunmamaktadır. Bu nedenle çalışmamızda idiopatik HBS ile serum N/L arasında ilişkinin incelenmesi amaçlandı. Yöntemler: Olgu kontrol çalışması planlandı. 93 HBS tanılı hasta (çalışma grubu) ile yaş ve cinsiyet açısından eşleştirilen 50 sağlıklı gönüllü (kontrol grubu) çalışmaya dahil edildi. İki grubun N/L oranları restrospektif olarak incelendi.Bulgular: N/L’nin ortanca değeri hasta grubunda 2.58 ve kontrol grubunda 2.72 idi. Hasta ve kontrol grubu arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir farklılık yoktu (p=0.891). Çalışmamızda hasta grubunda hastalık süresinin ortalama 3,2±1,37 yıl olduğu tespit edildi. Olguların %81,7’sinde (n=76) uyku bozukluğu, %34,4’ ünde (n=32) üst ekstremitelerde benzer yakınmaların olduğu görüldü. Hastalığın şiddet skalası Uluslarası Huzursuz Bacaklar Sendromu Çalışma Grubu (IRLSSG) ’na göre belirlendi. Semptomların şiddetinin dağılımı %6,3’ünde hafif, %15,2’sinde orta, %64,8’inde ciddi, %13,7’ sinde ağır şiddette olduğu izlendi. Hastalık süresi ile N/L arasında anlamlı korelasyon yoktu (r:-0.117 p= 0,281). Semptomların şiddeti ile N/L arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı korelasyon görülmedi (r:0.68, p= 0,413).Sonuç: Bu çalışmada, HBS patofizyolojisinde enflamasyonun rolü N/L oranı ile birlikte değerlendirilmiş ve hasta grubunda enflamasyon lehine istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir ilişki gözlenmemiştir., Aim: Restless Legs Syndrome (RLS) is a chronic, progressive, sensorimotor disorder characterized by the urge to move legs and abnormal sensations in the limbs. The pathophysiology of RLS is not clear. In recent years, many studies have used different serum biomarkers to discuss pathophysiology or to follow up the diagnosis and treatment. There are not enough studies that entirely investigating the relationship between RLS and serum neutrophil/lymphocytes (N/L). Therefore, in this study it was aimed to examine the relationship between idiopathic RLS and serum N/L.Methods: A case control study was planned. After sample size analysis, 93 patients with diagnosed RLS (study group) and age- and gender matching 50 healthy volunteers (control group) were included in the study. N/L ratio were compared between two groups.Results: The median of N/L ratio was 2.58 in the RLS group and 2.72 in the control group. There was no statistically significant difference between the groups (p=0.891). The mean duration of disease was 3.2±1.37 years in patients’ group. Sleep disorders were found in 81.7% (n=76) of the patients, and similar complaints were observed on the upper extremities in 34.4% (n=32) of the patients. Severity scale of disease was determined according to the International Restless Legs Syndrome Study Group (IRLSSG). It was observed to be low severity of the symptom in 6.3%, middle severity of the symptom in 15.2%, severe severity of the symptom in 64.8%, high severity of the symptom in 13.7% of the patients. There was no correlation neither between duration of disease and N/L ratio (r:-0.117, p=0.281) nor between severity of the symptoms and N/L (r:0.68, p=0.413). Conclusion: In this study, it was investigated the role of inflammation in the pathophysiology of RLS was evaluated with N/L ratio and it was not observed statistically significance on behalf of patients group.

