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After completing this activity, practitioners will be better able to:• Discuss the association between brain alterations and vulnerability or resilience to MDD in people with familial risk• Define how structural and functional brain alterations associated with vulnerability or resilience could lead to a better understanding of the pathophysiology of MDD.Familial history is associated with an increased risk for major depressive disorder (MDD). Despite the increased risk, some members of the familial high-risk population remain healthy, that is, resilient. Defining the structural and functional brain alterations associated with vulnerability or resilience could lead to a better understanding of the pathophysiology of MDD. This study aimed to review the current literature and discuss the association between brain alterations and vulnerability or resilience to MDD in people with familial risk.A literature search on MRI studies investigating structural and functional alterations in populations at familial risk for MDD was performed using the PubMed and SCOPUS databases. The search was conducted through June 13, 2022.We reviewed and summarized the data of 72 articles (25 structural MRI, 35 functional MRI, 10 resting-state fMRI, one structural/functional MRI combined, and one structural/functional/resting-state fMRI combined). These findings suggested that resilience in high-risk individuals is related to the amygdala structure, frontal lobe activity, and functional connectivity between the amygdala and multiple frontal regions.Resilient and vulnerable individuals exhibit structural and functional differences in multiple frontal and limbic regions. However, further systematic longitudinal research incorporating environmental factors is required to validate the current findings.

First-degree relatives of patients diagnosed with schizophrenia (SZ-FDRs) show similar patterns of brain abnormalities and cognitive alterations to patients, albeit with smaller effect sizes. First-degree relatives of patients diagnosed with bipolar disorder (BD-FDRs) show divergent patterns; on average, intracranial volume is larger compared to controls, and findings on cognitive alterations in BD-FDRs are inconsistent. Here, we performed a meta-analysis of global and regional brain measures (cortical and subcortical), current IQ, and educational attainment in 5,795 individuals (1,103 SZ-FDRs, 867 BD-FDRs, 2,190 controls, 942 schizophrenia patients, 693 bipolar patients) from 36 schizophrenia and/or bipolar disorder family cohorts, with standardized methods. Compared to controls, SZ-FDRs showed a pattern of widespread thinner cortex, while BD-FDRs had widespread larger cortical surface area. IQ was lower in SZ-FDRs (d= -0.42,p= 3 x 10(-5)), with weak evidence of IQ reductions among BD-FDRs (d= -0.23,p= .045). Both relative groups had similar educational attainment compared to controls. When adjusting for IQ or educational attainment, the group-effects on brain measures changed, albeit modestly. Changes were in the expected direction, with less pronounced brain abnormalities in SZ-FDRs and more pronounced effects in BD-FDRs. To conclude, SZ-FDRs and BD-FDRs show a differential pattern of structural brain abnormalities. in contrast, both had lower IQ scores and similar school achievements compared to controls. Given that brain differences between SZ-FDRs and BD-FDRs remain after adjusting for IQ or educational attainment, we suggest that differential brain developmental processes underlying predisposition for schizophrenia or bipolar disorder are likely independent of general cognitive impairment., Australian National Health and Medical Research CouncilNational Health and Medical Research Council of Australia [1037196, 1063960, 1066177, 510135, 1176716]; Canadian Institutes of Health ResearchCanadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) [103703, 106469, 142255]; Departament de Salut de la Generalitat de CatalunyaGeneralitat de Catalunya [SLT002/16/00331]; Deutsche ForschungsgemeinschaftGerman Research Foundation (DFG) [1617]; Development Service Merit Review Award [I01CX000227]; Dokuz Eylul University Department of Scientific Research [2012.KB.SAG.062]; e:Med program [O1ZX1314B, O1ZX1314G]; Ege University School of Medicine Research Foundation [2009-D-00017]; Fundacio Marato TV3 [091630]; Netherlands Organisation for Health Research and DevelopmentNetherlands Organization for Health Research and Development [10-000-1002]; Generalitat de CatalunyaGeneralitat de Catalunya [2017SGR01271]; German Federal Ministry