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Background This study aimed to evaluate the possible role of human papillomavirus (HPV) and Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) coinfection as an etiological factor for prostate cancer (PCa) development. Methods This case-control study was conducted on 67 patients with PCa and 40 control subjects. The expression levels of cellular and viral factors involved in inflammation, tumor progression, and metastasis were quantified, using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) assay. Results The EBV/HPV coinfection was reported in 14.9% of patients in the case group and 7.5% of the control subjects. The high-risk types of HPV, that is, HPV 16 and HPV 18, were responsible for 50 and 30% of HPV/EBV-coinfected PCa cases (n = 10), respectively. No significant relationship was observed between PCa and HPV/EBV coinfection (OR = 2.9, 95% CI: 0.18–45.2, P = 0.31). However, the highest percentage of HPV genome integration was found in the HPV/EBV-coinfected PCa group (8/10; 80%). Also, the mean expression levels of inflammatory factors (IL-17, IL-6, TNF-α, NF-κB, VEGF, ROS, and RNS), anti-apoptotic mediators (Bcl-2 and survivin), and anti-anoikis factors (Twist and N-cadherin) were significantly higher in the HPV/EBV-coinfected PCa group, compared to the non-coinfected PCa cases. Nevertheless, the tumor-suppressor proteins (p53 and pRb) and E-cadherin (inhibitor of anoikis resistance) showed significant downregulations in the HPV/EBV-coinfected PCa group, compared to the non-coinfected PCa cases. Conclusion The HPV/EBV coinfection may be an etiological factor for PCa through modulation of cellular behaviors.

Background: Human toxocariasis is one of the zoonotic helminth diseases that is usually occurredwith exposure to contaminated soil. Both Toxocara canis and Toxocara cati are considered thecausative agents of Toxocara infection.Objectives: Thissurvey was intended to provide data on the Toxocara species eggs contaminationin soil samples in the public parks of Karaj, Iran.Materials and Methods: This study was carried out among 200 soil samples collected from12 public parks between August and September 2016 to examine the soil contamination withToxocara species eggs. Soil samples were tested for the presence of Toxocara eggs using sucroseflotation method.Results: Prevalence of Toxocara species eggs in soil samples collected from public parks was36.4%. The highest number of eggs recovered from 200 g of soil was 20. A total of 200 eggswere recovered and 7.6% were fully developed to embryonated egg stages. The contaminationrate in the third region in 4 studied areas was higher than the other regions. A similar tendencywas observed in park areas, so that parks higher than 5000 m2 were highly contaminated.Conclusion: According to the results of this study, soils of the public parks in Karaj are one of themain risk factors for human toxocariasis. Fil: Zibaei, Mohammad. Alborz University of Medical Sciences; Irán Fil: Bahadory, Saeed. Alborz University of Medical Sciences; Irán Fil: Cardillo, Natalia Marina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Unidad Ejecutora de Investigaciones en Producción Animal. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias. Unidad Ejecutora de Investigaciones en Producción Animal; Argentina Fil: Khatami, Ali Reza. Tehran University of Medical Sciences; Irán