Aim: Electroneuromyography (ENMG) is an electrophysiological method of examination for neurophysiological state of motor neuron, peripheral nerve and muscle functions. This study was aimed to investigate the concordance of between referral diagnosis and ENMG diagnosis in patients referred to the electrophysiology laboratory. Methods: A retrospective cohort study is planned. Patients, whose evaluations of ENMG were requested by the orthopedic, neurology and physical therapy and rehabilitation physicians between June 2015 and December 2018, were included in this study. Descriptive statistics and Cohen’s Kappa Test were run for data set analysis.Results: A total of 486 patients are included in the study. Of the 486 patients undergoing ENMG examination, 362 were female (74.5%) and 124 were male (25.5%). The mean age was 46.71±12.41. 35.2% (n=171) of the referral diagnoses were requested by orthopedics, 32.7% (n=159) by physical therapy and rehabilitation and 32.1% (n=156) by neurology clinics. When the consistency between the preliminary diagnosis and post-ENMG diagnosis was examined; 65.4% of the results were found to be compatible. According to the clinics; 76.3% of the requests referred by the neurology clinic and 64.8% of the requests referred by the physical therapy and rehabilitation clinic, 56.1% of the requests referred by the orthopedic clinic were confirmed by ENMG. As a result of the Cohen’s Kappa test, the total (κ) correlation between clinical preliminary diagnosis and ENMG diagnosis was found to be 0.574 (p, Amaç: Elektronöromiyografi (ENMG) motor nöron, perifer sinir ve kas fonksiyonlarının nörofizyolojik olarak değerlendirilmesinde kullanılan yöntemdir. Bu retrospektif çalışmada Nörofizyoloji laboratuvarında değerlendirilmiş olan hastaların klinik ön tanıları ile ENMG tanıları arasındaki uyumun araştırılması amaçlanmıştır. Yöntemler: Çalışmada, Haziran 2015- Aralık 2018 yılları arasında Ortopedi, Nöroloji ve Fizik Tedavi ve Rehabilitasyon (FTR) uzmanları tarafından ENMG istemleri yapılmış olan 486 hastanın sonuçları, ön tanı ile elektrodiagnostik uyumluluğu açısından retrospektif olarak incelendi. Verilerin analizinde betimsel istatistik ve Cohen’s Kappa Testi kullanıldı. ENMG incelemesi yapılan toplam 486 hastanın 362’si kadın (%74,5), 124’ü erkekti (%25,5) ve hastaların yaş ortalaması 46.71±12.41 idi. Bulgular: Hastaların %35,2’sinin (n=171) istemi Ortopedi, %32,7’sinin (n=159) istemi FTR, %32,1’inin (n=156) istemi Nöroloji kliniklerinden yapılmıştı. En çok ön tanı Karpal Tünel Sendromu (%44,4) idi. Ön tanılar ile ENMG sonrasında raporlanan tanılar arasındaki tutarlılık incelendiğinde; sonuçların %65,4 oranında uyumlu olduğu görüldü. Kliniklere göre değerlendirme yapıldığında ise Nöroloji kliniğince yapılan isteklerin %76,3’ü, FTR kliniğince yapılan isteklerin %64,8’i ve Ortopedi kliniğince yapılan isteklerin %56,1’i ENMG ile doğrulanmıştı. Ön tanıların ENMG ile desteklenme oranları incelendiğinde; peroneal nöropati (%78,8) en yüksek orana sahipti. Chen’s Kappa testi sonucunda toplamda klinik ön tanılar ile ENMG tanıları arasındaki uyum (κ) değeri 0,574 olarak bulundu (p

Although essential tremor (ET) is the most common movement disorder, little is known regarding its pathophysiology. Cutaneous silent period (CSP) is a spinal inhibitory reflex that causes suppression of the voluntary muscle contraction that is induced by strong electrical stimulation of the cutaneous nerves. Clinical interest in the CSP stems from its potential usefulness for evaluating segment and components of sensory nerves that are not well assessed by standard electrodiagnostic methods. The aim of this study was to investigate CSP in patients with ET before and after treatment. A total of 30 patients (12 females + 18 males), having ET diagnosis and propranolol treatment initiated, were studied with technique of CSP. Patient group's pre-treatment latency average is found 84.45 ± 18.63, average CSP duration 42.37 ± 11.82, and CSP final latency average 127.10 ± 19.13. According to post-treatment CSP analysis, it is seen that patients' average latency values are found 83.14 ± 20.92 and it is determined that there is no significant statistical difference compared to pre-treatment latency values (p 0.05). Post-treatment average CSP duration is found 36.64 ± 13.38, and it is seen that there is a significant statistical shortening compared to pre-treatment durations (p 0.05). Patients' post-treatment CSP final latency averages are found 123.17 ± 13.67, and it is determined that there is no significant statistical difference compared to pre-treatment latency values (p 0.05). The main finding of this study is that in ET the CSP is prolonged and that treatment with propranolol shortens the CSP and brings it closer to normal values. A small dose of propranolol has the effect of shortening pathologically prolonged CSP in a subset of ET patients (women and without family history), making further investigations with this method interesting. From this point of view in our study, patients with ET treatment give an idea of the effectiveness of propranolol. In recent years, a technique of CSP is interested in the field of electrophysiology and shows the effect of ET that given other pharmacological treatment and also it can be considered a quantitative measure to compare them. The usefulness of CSP should be supported by further studies with more patients.

