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Background: In the last decade, the use of microwave ovens throughout the world, including Iran, has increased significantly. Therefore, it is important to understand the knowledge, attitude, and behavior of microwave oven use among employees of the Eastern Health Center to promote safe and responsible practices in the workplace. Assessing their familiarity and attitudes with microwave ovens, this study aims to identify potential areas for improvement and training. This, in turn, can create a safer and more efficient work environment for all involved. Methods: In this cross-sectional study in 2022, the study population was all employees working in the health center and comprehensive health service centers affiliated with the East of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, numbering 162 people. The research tool was a questionnaire adapted from Nadiri's thesis (2015). After collecting the questionnaires, the data was obtained by SPSS 26 software and were analyzed using Pearson's correlation coefficient, multiple regression, independent t-test, and one-way ANOVA. Results: Although the attitude (36.35±3.579) and the behavior (61.16±6.402) towards using microwave ovens are favorable, there is still room for improvement of knowledge and awareness. Knowledge has a positive and significant effect on behavior (P=0.002, B=0.245) and attitude (P=0.001, B=0.263), which shows that improving knowledge about the safe and responsible use of microwave devices can lead to behavior. and a more favorable attitude among employees. In addition, the attitude has a strong positive and significant effect on behavior (P=0.001, B=0.417), and promoting a positive attitude toward using microwave devices can also lead to more favorable behavior. However, the relatively weak effect of awareness on attitude indicates that other factors may also play a role in determining the attitude toward using microwave devices. Conclusion: These findings highlight the importance of educational and awareness campaigns to promote the safe and responsible use of microwave devices among healthcare workers.

Unhealthy eating habits and a high intake of energy, salt, sugar, fat and trans-fatty acids are introduced as dietary risk factors for non-communicable diseases (NCDs). Since one of the key strategies to combat high-risk food behaviors in families is the establishment of healthy eating habits by mothers, this study aims to investigate the effect of nutrition traffic light (TL) education on mothers’ knowledge, attitude and practice. This semi-experimental intervention was conducted among 84 mothers covered by the health centers of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. The participants were randomly divided into the intervention and control groups (42 participants in each group). Data were collected through a standard questionnaire at three points (before, one week after, and one month after the intervention) across 12 sessions from June 15 to August 15, 2022. The data were analyzed using repeated measures ANOVA, t-test, and chi-square test through SPSS software, version 21. After education, the mean scores of knowledge, attitude and practice improved from 8.61±1.36, 25±2.81 and 22.61±8.6 to 11.71±0.63, 28.04±2.52 and 28.38±4.74, respectively. A comparison of the two groups revealed a significant increase in the scores of knowledge, attitude and practice in the intervention group compared to the control group (P

Background A child health-friendly neighbourhood is defined as a neighbourhood where the child’s health is provided, protected and promoted. Designing and validation of an assessment tool is required to identify the deficits and strengths of neighbourhoods within the context of each country. This study aimed to design and validate a child health-friendly neighbourhood assessment tool in Tehran.Methods A mixed-methods approach using semistructured interviews with 31 participants (15 mothers of children under 6 years old and 16 experts) conducted in Tehran between 2021 and 2022. Face validity, content validity and reliability of the checklist were calculated. Highly influenced by the Child Friendly City framework, designing and validation of the checklist was carried out through three phases: (a) identifying the child health-friendly neighbourhood domains and subdomains, (b) drafting the Iranian Child Health-Friendly Neighbourhood checklist and (c) validation of the designed checklist.Results Following three phases of study, the final version of the checklist consisted of six dimensions, namely green space and park, recreational centre, passage and street, healthcare centre, cultural centre and kindergarten. Each dimension encompassed five domains of facilities and services, accessibility, security, safety and aesthetics and view, with 42 indicators, 77 subindicators and 273 items.Conclusions The child health-friendly neighbourhood checklist has a more health focus on neighbourhood level and is more contextually specific, relevant and appropriate compared with UNICEF’s Child Friendly City framework. It also showed acceptable validity and reliability; therefore, the checklist could be a feasible tool to assess child health-friendly neighbourhoods.

Objectives Creating health-supportive environments is one of the key strategies for health promotion. The WHO launched the Healthy Cities Initiative which has inspired other international organisations to develop settings-based health initiatives, such as the Child Friendly Cities by UNICEF. Our study aimed to explore the perspectives and experiences of experts, city council staff and mothers of children under 6 years of age in the city of Tehran, Iran regarding child health-friendly neighbourhoods for children of this age group.Design The purpose of this qualitative research was to investigate the viewpoints and experiences of mothers of children under 6 years old as well as professionals. Data were collected from January to July 2022 through semistructured, indepth interviews using an interview guide. Data were analysed using the directed content analysis method with MAXQDA V.2020 software.Setting The study was conducted in Tehran, Iran.Participants Participants were selected from three main groups: experts, mothers and city council staff. Participants were invited to take part using variation purposive sampling techniques.Results Data analysis led to a definition of the concept of child health-friendly neighbourhoods for children under 6 years old, with 6 dimensions, 21 subdimensions and 80 characteristics. The six dimensions included the provision of neighbourhood green space, cultural centres, health centres, access to services, transport and security. The characteristics we identified had similarities and differences with UNICEF’s Child Friendly Cities.Conclusion The concept of a child health-friendly neighbourhood for children under 6 years old is the result of a health-centred approach to a child-friendly city that provides a deeper understanding of the needs and services required to start a healthy life. This could contribute to further dialogue, research and actions to make all neighbourhoods a health-supportive environment as recommended by the Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion.

BACKGROUND: The role of health-related behaviors, particularly eating behavior, in the health of middle-aged individuals in the workplace is crucial. This qualitative study aimed to gain a deeper understanding of the challenges and barriers to healthy eating behaviors in the industrial workplace from the perspectives of middle-aged workers and employers. METHODS: Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 15 participants, including 5 workers aged 35 to 59 years, 3 nutrition experts, 2 health, safety and environment (HSE) experts, and 5 employers from industrial workplaces in Tehran, Iran. Purposeful sampling was used to select participants who could provide meaningful insights into the research question. The data were analyzed using Graneheim and Lundman approach with MAXQDA software. RESULTS: The study revealed three main themes that hindered healthy eating behaviors in the workplace: (i) the absence of organizational structures for well-being and health, including sub-themes such as the lack of health-oriented organizational policies, inaccessibility to healthy nutritional resources, and restrictive rules, (ii) the pressure of organizational social norms, including sub-themes such as the impact of friendship networks and colleagues, and the effect of workplace culture, and (iii) the lack of a supportive learning environment for healthy behavior, including sub-themes such as the impact of poor interactions and the absence of supportive training. CONCLUSION: The findings highlight the need for workplace health programs that address the identified challenges and promote healthy eating behaviors among middle-aged workers. Implementing health-focused policies and fostering a workplace environment that encourages nutritious food choices can enhance the overall health and well-being of workers and potentially lead to healthy aging in the future.

Abstract Background Patient education is a key component of patient care, positively affecting health promotion and self-care ability. In this regard, an extensive body of research supports the use of the andragogy model in patient education. The study aimed to explore the experiences of people with cardiovascular disease in patient education. Methods This qualitative study involved 30 adult patients with cardiovascular disease who were hospitalized or had a history of hospitalization. They were purposively recruited with maximum variation from two large hospitals in Tehran, Iran. Data were gathered by conducting semi-structured interviews. Data collection was done by conducting semi-structured interviews. Then, the data were analyzed using directed content analysis and a preliminary framework based on six constructs of the andragogy model. Results Data analysis resulted in the development of 850 primary codes, which were reduced to 660 during data reduction. These codes were grouped into nineteen subcategories under the six primary constructs of the andragogy model, i.e., need-to-know, self-concept, prior experience, readiness for learning, orientation to learning, and motivation for learning. The most common problems in patient education were associated with self-concept, previous experience, and readiness for learning components. Conclusion This study provides valuable information about the problems of patient education for adults with cardiovascular disease. Correction of the issues identified can improve care quality and patient outcomes.