for Education and ResearchFederal Ministry of Education & Research (BMBF); Medical Research CouncilMedical Research Council UK (MRC) [G0901310]; Ministerstvo Zdravotnictvi Ceske Republiky [NR8786, NT13891]; National Alliance for Research on Schizophrenia and DepressionNARSAD [17319, 20244, 26731]; Swiss National Centre of Competence in Research Robotics [51NF40-185897]; National Institute of Mental HealthUnited States Department of Health & Human ServicesNational Institutes of Health (NIH) - USANIH National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) [1S10OD017974-01, P30 NS076408, R01 MH052857, R01 MH080912, R01 MH113619, U01 MH108150, R01 MH085667]; National Institute on AgingUnited States Department of Health & Human ServicesNational Institutes of Health (NIH) - USANIH National Institute on Aging (NIA) [T32AG058507]; National Institutes of HealthUnited States Department of Health & Human ServicesNational Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA [P41 EB015922, R01 MH111671, R01 MH116147, R01 MH117601, R01MH121246, R03 MH105808, U54EB020403]; Research Council of NorwayResearch Council of Norway [223273]; Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness/Instituto de Salud Carlos III [CPII19/00009, PI070066, PI1100683, PI1500467, PI18/00976]; Stanley Medical Research Institute; Swedish Research CouncilSwedish Research Council [K2007-62X-15077-04-1, K2008-62P-20597-01-3, K2010-62X-15078-07-2, K2012-61X-15078-09-3]; Swiss National Science FoundationSwiss National Science Foundation (SNSF) [32003B_156914]; VIDINetherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO) [452-11-014, 917-46-370]; Wellcome TrustWellcome Trust [085475/B/08/Z, 085475/Z/08/Z, 064971]; ZonMwNetherlands Organization for Health Research and Development [908-02-123], Australian National Health and Medical Research Council Grants, Grant/Award Numbers: 1037196, 1063960, 1066177, 510135, 1176716; Canadian Institutes of Health Research, Grant/Award Numbers: 103703, 106469, 142255; Departament de Salut de la Generalitat de Catalunya, Grant/Award Number: SLT002/16/00331; Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, Grant/Award Number: 1617; Development Service Merit Review Award, Grant/Award Number: I01CX000227; Dokuz Eylul University Department of Scientific Research Projects Funding, Grant/Award Number: 2012.KB.SAG.062; e:Med program, Grant/Award Numbers: O1ZX1314B, O1ZX1314G; Ege University School of Medicine Research Foundation, Grant/Award Number: 2009-D-00017; Fundacio Marato TV3, Grant/Award Number: 091630; Geestkracht program of the Netherlands Organisation for Health Research and Development, Grant/Award Number: 10-000-1002; Generalitat de Catalunya, Grant/Award Number: 2017SGR01271; German Federal Ministry for Education and Research; Medical Research Council, Grant/Award Number: G0901310; Ministerstvo Zdravotnictvi Ceske Republiky, Grant/Award Numbers: NR8786, NT13891; National Alliance for Research on Schizophrenia and Depression, Grant/Award Numbers: 17319, 20244, 26731; Swiss National Centre of Competence in Research Robotics, Grant/Award Number: 51NF40-185897; National Institute of Mental Health, Grant/Award Numbers: 1S10OD017974-01, P30 NS076408, R01 MH052857, R01 MH080912, R01 MH113619, U01 MH108150, R01 MH085667; National Institute on Aging, Grant/Award Number: T32AG058507; National Institutes of Health, Grant/Award Numbers: P41 EB015922, R01 MH111671, R01 MH116147, R01 MH117601, R01MH121246, R03 MH105808, U54EB020403; Research Council of Norway, Grant/Award Number: 223273; Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness/Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Grant/Award Numbers: CPII19/00009, PI070066, PI1100683, PI1500467, PI18/00976; Stanley Medical Research Institute; Swedish Research Council, Grant/Award Numbers: K2007-62X-15077-04-1, K2008-62P-20597-01-3, K2010-62X-15078-07-2, K2012-61X-15078-09-3; Swiss National Science Foundation, Grant/Award Number: 32003B_156914; VIDI, Grant/Award Numbers: 452-11-014, 917-46-370; Wellcome Trust, Grant/Award Numbers: 085475/B/08/Z, 085475/Z/08/Z; Wellcome Trust Research Training Fellowship, Grant/Award Number: 064971; ZonMw, Grant/Award Number: 908-02-123