Emotional prosody has a key role implication of timbre component, mood sense, and prosodic content. For this reason, it serves a highly important function for sense, the meaning to be reflected, and ability to provide effective communication. Due to its crucial role in verbal communication, it has a critical relationship within many disciplines such as linguistics, computer sciences, medicine, etc. Consequently, the knowledge of how the prosody sequence works in the brain will contribute to both language development and foreign language teaching as well as clinical evaluation of individuals with verbal communication difficulty. From this point of view, the current study takes an interdisciplinary perspective to address the investigation of brain localization of emotional prosody and verbal components of speech. In accordance with this purpose, the fNIRS technique was used. fNIRS has recently become popular as an emerging optical brain imaging technique for studying human brain. However, it is still not widespread compared to other neuroimaging techniques. This study was conducted on both 20 healthy native speakers of Turkish and English. Participants were recorded by using fNIRS while performing emotional prosody production and auditory stimulus tasks to measure the brain activation. Our results showed superior temporal gyrus, middle temporal gyrus, which includes primary and secondary auditory cortex, and superior temporal cortex, which comprises of temporal sulcus, were strongly activated by prosodies irrespective of emotional valence. Our findings also demonstrated left inferior frontal gyrus which comprises of pars triangularis; (Broadmann Area 45) and the frontal eye field (Broadmann Area 8) were significantly activated for happy, angry, and fearful prosodies.

Purpose Location and extent of intracranial calcifications have been detected accurately with the use of CT technology and since, many clinical or pathological entities have been linked to these calcifications. Our purpose is to provide data regarding the prevalence of calcifications in various locations in brain. Material and methods We retrospectively examined 11,941 subjects who underwent non-contrast enhanced brain CT examination. We determined the prevalence of choroid plexus, pineal gland, habenula, dura mater, basal ganglia and vascular calcifications. Results Of 11,941 subjects, 70.2% had choroid plexus calcifications. Calcifications were most frequently seen in pineal gland and 71.6% of the study population had pineal calcifications. Habeluna and dural calcifications were present in 19.2% and 12.5% of the population respectively. Basal ganglia calcifications and vascular calcifications only constituted 1.3% and 3.5% of the study population respectively. Male dominance was present in all calcification types except basal ganglia calcifications. Conclusions Showing associations and dissociations from the literature, our study provides a baseline data regarding the prevalence of various types of intracranial calcifications.

Objective: In this study the factors that trigger the seizures in epileptic patients over the age of 50 was investigated and the frequency of seizures was analyzed regarding different age, gender, type of seizure and etiological groups. Method: For this purpose, 387 patients were included in the study who were admitted to neurology outpatient clinic with the diagnosis of epilepsy. The patients are divided into groups based on those characteristics: male / female, generalized seizure / partial seizure, age between 50 and 65 / age over 65, they were evaluated in terms of seizure triggers. Result: The most common precipitating factor in all groups were found as stress (37%), sleeplessness (27%) and forgetting to take the medication (20%). 31% of the patients were on Carbamazepine, 21% were on Levetiracetam and 19% were on Valproic Asid. The most common etiological causes were identified as idiopathic (39%), poststroke(24%) and dementia (15%). Regarding the triggering factor, some statistically significant differences were found between the following groups and control groups; the group with patients between the age 50 and 65: stress, fatigue, waking and sleeping; the group with female patients: sleeplessness; the group with the generalized seizures: alcohol and sleep. Conclusion: In conclusion 68% of our patients complained about at least one seizure precipitant and the most common precipitants were stress, sleeplessness and missing dose of medication. In this study, age between 50 and 65 group is more affected by triggers. Keywords: Epilepsy, Seizure precipitants, Stress, Sleeplessness

Limbic encephalitis is an inflammatory disorder of the central nervous system that can be of paraneoplastic or primary autoimmune origin. The disorder is characterized by personality changes, mental status changes, behavior abnormalities, confusion, memory deficits and seizures. In this study we reported a case of limbic encephalitis that accompanied tuberculosis, 53-year old female case who attended our clinic with headache, memory deficits, crying and gait disturbance. [Dis Mol Med 2014; 2(4.000): 73-76]