مقدمه: باروری یک رفتار اجتماعی شکل گرفته در بافت فرهنگی جامعه است. بـا توجـه بـه کاهش نرخ جمعيت در سایه کـاهش بـاروری در سـال­هـای اخيـر وضرورت اتخاذ تصميمات روشـن در زمينـه فرزنـدآوری در سـال­های آتـی، شناخت آگاهی و نگرش­ به فرزندآوری در جوانان اهميت بالایی دارد. پژوهش حاضر به منظور بررسی دیدگاه دانشجویان دانشگاه علوم پزشکی شهید بهشتی در خصوص فرزندآوری در سال 1401 انجام شد. مواد و روش‌ها: این مطالعه مقطعی بر روی 306 نفر از دانشجویان کارشناسی دانشگاه علوم پزشکی شهید بهشتی به روش نمونه گیری خوشه­ای انجام شد. داده­ها با استفاده از پرسشنامه محقق ساخته، که روایی و پایایی آن محاسبه گردید، جمع‌آوری شد. آنالیز اطلاعات با استفاده از روش­های آمار توصیفی و تحلیلی و نرم افزار SPSS ورژن 24 انجام گردید. یافته‌ها: در این مطالعه، 213 نفر زن و 93 نفر مرد شرکت داشتند. در بخش آگاهی از ماکزیمم 26نمره ، میانگین نمره کسب شده 15/57 بود. نمرات 47% نمونه­ها از میانگین نمره کسب شده کمتر بود و تفاوت آماری معناداری بین نمرات آگاهی دانشکده­ها، مشاهده نشد. در بخش نگرش، از ماکزیمم 235 نمره میانگین نمره دریافتی، 140/78 بوده است. تقریبا نیمی از نمونه­ها نمره نگرش کمتر از میانگین کسب نموده اند. بین نمرات نگرش سه دانشکده اختلاف معناداری وجود داشت. نتیجه‌گیری: با توجه به نتایج حاصل از مطالعه و نامطلوب بودن نمرات آگاهی و نگرش دانشجویان، لازم است برنامه­های آموزشی در جهت افزایش آگاهی و بهبود نگرش آنان در زمینه فرزندآوری انجام شود.

Background Injuries are increasing global public health problems, causing disability and death among children. This has considerable financial, emotional and social effects on families and society. This study aimed to investigate the behavioural and environmental factors leading to unintentional home injuries and attempts to highlight the pivotal role of mothers’ behaviour and performance to provide a safe place for children at home.Methods The current research is a qualitative study of a directed content analysis type. The data were gathered through semistructured interviews conducted in participants’ workplaces, namely universities, research centres and health centres. In some cases, telephone interviews were conducted within 3 months, from February 2021 to May 2021 in Tehran, Iran. The participants were selected through non-probability and purposive sampling. All the recorded interviews and notes were accurately evaluated, and data analysis was performed based on the content analysis. There were 29 interviews in total: 12 interviews with mothers, 9 with treatment and prevention specialists, and 8 with researchers.Results A total of 66 factors, 6 subcategories and 2 main categories were extracted after analysing the interviews. The main categories included environmental and behavioural factors. The subcategories included house infrastructure, house equipment/furniture, children’s equipment/furniture, provision of precarious conditions, access to hazardous substances and appliances, and unsafe arrangement of furniture.Conclusion Despite the existing obstacles such as the long-term implementation, financial difficulties and overcomplicated policy-making process, health interventions can make it possible for mothers of children under the age of seven to adopt preventive measures through appropriately designed instructions and optimal use of existing facilities.

Abstract Background Training dental and oral health behaviors by using appropriate training models and theories is an important issue in preventing dental and oral diseases. the present study aimed to investigate the effect of training based on the health belief model and behavioral intention on dental and oral health behaviors in female students aged 9–12 years old in the city of Rudsar, Guilan, Iran. Methods This research is an interventional study conducted on 84 female students aged 9–12 years old, who lived in the city of Rudsar (n = 42 in the control group and n = 42 in the interventional group) in 2019. The data collection tools included questions on demographic variables, structures of the health belief model (perceived sensitivity, perceived severity, perceived barriers and benefits, self-efficiency), behavioral intention, and performance. The questionnaire was completed before the intervention and 3 months after it by both groups. The intervention group received four 45-min sessions. The data were analyzed using SPSS 24, descriptive tests, independent sample t-test, pair sample t-test, and regression (P

Introduction Despite the emphasis on empowerment in interventions supporting women against domestic violence and ending spousal abuse, there is still no standard and accurate instrument to evaluate women’s empowerment in this field. This study proposes a protocol to fill this gap by developing and psychometrically testing a standardised instrument for assessing women’s empowerment in dealing with domestic violence (WEDDV).Methods and analysis This study will be conducted in Iran in a mixed method with a sequential exploratory design (qualitative–quantitative). In the first phase, qualitative methods will be used to generate items, rank and identify essential items for WEDDV conceptualisation. The data collection method in this phase includes semistructured face-to-face interviews with married women, a review of related literature, and a fuzzy Delphi method with participants with work experience and expertise about violence against women. Qualitative data analysis will be done using a content analysis strategy and MAXQDA 2020 software. In the second phase of the study, the psychometric properties of the instrument, including face, content and construct validity, and the instrument’s reliability will be evaluated. Also, the psychometric features of the COSMIN checklist will be used in the design of this instrument.Ethics and dissemination This study protocol has been approved by the Research Ethics Committee of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences with code (IR.SBMU.PHNS.REC.1400.011). The findings will be published in prestigious journals and presented at national and international conferences. We hope that these results can provide a practical framework for planning and organising domestic violence interventions for policy-makers, researchers and women’s health and counselling service providers.

Background: Regular physical activity for adolescents has many health benefits, many of which also affect adulthood. Physical activity is a behavior that requires planning and choosing an appropriate educational method, model, or theory. However, mobile phone applications are known as a suitable method to increase physical activity according to the guidelines. This study aims to increase physical activity in female students based on the theory of planned behavior using mobile phone applications. Methods: This quasi-experimental study was implemented on 220 high school students (110 people in each group). The samples were selected by a multi-stage cluster method and their information was collected by the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) and the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) questionnaire whose validity and reliability were confirmed. The intervention group received 8 sessions of education through a mobile phone application that was designed by the constructs of the theory of planned behavior. The samples were evaluated in three stages, through a pre-test, post-test, and two-month follow-up. Results: The results showed a significant difference in the post-test and two months after the intervention between intervention and control groups in terms of attitude, perceived behavioral control, intention, and physical activity. There was a significant difference between intervention and control groups in subjective norms in the post-test, but there was no significant difference in the two-month follow-up compared to the post-test (P = 0.08). Conclusions: An educational intervention based on the theory of planned behavior using mobile phone applications led to an increase in the physical activity of girl high school students. However, to determine the full effectiveness of this study, it is recommended to implement this intervention in all schools.

Abstract Background In order to increase HPV vaccination, it is necessary to identify the factors influencing vaccination behavior among different cultures and the young adult populations. To evaluate the factors influencing HPV vaccine uptake behaviors, valid, reliable, and culture-compatible scales are required. This study was conducted with the aim of designing and psychometric assessment of the scale of factors influencing HPV vaccine uptake behaviors in Young Adults (FI(HPV)VUBYA) in Iran. Methods The present study was carried out in a mixed-method in two steps: (a) Generating items using a qualitative study and literature review and (b) Reducing items by psychometric assessment of the designed scale. The initial set of items (N = 80) was prepared based on a qualitative study and literature review. A total of 400 young adults participated in online data collection from November 2019 to February 2020. The validity (face, content, and construct) and reliability (internal consistency and stability) of the scale were evaluated. Results The exploratory factor analysis (EFA) revealed that the scale has 7 factors, explaining 57.84% of the total extracted variance. There was also a knowledge factor that EFA did not analyze, but its validity and reliability were evaluated with 7 other factors. The results of confirmatory factor analysis showed a good model fit. Convergent and divergent validity of the scale was accepted for all factors. Good reliability was also reported for the scale. Conclusion FI(HPV)VUBYA 8-factor scale has good validity and reliability among young Iranian adults. Due to its appropriate psychometric properties, this scale can be used on this population in future studies.