Objective: A major limitation of current suicide research is the lack of power to identify robust correlates of suicidal thoughts or behavior. Variation in suicide risk assessment instruments used across cohorts may represent a limitation to pooling data in international consortia. Method: Here, we examine this issue through two approaches: (a) an extensive literature search on the reliability and concurrent validity of the most commonly used instruments and (b) by pooling data (N ∼ 6,000 participants) from cohorts from the Enhancing NeuroImaging Genetics Through Meta-Analysis (ENIGMA) Major Depressive Disorder and ENIGMA–Suicidal Thoughts and Behaviour working groups, to assess the concurrent validity of instruments currently used for assessing suicidal thoughts or behavior. Results: We observed moderate-to-high correlations between measures, consistent with the wide range (κ range: 0.15–0.97; r range: 0.21–0.94) reported in the literature. Two common multi-item instruments, the Columbia Suicide Severity Rating Scale and the Beck Scale for Suicidal Ideation were highly correlated with each other (r = 0.83). Sensitivity analyses identified sources of heterogeneity such as the time frame of the instrument and whether it relies on self-report or a clinical interview. Finally, construct-specific analyses suggest that suicide ideation items from common psychiatric questionnaires are most concordant with the suicide ideation construct of multi-item instruments. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that multi-item instruments provide valuable information on different aspects of suicidal thoughts or behavior but share a modest core factor with single suicidal ideation items. Retrospective, multisite collaborations including distinct instruments should be feasible provided they harmonize across instruments or focus on specific constructs of suicidality.

Brain structural abnormalities and low educational attainment are consistently associated with major depressive disorder (MDD), yet there has been little research investigating the complex interaction of these factors. Brain structural alterations may represent a vulnerability or differential susceptibility marker, and in the context of low educational attainment, predict MDD. We tested this moderation model in a large multisite sample of 1958 adults with MDD and 2921 controls (aged 18 to 86) from the ENIGMA MDD working group. Using generalized linear mixed models and within-sample split-half replication, we tested whether brain structure interacted with educational attainment to predict MDD status. Analyses revealed that cortical thickness in a number of occipital, parietal, and frontal regions significantly interacted with education to predict MDD. For the majority of regions, models suggested a differential susceptibility effect, whereby thicker cortex was more likely to predict MDD in individuals with low educational attainment, but less likely to predict MDD in individuals with high educational attainment. Findings suggest that greater thickness of brain regions subserving visuomotor and social-cognitive functions confers susceptibility to MDD, dependent on level of educational attainment. Longitudinal work, however, is ultimately needed to establish whether cortical thickness represents a preexisting susceptibility marker. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

ObjectiveIdentifying brain differences associated with suicidal thoughts and behaviors (STBs) in young people is critical to understanding their development and generating effective approaches to early intervention and prevention. The ENIGMA Suicidal Thoughts and Behaviours (ENIGMA-STB) consortium analyzed neuroimaging data harmonized across sites to examine brain morphology associated with STBs in youth.MethodsFirst, we examined associations among regional brain structure and STBs, which were assessed in six samples of youth with mood disorders, using the Columbia Suicide Severity Rating Scale (C-SSRS;N=577). Second, we combined this sample with a larger sample (total 21 sites) in which STBs were assessed using various instruments. MRI metrics were compared among healthy controls without STBs (HC;N=688), clinical controls without STBs (CC;N=648), and young people with psychiatric diagnoses and current suicidal ideation (N=406). In separate analyses, MRI metrics were compared among HCs (N=335), CCs (N=768), and suicide attempters (N=254).ResultsIn the homogeneous C-SSRS sample, surface area of the frontal pole was lower in young people with mood disorders and history of actual suicide attempts (N=163) than those without (N=394; FDR-pd=.334). When expanding to more clinically heterogeneous samples, we also found lower surface area of the frontal pole in those with a history of suicide attempts (Cohen’sd=.22).ConclusionsLower frontal pole surface area may represent a vulnerability for a suicide attempt; however, more research is needed to understand the nature of its relationship to suicide risk.