Abstract Background and Aims Considering the increasing prevalence of dental services in the community and the impossibility of identifying each infected patient, hand sanitation is the most critical factor in controlling infection in these centers. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the effect of educational intervention on the hand health behavior of the staff of Tehran dentistry clinics based on the health belief model (HBM). Methods In this quasi‐experimental study in 2017, 128 employees of the health centers were selected through a multistage sampling method and they were placed in two groups of intervention and control (each 64 people). The data was collected using a questionnaire devised by the researcher. The validity and reliability of the questionnaire were determined. The questionnaire consisted of demographics, knowledge, structures of the HBM, and behavior variables. Then, the intervention was administered based on HBM‐based education. Data were analyzed by SPSS16 and independent t test, χ2, and repeated measurement analysis of variance. Results Before the intervention, the two intervention and control groups did not differ significantly in terms of demographic variables, mean scores of knowledge, constructs of HBM, and hand hygiene behavior (p > 0.05), while the intervention group was scored higher significantly compared to the control one after the intervention (p

Abstract Background Promoting the health and mental health (MH) of the older adults making up a large part of the world’s population in the coming years can provide the necessary conditions for their health and well-being of them. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between the satisfaction of basic psychological needs (BPNs), general health (GH), and some variables in Iranian older adults. Methods The present descriptive-correlational study was conducted on 780 older adults from Sarpol-e Zahab (Kermanshah) in 2019 including the study by multi-stage cluster random sampling. The data collection tool was BPNs satisfaction and GH questionnaire and a researcher-made questionnaire of individual and background information. Was used for data analysis using the SPSS version 16 program and descriptive statistics and tests Pearson correlation coefficient, chi-square test, independent-sample T-test, and multivariate linear regression. Results In the present study, participating a total of 780 older adult men aged 73.0 ± 29.32 years. There was a significant relationship between the satisfaction of BPNs and GH (p

Abstract Background Patient education is a critical aspect of patient care and is considered a vital part of self-care (especially in patients with cardiovascular disease (CVD)) and health promotion. The literature supports incorporating the principles of the andragogy model (adult learning) into patient education. This study aimed to determine the concordance of the CVD patient education with the principles of the andragogy model. Methods This cross-sectional survey was conducted on 384 adult CVD patients from 2 selected hospitals of Tehran. The sampling method was convenient, and the data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire based on the principles of the andragogy model. Data were analyzed using SPSS16 statistical software. Results The mean age of the patients was 55.69 ± 13.01 years old. Frequency of distribution of the patients who, in total, selected the items of 4 or 5 for respecting the principles of andragogy model was as follows: 68.16% for the motivation, 66.29% for the need, 66.03% for the orientation, 54.16% for the experiences, 51.55% for the self-concept, and 44.65% for the readiness principle. Also, three principles of motivation (77.37) need (74.97), and orientation (74.78) had the highest mean, respectively, in terms of adhering to this model. But the most common problems in patient education were related to the principles of readiness (64.35), self-concept (68.19), and experiences (77.71) with the lowest mean. Conclusions The findings of this study provided valuable information on the flaws in patient education, including ignoring and disrespecting the principles of adult education. Correcting these detected defects and providing feedback to health professionals can improve the quality of patient education programs and patient satisfaction. Also, it empowers healthcare providers, patients, and families through effective education strategies.

Objectives: This study aimed to assess the impact of an educational intervention on middle-aged women's knowledge and behaviour regarding various aspects of a healthy lifestyle. Design: Quasi-experimental study involving 150 middle-aged women (divided into experimental and control groups). Setting: Participants were selected from health centres of Tehran, Iran. Method: Data collection included demographic information, knowledge of a healthy lifestyle and healthy lifestyle behaviour. Participants in both the intervention and control groups completed the questionnaires before and 2 months after the educational intervention. The intervention involved 10 minutes of face-to-face training followed by distribution of training booklets provided by the Ministry of Health in Iran. Statistical analyses were conducted using SPSS. Results: Within the intervention group, significant differences were observed in total healthy lifestyle knowledge and subscales for physical activity knowledge, anthropometry knowledge, healthy diet knowledge, and smoking knowledge, between the pre- and post-intervention periods. Other than for smoking behaviour, there was no significant difference in healthy behaviours pre- and post-intervention for the experimental and also the control group. Conclusion: While there was an increase in knowledge about healthy lifestyles following the intervention, this knowledge increase was not associated with a change in healthy lifestyle behaviours. Attention should therefore be given to other influences including socio-economic factors, mental health status, environmental factors, cultural influences, duration of the intervention and psychological factors if changes in healthy behaviour are to be achieved

Abstract Background Self-management of hypertension is of great significance given its increasing incidence and its associated disabilities. In view of the increased use of mobile health in medicine, the present study evaluated the effect of a self-management application on patient adherence to hypertension treatment. Methods This clinical trial was performed on 120 hypertensive patients who were provided with a mobile intervention for 8 weeks and followed up until the 24th week. Data on the primary outcome (adherence to treatment) and secondary outcomes (adherence to the DASH diet, regular monitoring of blood pressure, and physical activity) were collected using a questionnaire and a mobile application, respectively. The inter-group change difference over time was analyzed using repeated measures ANOVA (general linear model). Results The treatment adherence score increased by an average of 5.9 (95% CI 5.0–6.7) in the intervention group compared to the control group. The scores of “adherence to the low-fat and low-salt diet plans” were 1.7 (95% CI 1.3–2.1) and 1.5 (95% CI 1.2–1.9), respectively. Moreover, moderate physical activity increased to 100.0 min (95% CI 61.7–138.3) per week in the intervention group. Conclusion The treatment and control of blood pressure require a multifaceted approach given its complexity and multifactorial nature. Considering the widespread use of smartphones, mHealth interventions can be effective in self-management and better patient adherence to treatments. Our results showed that this application can be used as a successful tool for hypertension self-management in patients attending public hospitals in developing countries. Trial registration Iran Randomized Clinical Trial Center IRCT2015111712211N2 . Registered on 1 January 2016

Abstract Aim To assess needs for a gender‐sensitive perimarital counselling services in Iran. Design A descriptive cross‐sectional study. Methods This was a study on all 236 premarital counselling providers in 37 health centres in Shiraz‐Iran. The tools for data collection included the following: (a) a demographic information questionnaire and; (b) a valid and reliable Needs Assessment questionnaire for Gender‐Sensitive Perimarital Counseling Services (GSPCS) in 3 sections of needs for process, structure and policy making of the perimarital counselling services. Data were analysed using SPSS 21. Results All health providers with average working experience of 8.63 (SD 5.35) years participated in the study. Results demonstrated highest scores for needs related to facilities as the structure of the services (90.09 SD 13.70 per cent) and community empowerment (89.50 SD 16.67 per cent) as the necessary policy for the gender‐sensitive services. We concluded that providing gender‐sensitive perimarital counselling healthcare services needs to reform the process, structure and policies of the services.

ObjectiveAs one of the health aspects, social health is less well-known than physical and mental aspects. In order to better understand this aspect and considering the importance of social context in its conceptualizing, the present study was performed aiming at explaining the social health and identification of its various aspects in the perspective of Iranian adults.MethodologyThe present study was conducted in 2021 with a qualitative approach and with the participation of Iranian adults and social health professionals. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews with 36 participants who were selected by purposive sampling. The obtained data were analyzed using qualitative (conventional) content analysis and Granheim and Lundman method in the MAXQDA-2020. Guba and Lincoln criteria were observed to evaluate the quality of research results.ResultsUsing data analysis, 3 main categories and 17 subcategories were obtained, including: (1) Conceptual scope of social health (social health as social capital, social health as mental health, social health as moral health), (2) Characteristics of social health (biologic, continual, acquired, evolutionary, relative), and (3) Social health dimensions (openness to interactions, social adaptability, social dutifulness, social self-esteem, mutual trust, communicational capability, social optimism, enjoying social support, public-oriented personality).ConclusionSince social health has a conceptual scope, it is important to try to strengthen and reproduce the dimensions of social health and at the same time use planning, policymaking and appropriate interventions to improve and to promote the dimensions of social health.

Objectives: Health literacy is one of the most important social determinants of elderly health. This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of the educational intervention on knowledge, attitude, and nutritional behaviors of the elderly with adequate health literacy and inadequate health literacy. Methods & Materials: An experimental study was conducted with 192 people 60 years and older in Ilam Province, Iran, from May to September 2016. The elderly were assigned into four groups (48 subjects in each group), including two intervention groups with adequate and inadequate health literacy and two control groups with sufficient and insufficient health literacy. The elderly nutrition education program consisted of four lecture sessions with questions and answers, along with an elderly nutrition manual for the intervention group. The level of health literacy among the elderly was assessed using functional health literacy in adults. The level of knowledge, attitude, and nutritional behaviors was assessed using a researcher-made questionnaire in two stages before and two months after the educational intervention. The SPSS V. 21 was used for data analysis. Descriptive statistics and the Chi-square, paired t test, and Fisher exact test were used for data analysis. Results: The Mean±SD age of the men was 61.24±2.38 years, and the mean±SD age of women was 61.35±2.45 years. The majority of men with adequate health literacy were men (84.37%), while the proportion of men and women in those with inadequate health literacy was almost the same. All participants with adequate health literacy and 89.58% of those with inadequate health literacy were married. After the educational intervention, the mean scores of knowledge, attitude, and behavior in the intervention group with adequate health literacy increased significantly (P≤0.013, P≤0.015, and P0.05). Conclusion: According to the study Results, the effectiveness of the educational intervention in relation to nutrition of the elderly is significantly influenced by the level of health literacy.

Abstract Background Providing gender sensitive reproductive health service is recently emphasized by health organizations. This study aims to develop and assess psychometric properties of a questionnaire to assess gender sensitivity of perinatal care services (GS-PNCS) to be used by managers of perinatal services. Methods This study is a mixed sequential (Qualitative-Quantitative) exploratory study. In the qualitative phase, 34 participants were interviewed and the items were generated. To evaluate the validity; face, content and construct validity were assessed. The reliability was assessed by internal consistency and stability calculation. Results The content validity and reliability were demonstrated by S-CVR = 0.92 and S-CVI = 0.98, Cronbach’s α = 0.880 and the ICC = 0.980 to 0.947. Exploratory factor analysis showed 8 factors which explained more than 52.53% of the variance. Conclusion GS-PNCS is a valid and reliable questionnaire, with 49 items to assess gender sensitivity of perinatal care services and helps health care managers and planners to improve the quality of the services.

Abstract Background This article aims to provide a description of conceptual dimensions and psychometric properties of the tools of oral and dental health literacy. Methods Two authors in this study conducted electronic searches in the Medline (via PubMed), and Embase databases to find relevant articles from 1990 to present day. Evaluation of the tools was carried out in two parts; general evaluation of the tools using skills introduced by Sørensen et al., and qualitative assessment of psychometric properties using COSMIN checklist. Results After reviewing 1839 articles on oral and dental health literacy and evaluating 33 full text articles for eligibility, 21 articles entered the study. The sample size varied from 20 to 1405 subjects and the items of each tool ranged from 11 to 99 items. Of the 21 tools examined, 16 tools were evaluated for word recognition. For the studies examined, the evaluation of COSMIN scores was often fair or good. Of the 21 tools examined, 9 tools at least in one dimension were in the category of “poor”, 19 tools were in the category of “fair”, 20 tools were in the category of “good”, and 4 tools were in the category of “excellent” in at least one dimension. Conclusion The findings of this study showed that some aspects of oral and dental health literacy are being ignored in the existing tools. Therefore, the authors of present study emphasize on the necessity to design and develop a comprehensive tool and take into account two characteristics of simplicity and briefness for international use.

Background: Studies show older people require increasing health care services. One of the most important factors that significantly affect the quality of elderly care is the willingness to work with old people. The current study is conducted aiming to examine the effect of education based on the theory of planned behavior on willingness to work with older adults in public health students of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran in 2018. Methods: This study was an educational intervention in which the subjects included 36 students selected through the census method. The data gathering tool was the Willingness to Work with Elderly People Scale (WEPS), which was completed by the students two times (before and two weeks after education). After pre-test, two educational sessions were held for the students. The data collected were analyzed using independent t-test, paired t-test, and regression in SPSS software. Findings: 36 students with a mean age of 21.94 ± 3.43 years participated in the study. The mean scores of attitude (P < 0.001), subjective norms (P < 0.001), perceived behavior control (P < 0.005), and intention (P < 0.001) in the intervention group had significant differences after the educational intervention. Conclusion: The results showed that education based on the theory of planned behavior was able to promote willingness to work with older adults among students. Therefore, it suggested to develop educational interventions to enhance attitudes towards caring for the elderly and promote intentions to work with them. So it is recommended this intervention be applied to students and staff of medical universities after further studies.

Background and Objective: The elderly people, as one of the most groups at high risk for diseases, need to have a high level of health literacy to having an improved level of health. The aim of this study was to investigate the predictors of health literacy among elderly at health centers affiliated to Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences. Materials and Methods: In this descriptive-analytic study, 270 elderly people were selected via cluster random sampling from health centers affiliated to Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences in Tehran. To collect data, a short form of the S-TOHFLA standard questionnaire was used to measure health literacy. Data were analyzed by SPSS software version 16 via independent t-test, ANOVA, Kendall correlation and multiple regressions. Results: The mean (SD) age of participants was 67 (5/6). The health literacy of the elderly with university education with a mean (SD) 28.2 (7) and the age group of 60-65 years with a mean (SD) 32.6 (4.9), was significantly higher than the other groups (P

Abstract Background and Aim Providing gender‐sensitive health services is emphasized by the World Health Organization. This study aimed to assess and prioritize the needs for the gender‐sensitive sexually transmitted infections/human immunodeficiency viruses (STIs/HIV) prevention services by a valid and reliable questionnaire. Methods This was an exploratory mixed methods sequential study in Shiraz Iran 2019. The first phase was a qualitative study on 37 providers and managers of the services who were recruited using the purposive and then snowball sampling method. In the second phase, following the content analysis of the qualitative data and a review of related literature, a questionnaire was developed and its psychometric properties were evaluated. Then, in the third phase, the questionnaire was used to assess and prioritize the needs through a quantitative descriptive cross‐sectional study on all 290 providers of STI/HIV prevention services affiliated with Shiraz University of Medical Sciences. Results The finding of the qualitative phase showed gender‐sensitive STI/HIV prevention services should provide gender‐sensitive care and education by the trained personnel and manages with appropriate facilities and equipment. Providing these services also requires supportive policies, intersectoral cooperation, and community capacitation. In the second phase, a questionnaire was developed with 63 items. Assessment of psychometric properties of the questionnaire demonstrated the scale content validity index and ratio (S‐CVI = 0.98 and S‐CVR = 0.87, respectively), as well as the reliability of the questionnaire (internal consistency = 0.972 and intracluster correlation coefficient = 0.910). Results of the third descriptive phase of the study demonstrated the highest priorities for gender‐sensitive education (92.01 ± 11.76%) and care services (92.11 ± 12.04%), respectively. Conclusions To improve the quality of the services, a gender‐based education and care process, as well as a gender‐sensitive structure, including gender‐sensitive personnel, facilities, and management are necessary. Recognizing and meeting the needs for gender‐sensitive services will improve the quality of the services.

BACKGROUND: Skill Training Intervention Based on the Healthy Lifestyle Counselling Module (5As model) in the Ira PEN Program. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study was a randomized controlled trial in Iran. Participants were 184 health workers and 184 clients (92 in each study group). The training program entailed an online training course, educational video, and clip. The behavior related to a healthy lifestyle in clients was also followed-up 2 months later. Data were analyzed using SPSS 22 software. RESULTS: Based on the observations, significant improvement in lifestyle counseling skills among health workers in the intervention group compared to the control group in terms of healthy nutrition (P < 0.001), physical activity (P < 0.001), smoking cessation (P = 0.03), and withdrawal of alcohol consumption (P < 0.001) was observed. Also, lifestyle-related behaviors among clients in terms of healthy nutrition (P < 0.001), physical activity (P < 0.001), and withdrawal smoking (P < 0.001) increased significantly. Furthermore, waist circumference (P < 0.024) and BMI (P < 0.001) among clients were significantly reduced. CONCLUSION: The training program for health personnel in healthy lifestyle has a more effective role in changing people's behavior and prevention of noncommunicable risk factors. Healthy life style counselling in primary health cares may lead to control risk factors for Noncommunicable disease.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Given the complexities of the health care system and the importance of the subject and effects of health literacy in all aspects of care, defining specific health literacy in this context seems necessary. The purpose of this research was to explain the concept of hospital health literacy (HHL), its definition, and the related dimensions using the qualitative research method. MATERIALS AND METHODS: An exploratory qualitative design was used. Exploratory, open-ended, and face-to-face interviews based on the interview guide were used to elicit participants' perspectives between July 2021 and January 2022. By using the content analysis method, researchers coded transcripts and collated these codes into sub-categories and then merged them into the main category and explored the dimensions of the concept. RESULTS: A total of 23 service providers and 25 service recipients were included in the study. Analysis of qualitative data led to the identification of 6 categories and 25 sub-categories including cognitive literacy, functional (basic) literacy, communicative literacy, behavioral literacy, media literacy, and emotional literacy. CONCLUSION: The findings of the present study provide a deep understanding of the concept of HHL that could be applied to develop valid and reliable measurement tools for assessing HHL among a variety of populations. Also, it is hoped that the present attempt can be useful to guide future research and interventions as well as to provide a clear base for planning, implementing, and evaluating interventions aimed at promoting individuals' health literacy in health settings.

BACKGROUND: During the last two decades, several reports have indicated an increase in the number of type-2 diabetes among adolescents. Therefore, an assessment of adolescents' awareness of this disease deserves serious consideration. This study aims at designing a psychometric tool for assessing adolescents' awareness of type-2 diabetes. METHODS AND MATERIAL: In this methodological research, 770 students attending 10 middle schools (five girls “schools and five boys” schools) from Tehran participated in the study. The questionnaire was designed by examining the relevant literature and the existing questionnaires, as well as considering the research team's comments, and the initial pool of items with 57 questions was designed. Face validity, content validity, and construct validity were calculated to determine the validity of the instrument. Reliability was measured via internal consistency coefficient (ICC) and internal consistency reliability was measured with Cronbach Alpha. SPSS 16 was used for data analysis. RESULTS: The questionnaire was initially designed with 57 items. Based on the results of CVR and CVI, five questions were removed. The average CVR and CVI were 0.75 and 0.82, respectively. Following exploratory factor analysis, the 30 questions in the questionnaire were categorized into five dimensions: public awareness, symptoms, behavioral risk factors, long-term effects, and medium-term effects. The internal reliability was calculated for the whole questionnaire—ICC = 0.87 with a Cronbach alpha coefficient of 0.80. CONCLUSIONS: The resulting questionnaire on adolescents' awareness of type-2 diabetes, with 30 questions in five dimensions, can be employed by researchers for its high factor loading in factor analysis and its standard psychometric properties.

زمینه و اهداف: صبحانه نقش مهمی در حفظ سلامت نوجوانان دارد. سواد سلامت یکی از بزرگ‌ترین تعیین‌کننده‌های امر سلامت است و همواره در مسیر بین آموزش و بهداشت قرار دارد. این مطالعه با هدف بررسی ارتباط سواد سلامت با تأثیر مداخله آموزشی بر مصرف صبحانه در دانش‌آموزان انجام گردید. مواد و روش‌ها: این مطالعه نیمه تجربی روی ۴۴۰ دانش‌آموز باسواد سلامت بالا و پایین با رعایت معیارهای اخلاقی (تأیید کمیته اخلاق دانشگاه علوم پزشکی شهید بهشتی، مجوز مقامات وزارت آموزش و پرورش و رضایت کتبی شرکت کنندگان) انجام شد. شش مدرسه که از نظر شرایط اجتماعی و اقتصادی یکسان بودند و از نظر موقعیت مکانی در همسایگی هم نبودند، انتخاب شد. بعد از سنجیدن سواد سلامت با پرسشنامه HELMA، به ‌صورت تصادفی سه مدرسه زیر گروه مداخله و سه مدرسه زیرگروه کنترل (زیرگروه سواد سلامت بالا-مداخله، سواد سلامت بالا-کنترل، سواد سلامت پایین-مداخله، سواد سلامت پایین- کنترل) در نظر گرفته شد. پرسشنامه TPB مصرف صبحانه قبل و بلافاصله و دو ماه بعد از مداخله آموزشی بین چهار زیرگروه توزیع شد. مداخله‌ آموزشی با روش سخنرانی، بحث گروهی، پرسش و پاسخ انجام گردید. یافته‌ها: میانگین نمره سازه‌های TPB در زیرگروه‌های مداخله نسبت به زیرگروه‌های کنترل بعد از مداخله افزایش قابل‌توجهی یافته است به ‌طوری‌که این نسبت معنی‌دار بوده است. میزان اثر مداخله آموزشی در زیرگروه‌ مداخله باسواد سلامت بالا بیشتر از زیرگروه مداخله باسواد سلامت پایین بوده است. نتیجه‌گیری: نتایج این پژوهش نشان داد که مداخله آموزشی در افراد باسواد سلامت بالا نسبت به افراد باسواد سلامت پایین دارای اثربخشی بیشتری می‌باشد.

Aims: The purpose of the present qualitative study was to investigate strategies of preventing induced demand for medicine prescription through in-depth interviews with various stakeholders (physicians, pharmacists, faculty members, and patients). Materials and Methods: For data gathering, we used in-depth interviews with a purposive sample of 20 participants who were selected according to their experience. Interviews were transcribed, analyzed, and identified, and the key themes were named and coded with a sample of quotation. We used content analysis to analyze the interviews. All authors participated in the analysis process to avoid bias and receive an agreement. Results: In the process of data analysis, all the strategies of preventing induced demand for prescription of medicine were elicited from the data analysis and were classified into two themes: Health education program and stewardship in the health system with 12 categories and 37 subcategories. Some strategies include promoting pharmaceutics' health literacy; developing, implementing, and evaluating policies to prevent induced demand for prescription of medicine; reforming the education system and medical research; development of health information; reforming the health system structure; reforming the monitor and control system in the health system; observing patients' rights charter; and reforming the insurance companies. Conclusion: The present study provides evidence that confirms the induced demand is preventable. Hence, we recommend that stockholders consider the strategies to preventing induced demand for the prescription to prevent unnecessary prescriptions of medicines and the consequences.

Aims: The purpose of the present qualitative study was to investigate the consequences of an irrational prescription of medicine through in-depth interviews with various stakeholders. Materials and Methods: We used in-depth interviews for data gathering with a purposive sample of twenty participants who were selected according to their experience. We transcribed and analyzed interviews and identified, named, and coded the key themes with a sample of quotation. Results: In general, 14 subthemes or consequences were identified and classified, including health, economic, and social consequences. Some consequences are treatment failure, impose the financial costs to an individual and the government, waste of medicines, increase the financial burden of insurance organizations, trafficking medicine, disruption in the appropriate supply of medicine, deprive people needed for medicine, and deviation in policymaking. Conclusion: The present study provides evidence that confirms the induced demand effect on health, society, and economic. Hence, we recommend health practitioners plan the health education interventions to reduce unnecessary prescriptions of medicine and the consequences and prevent the induced demand for the prescription.

Background: Despite the existence of numerous tools to measure health literacy, there is no general agreement on this issue. Researchers around the world have been involved in the development of an instrument to measure health literacy. The psychometric properties of the Health Literacy for Iranian Adults (HELIA) scale have been approved in the general population; however, the validity and reliability of this indigenous questionnaire has not been explored in students. Therefore, due to demographic differences, the present study investigated this questionnaire in a sample of students for structural validity and reliability. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 340 dormitory students of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences in 2016, in Tehran City, Iran. A single-stage cluster sampling technique was used for sampling. Cronbach’s alpha coefficient was used to verify the reliability of the questionnaire and the confirmatory factor analysis was used to investigate the validity of the constructs by LISREL software. Results: The mean±SD age of studied students was 22.93±4.05 years. The questionnaire had a desirable internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha coefficient: 0.77-0.90) to assess health literacy in participating students. The confirmatory factor analysis result was satisfactory for its overall fitness. (RMSEA=0.095, CFI=0.94, NFI=0.92, NNFI=0.94, SRMR=0.075, X2/df=4.09). Conclusion: The study findings revealed that HELIA is a reliable and valid instrument for measuring health literacy among students.

Introduction: Access to intensive care unit (ICU) beds varies in different countries. Due to the population growth, aging, and longer survival of chronic patients, demand for these beds is increasing all over the world. The present study was performed to assess the management status of ICU beds in selected teaching hospitals affiliated to Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences. Method: This qualitative study was conducted using conventional content analysis method in 2016. In this study, 25 participants were selected by purposive sampling and with maximum variation, and were interviewed by semi-structured interviews with open-ended questions. The interviews were performed in the participants' workplace and lasted between 30 and 60 min. Data were analyzed using conventional content analysis approach. Results: After data analysis, 4 main themes including human capacities related to bed management, the relevant organizational and managerial requirements, ICU prioritized patients' admission and discharge manner, and strategies for promotion and improvement of ICU bed management status and 12 subthemes related to the management status of ICU beds were extracted. Conclusion: According to the results, in our country, bed management in the intensive care units faces many challenges, especially in the areas related to human capacities, ICU admission and discharge prioritization method, and ICUs' monitoring and control, which need to be paid more attention. These challenges can be addressed through training more ICU specialists, observing international admission and discharge criteria, and using appropriate monitoring and control systems.

Background and Objectives: Physical inactivity is one of the four major causes of death worldwide. Various studies have shown that physical activity in women, especially in suburban areas, is more than average, and community-based interventions can improve this situation. The objective of this study was to design, implement, and evaluate a community-based intervention to increase physical activity in adult women in a suburban area Qom city. Methods: A quasi-experimental study was conducted on adult women in two suburban areas Qom city. Sampling was performed using cluster sampling and 297 subjects were selected. The physical activity of women was assessed by the community-based health promotion program using an ecological framework. Results: In this study, more than 50% of women had insufficient physical activity. Based on independent t-test results, there was a significant difference between the mean score of total physical activity between the two groups before and after the intervention; so that the mean of this difference in the intervention group was obtained 214.18±757.82 MET-minutes/week and in the control group -36.85±279.17 MET-minutes/week. This difference was significant for moderate physical activity and walking and was not significant for severe physical activity. Conclusion: Considering that in this study, community-based and multi-level intervention was performed, thus, it seems that the effect of a set of interventional factors, has been able to increase the level of physical activity in the intervention women.

Objectives: The consumption of fruits and vegetables (F and V) improves health and nutritional status while it reduces the risk of diseases. The present study aimed to promote fruit and vegetable consumption among adolescents using Albert Bandura’s social cognitive theory (SCT) among students of Ardabil. Materials and Methods: In this interventional-experimental study, a total of 308 second-grade male and female high school students were selected and randomly assigned into control and intervention groups (154 subjects in each group). The entry criteria included the age range of 13-15 years, informed consent, and voluntary participation in the study. The SCT-based interventions were employed for the students, families, and schools using the student-family-school (SFS) approach. Data were collected employing a 3-part questionnaire including demographic characteristics, SCT-based determinants of F and V consumption by adolescents, as well as the frequency of F and V consumption. Finally, the obtained data were analyzed by descriptive and analytical statistics using SPSS software. Results: Based on the results, the application of the student, family, and school-based interventions significantly increased the scores related to the constructs of environment, knowledge, skills, outcome expectations, outcome expectancies, observational learning, reinforcement, and self-efficacy in the intervention group compared to the control group (P

Objectives Despite the increase in the elderly population all over the world, our knowledge is not sufficient for the status of their health in Iran. A comprehensive understanding of the health problems of this vulnerable group will help health planners to intervene effectively. This study was conducted to determine the physical health of elderly people in Tehran City, Iran. Methods & Materials In a cross-sectional study, 450 eligible elders were selected through a multistage stratified cluster random sampling method from district 5 in Tehran City, Iran. In order to collect the study information, a comprehensive “need assessment” questionnaire for elderly people in Iran was designed and validated. After approval of the Ethics Committee of the university and obtaining informed consent from the elderly, the questionnaires were completed by the researcher at home of the participants. The obtained data were analyzed by logistic regression test in SPSS version 16. Results About 90.9% of the studied elderly had at least one chronic illness with special treatment. The most prevalent reported disease was arthritis (62.4%) and the most commonly reported disorders and health problems were anxiety and fatigue, with a prevalence of 57.6% and 56.4%, respectively. Based on the multivariate logistic regression model, after controlling confounding variables, the frailty index had a statistically significant correlation with the physical health status (OR=4.433, P

The present cross-sectional research was conducted on 245 adolescents selected through a multi-stratified sampling method. The data collection instrument was the risky behavior scale (YRBSS). The collected data were statistically analyzed via SPSS ver19. Such indices as mean, standard deviation, min and max scores were used as descriptive statistics. The present findings showed that 17 subjects (6.9%) had carried cold weapons with them at least once before; 22 subjects (15.17%) had experienced drug consumption (opium and hash) at least; 52 subjects (21.3%) consumed alcohol; 45 (out of 108) (41.66%) had sexual affairs with the opposite sex and 108 (44.1%) experienced smoking. Certain measures can be taken to prevent and reduce the rate of risky behaviors: closer and stronger family ties between parents and teenagers, emphasis on positive examples set by peers, establishment of moral values, provision of sport facilities and public welfare, special attention to the key role of schools.

زمینه و اهداف: طی دوران نوجوانی، افراد مسئول عادات غذایی، نگرش‌ها و رفتار‌های خود می‌باشند. صبحانه به عنوان مهمترین وعده غذایی نقش مهمی در حفظ سلامتی نوجوانان دارد. سواد سلامت به عنوان یکی از بزرگترین تعیین‌کننده‌های امر سلامت است. هدف از این مطالعه تعیین رابطه سواد سلامت با نگرش و رفتار مصرف صبحانه در دانش‌آموزان می‌باشد. مواد و روش‌ها: مطالعه‌ی حاضر روی دانش‌آموزان دختر ۶ مدرسه دولتی دوره‌ی دوم متوسطه شهر یاسوج انجام شد. در این مطالعه ۴۴۰ دانش‌آموز شرکت کردند. داده‌ها از طریق پرسشنامه گردآوری شد که شامل سه بخش: اطلاعات دموگرافیک، پرسشنامه سواد سلامت نوجوانان (HELMA)، سوالات نگرش و رفتار مصرف صبحانه بود. داده‌های گردآوری شده با استفاده از نرم افزار SPSS v.16 و آزمون‌های آماری تی مستقل، من‌ویتنی و کای اسکوئر مورد تجزیه و تحلیل قرار گرفتند. تمامی مراحل مطالعه حاضر طبق موازین اخلاقی اجرا گردید. یافته‌ها: طبق یافته‌های به دست آمده نمره نگرش و رفتار مصرف صبحانه در افراد با سواد سلامت بالا بیشتر از افراد با سواد سلامت پایین می‌باشد. همچنین بین نگرش و رفتار مصرف صبحانه با سواد سلامت رابطه معنی‌دار و مستقیم وجود داشت (0۵/0p

زمینه و اهداف: یکی از اولویت­های سلامت همگانی برای کاهش مصرف سیگار، پیشگیری از سیگاری شدن جوانان است. با توجه به نقش الگویی دانشجویان علوم پزشکی در جامعه و نظر به افزایش استعمال سیگار در میان آن­ها، این مطالعه با هدف سنجش اتخاذ رفتارهای پیشگیری کننده از مصرف سیگار و عوامل مرتبط با آن در بین دانشجویان اجرا شد. مواد و روش‌ها: در این مطالعه مقطعی که با رویکرد توصیفی- تحلیلی انجام شد، 355 نفر از دانشجویان خوابگاهی دانشگاه علوم پزشکی شهید بهشتی تهران در سال 1395 و با استفاده از روش نمونه­گیری خوشه­ای یک مرحله­ای انتخاب و وارد مطالعه شدند. داده­ها با استفاده از پرسشنامه­ای مشتمل بر اطلاعات جمعیت­شناختی و زمینه­ای و یک پرسشنامه محقق­ساخته روا و پایا جهت سنجش اتخاذ رفتارهای پیشگیری کننده از مصرف سیگار، گردآوری شد. داده­های گردآوری شده با استفاده از نرم افزار SPSS نسخه 16 و آمارهای توصیفی و آزمون­های تی­مستقل و آنالیز واریانس مورد تحلیل قرار گرفتند. تمامی مراحل مطالعه حاضر طبق موازین اخلاقی اجرا گردید. یافته‌ها: میانگین (انحراف معیار) نمره اتخاذ رفتارهای پیشگیری کننده از مصرف سیگار (96/19) 01/39 از 100 بوده و در سطح ضعیفی قرار داشت. اتخاذ رفتارهای پیشگیری کننده از مصرف سیگار با متغیرهای جنسیت، داشتن دوستان سیگاری، داشتن عضو سیگاری در خانواده، سطح تحصیلات پدر و مصرف سیگار ارتباط معنی­دار داشت (05/0>P). نتیجه‌گیری: با توجه به پایین بودن میانگین نمره اتخاذ رفتارهای پیشگیری­کننده از مصرف سیگار در دانشجویان، ضرورت اجرای آموزش‌های لازم در مورد پیشگیری از مصرف سیگار در میان آنها بیش از پیش احساس می‌شود.

زمینه و اهداف: نظر به افزایش روند مصرف سیگار در بین دانشجویان و قابلیت الگوی اعتقاد بهداشتی در پیشگویی سواد سلامت و پیشگیری از مصرف سیگار و نیز نقش سواد سلامت در پیشگیری از مصرف سیگار، این مطالعه با هدف تعیین تاثیر آموزش مبتنی بر الگوی اعتقاد بهداشتی بر سواد سلامت و پیشگیری از مصرف سیگار در دانشجویان انجام شد. مواد و روش­ها: این مطالعه مداخله‌ای از نوع نیمه­‌تجربی در سال 1396 و در میان 120 نفر از دانشجویان غیرسیگاری دانشگاه علوم­پزشکی­شهید­بهشتی­تهران (60 نفر در هر یک از دو گروه مداخله و کنترل) انجام شد. ابزار گردآوری داده‌ها شامل پرسشنامه روا و پایای مبتنی بر سازه­های حساسیت، منافع و خودکارآمدی درک­شده از الگوی اعتقاد بهداشتی، رفتارهای پیشگیرانه از مصرف سیگار و پرسشنامه سنجش سواد سلامت (HELIA) بود که در دو مرحله قبل و 6 ماه پس از آموزش تکمیل گردید. داده‌های گردآوری­شده با استفاده از آزمون‌های متناسب و نرم‌افزار SPSS نسخه 18 تحلیل شدند. تمامی مراحل مطالعه حاضر طبق موازین اخلاقی اجرا گردید. یافته­ ها: قبل از آموزش، بین متغیرهای جمعیت­شناختی و زمینه­ای، میانگین سازه­های حساسیت، منافع و خودکارآمدی درک­شده، سواد سلامت و رفتارهای پیشگیرانه در دو گروه، تفاوت معنی­دار وجود نداشت (05/0P>). پس از آموزش، مقایسه دو گروه نشان داد که میانگین نمرات سازه­های حساسیت، منافع و خودکارآمدی درک­شده، سواد سلامت و رفتارهای­پیشگیرانه در گروه مداخله به­طور معناداری نسبت به­گروه کنترل، تغییر داشته­است (05/0P

زمینه و اهداف: دیابت از شایع‌ترین بیماری‌های متابولیک و مزمن در سالمندان است که از مهم‌ترین عوارض ناشی از آن بیماری‌های روانی از جمله استرس، اضطراب و افسردگی هست. برخی مداخلات غیردارویی مانند تمرینات آرام‌سازی عضلانی منجر به کاهش این عوامل می‌شود. پژوهش حاضر باهدف تعیین اثربخشی تمرینات آرام‌سازی عضلانی در کاهش استرس، اضطراب و افسردگی در سالمندان مبتلا به دیابت نوع دو انجام گرفت. مواد و روش‌ها: این مطالعه از نوع کارآزمایی بالینی به‌صورت پیش‌آزمون و پس‌آزمون با دو گروه آزمون و کنترل در مراکز حاشیه شهر اصفهان در سال 98 به روش مصاحبه حضوری انجام گرفت. 94 نفر سالمند سن 60 سال و بالاتر مبتلا به دیابت نوع دو که با توجه به پاسخگویی به پرسشنامه DASS-21 دارای استرس، اضطراب و افسردگی در محدوده خفیف تا متوسط بودند، وارد مطالعه و به‌صورت تصادفی ساده به دو گروه آزمون و شاهد تقسیم شدند. در گروه مداخله تمرینات آرام‌سازی به مدت 6 هفته و 2 بار در روز توسط سالمندان در منزل انجام گردید.داده‌ها با استفاده از نرم‌افزار Stata14 و آزمون‌های آماری کای اسکوئر و تی‌تست تجزیه‌ و تحلیل شد. تمامی مراحل مطالعه حاضر طبق موازین اخلاقی اجرا شد. یافته‌ها: در مرحله پس‌آزمون نمره استرس، اضطراب و افسردگی در گروه مداخله نسبت به گروه کنترل کاهش یافته و نتایج نشان داد، مداخله آموزشی بر هر سه متغیر تأثیر معناداری داشته است. نتیجه‌گیری: نتایج نشان داد، آموزش آرام‌سازی عضلانی به‌عنوان یک روش مؤثر، راحت و کم هزینه در بهبود و پیشگیری از مشکلات روان‌شناختی سالمندان مبتلا به دیابت توصیه می‌گردد.

Context: The importance of research is revealed by the fact that the top seven science producing countries in the world are the same seven countries worldwide in terms of the research facilities. Aim: To explore the barriers to research activities among the students of the Hormozgan Medical University. Settings and Design: A total of 400 students affiliated with the Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences participated in this cross-sectional study. Methods: The sampling method was proportional stratified, and the data collection instrument was a tripartite questionnaire that comprised demographic information, personal barriers, and organizational barriers. Statistical analysis: The data were statistically analyzed by the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software (V.16.0, SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) using descriptive statistics as well as the independent sample t-test, one-way analysis of variance, and Pearson’s correlation coefficient. The level of significance was set at P < 0.05. Results: The most prevalent personal barriers were inadequate knowledge of research methodology (2.91±1.24) and inadequate skill in research conduction (2.89±1.36). In the realm of organizational barriers, limited access to information sources was the most prevalent barrier (2.75±2.27). The results showed that researcher students encounter more of the organizational barriers (56.13±13.90), whereas non-researcher students faced more of the personal barriers (53.80±10.95). Conclusion: Establishing access to high-speed Internet system, raising students’ awareness of research methodology through workshops, encouraging and motivating students for research work, and using online sources can help in removing the barriers to research activities.

Organ donation and transplantation save thousands of lives in the world. The aim of this study was identifying determinants of organ donation intention based on the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) among Iranian Medical Students. This cross-sectional study was performed during 2017 in Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences. A sample of 438 students of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences was selected using multi-stage sampling method including stratified and random sampling. Data were collected by using a reliable and valid TPB-based questionnaire. All the participants filled the questionnaires and the data were extracted according to the previously described method. Data were analyzed by using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 16.0 software. Descriptive statistic and Spearman correlation and Logistic regression were used for analyzing the data. Mean age of the participants was 20.92 ± 1.98 years. There was a significant linear positive correlation between behavioral intention and attitude, subjective norms, and perceived behavior control. Logistic regression analysis for assessing relation of TPB variables with behavioral intention showed that perceived behavioral control was more correlate with students’ intention for getting organ donation card (odds ratio: 1.049, confidence interval: 1.062, P

زمینه و اهداف: نظارت بعنوان یکی از مهمترین کارکردهای مدیریت منابع انسانی، نقش مهمی در انگیزش و عملکرد کارکنان سلامت ایفا می کند. هدف از این مطالعه بررسی وضعیت نظارت حمایتی از دیدگاه کارکنان و ناظران مراقبت های بهداشتی اولیه بود. مواد و روشها: این مطالعه توصیفی- مقطعی با مشارکت 325 نفر از کارکنان و 92 نفر از ناظران آنها انجام شد. داده ها با استفاده از دو پرسشنامه تهیه شده بر اساس مرور گسترده متون که روایی و پایایی آنها تایید شد، جمع آوری گردید. تحلیل داده ها با استفاده از آمار توصیفی و تحلیلی در نرم افزار SPSS16 انجام شد. تمامی مراحل مطالعه حاضر طبق موازین اخلاقی اجرا گردید. یافته ها: میانگین نمره وضعیت نظارت حمایتی از دیدگاه کارکنان 1/24±0/38و از دیدگاه ناظران 1/6±0/2از دو نمره و این تفاوت معنی دار بود (P

Background and Objective: Considering the increase in smoking among university students and the effect of health literacy on the adoption of preventive behaviors, this study aimed at determining the effect of educational intervention on health literacy and adoption of smoking preventive behaviors among students. Materials and Methods: The present study was a quasi-experimental interventional study that was conducted in 2016 among dormitory students of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences in Tehran. In this study, 130 students (65 in each intervention and control group) were selected, using random multi-stages sampling method and entered the study. Educational intervention was performed using Telegram application and educational messages were sent to the students of the intervention group in 6 sessions. The data gathering tools were demographic and background characteristics questionnaire, Health Literacy for Iranian Adults (HELIA), and smoking preventive behavior questionnaire, which were completed in 3 stages including before, immediately, and 3 months after the intervention. The data were collected and analyzed, using SPSS 16 software. Results: Before the intervention, there was no significant difference between demographic and background variables, underlying level of health literacy, and adoption of preventive behaviors in both groups (p>0.05). After the intervention, the mean scores of health literacy and adoption of smoking preventive behaviors increased significantly in experimental group compared to control group (p

Background and objective: Health literacy (HL) is associated with the adoption of preventive behaviors and has a potential effect on reinforcing the health belief model (HBM). Due to the increasing prevalence of smoking among university students, this study aimed to determine the role of HL in reinforcing the performance of HBM in anticipating the adoption of smoking preventive behaviors. Methods:This cross-sectional study was carried out among 340 dormitory students of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences in Tehran, selected by sinle-stage cluster sampling. The data gathering tool was a researcher-made questionnaire based on HBMfor smoking preventive behaviors and HL questionnaire (HELIA). The data were analyzed using Confirmatory Factor Analysis method by Liserl software 8.8 and multiple regression analysiswith SPSS software. Results: The results of the validity of two versions of HBM(original version and combined version with HL) in confirmatory factor analysis showed that fitness indexes of combined version with HL are better. Multiple regression analysisreflected that the coverage ratio of behavior variance of the combined version (r2= 36.5) is more than the original version (r2= 24. 6). Conclusion: To design and implement educational programs in order to adoption of smoking preventive behaviorsamong students, using HBM combined with HL is more effective than the original version of this model. Paper Type:Research Article.

Background and objective: The relation of low health literacy with negative health consequences such as less adopting of preventive behaviors, premature death and weaker state of health has been proven. Due to the increase of using smoking among students, this study was performed with the purpose of determining and comparing health literacy among smoker and non-smoker students. Methods: This research is the cross-sectional study among dormitory students of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences in Tehran was performed. The sample size of 360 people has been included by single-stage random cluster sampling. The data collection tools were demographic information and health literacy questionnaire (HELIA). Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and t-test in SPSS (ver.16). Results: 59.1% (n=201) were studied non-smoker students, 17.1% (n=58) had experienced smoking and 23.8% (n=81) were current smokers. The mean and standard deviation of health literacy score were 70.52±14.12 from 100. The dimensions of understanding and access to the highest mean score, and then the decision making and application of health information had the lowest mean score. There was a significant difference between the mean of health literacy in two groups of smoker and non-smoker students. Also, there was a significant difference between the mean scores of the dimensions of understanding, decision making and application of health information and access in two groups of smoker and non-smoker students (P

BACKGROUND: The Iran Package for Essential Noncommunicable Disease (Ira-PEN) program has been established since 2018 with the aim of controlling and caring of noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) as well as their underlying causes in Iran. In this study protocol, a healthy lifestyle module will be used for the first time in Iran, which was recommended in 2018 by the World Health Organization to train health workers. This module relies on the 5As model, a training intervention design, then, implement, evaluate, and present the results to the managers and decision makers of the Ira-PEN program. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study will be performed in 2 stages, including 2 steps per stage. The first stage involves designing the 2 steps and validation of the healthy lifestyle counseling skills tool. The tool will encompass a health counseling evaluation checklist and a counseling assessment questionnaire according to the counseling recipients. The second stage also entails 2 steps; designing a training program for health workers in the field of healthy lifestyle counseling based on the Oles-Cement model followed by implementation and evaluation. CONCLUSIONS: The training program and the results obtained in this study will be presented to the managers and decision makers of both the Ira-PEN program and NCDs control in Iran, and it is suggested to enhance the training program, network, and educational curriculum of health workers in providing healthy lifestyle counseling to play a more effective role in changing the public behavior toward a healthy lifestyle and preventing the risk factors of NCDs.

Background: Different strategies can promote healthy behaviors. Although the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine is very important due to its effect in reducing cervical cancer, the behavior of HPV vaccination is low among young adults in Iran. Therefore, this study aimed to determine strategies for improving HPV vaccination among young adults. Methods: The present study was conducted with a qualitative content analysis method. The participants were 30 health professionals and young adults in Tehran city who were selected using purposive and snowball sampling. The data were collected through semistructured interviews and analyzed by Graneheim and Lundman's approach. Results: In total, two categories were identified: (1) access to services: access to the vaccine, vaccine insurance coverage; (2) educational coverage: subgroup training, educational content, time for training, educational channels, education strategies, and educational conditions. Conclusions: This is the first study conducted to determine strategies for improving HPV vaccination in Iran. The policymakers and planners, schools, and health centers are recommended to use the strategies obtained from this study to increase HPV vaccine imports, as well as increase the community members' knowledge and acceptance of the HPV vaccine.

Background and objective: Identifying factors affecting the level of knowledge and attitude towards the harms of smoking and determining the exact effect of each of these factors, including health literacy could help to improve knowledge and attitudes toward the harms of smoking. Therefore, this study aimed to identify the effect of health literacy levels on knowledge and attitudes towards the harms of smoking Methods: This cross-sectional and correlational study was conducted on 347 dormitory students of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran. single-stage random cluster sampling was used and data were collected using HELIA for urban population aged between 18-65 years old and researcher-made questionnaire that measured knowledge and attitudes towards smoking and its harms and then were analyzed using descriptive statistics and logistic regression test. Results: The mean and standard deviation of health literacy score was 70.52 ± 14.12 out of 100. The mean and standard deviation of knowledge and attitude scores were 16.65 ± 1.62 and 53.03 ± 10.33, respectively. Health literacy was significantly associated with knowledge and attitudes towards the harms of smoking. Accordingly, inadequate, relatively adequate, adequate and excellent levels of health literacy were significantly associated to knowledge and attitude towards the harms of smoking. Conclusion: Due to the effect of health literacy on knowledge and attitude of students about the harmful effects of smoking, the design of related educational programs should pay particular attention to the level of health literacy of the audience Paper Type: Research Article.