ObjectiveA major limitation of current suicide research is the lack of power to identify robust correlates of suicidal thoughts or behaviour. Variation in suicide risk assessment instruments used across cohorts may represent a limitation to pooling data in international consortia.MethodHere, we examine this issue through two approaches: (i) an extensive literature search on the reliability and concurrent validity of the most commonly used instruments; and (ii) by pooling data (N∼6,000 participants) from cohorts from the ENIGMA-Major Depressive Disorder (ENIGMA-MDD) and ENIGMA-Suicidal Thoughts and Behaviour (ENIGMA-STB) working groups, to assess the concurrent validity of instruments currently used for assessing suicidal thoughts or behaviour.ResultsOur results suggested a pattern of moderate-to-high correlations between instruments, consistent with the wide range of correlations, r=0.22-0.97, reported in the literature. Two common complex instruments, the Columbia Suicide Severity Rating Scale (C-SSRS) and the Beck Scale for Suicidal Ideation (SSI), were highly correlated with each other (r=0.83), as were suicidal ideation items from common depression severity questionnaires.ConclusionsOur findings suggest that multi-item instruments provide valuable information on different aspects of suicidal thoughts or behaviour, but share a core factor with single suicidal ideation items found in depression severity questionnaires. Multi-site collaborations including cohorts that used distinct instruments for suicide risk assessment should be feasible provided that they harmonise across instruments or focus on specific constructs of suicidal thoughts or behaviours.Key pointsQuestion: To inform future suicide research in multi-site international consortia, it is important to examine how different suicide measures relate to each other and whether they can be used interchangeably.Findings: Findings suggest detailed instruments (such as the Columbia Suicide Severity Rating Scale and Beck Scale for Suicidal Ideation) provide valuable information on suicidal thoughts and behaviour, and share a core factor with items on suicidal ideation from depression severity rating scale (such as the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale or the Beck Depression Inventory).Importance: Results from international collaborations can mitigate biases by harmonising distinct suicide risk assessment instruments.Next steps: Pooling data within international suicide research consortia may reveal novel clinical, biological and cognitive correlates of suicidal thoughts and/or behaviour.

We propose using fMRI to study emotional changes related to social support. In this respect, a Social Support fMRI task, which triggers emotional changes was designed and implemented. The detection of emotional changes from fMRI signals has significant importance in understanding the underlying mechanisms of social support. Unfortunately, acquired signals exhibit a very low signal-to-noise ratio and strong inter-subject variations, which render the detection process a very challenging task. For this purpose, a three-phase detection system is designed. First, possible emotional change intervals are classified to isolate trivial samples and further process the challenging ones. Second, a new denoising strategy is proposed to preserve the structural waveform properties of the emotional changes, while removing noise. Third, fMRI signals are synthesized using trapezoidal modeling and a novel feature set is extracted to characterize the varying social-support levels. The analysis shows that emotional changes can be detected automatically up to a requisite level. Despite the results cannot be generalized for the entire population due to its small sample size, our findings are meaningful and suggest further research with larger datasets. The introduced task may enable further research and the proposed system may be used as a tool for social neuroscience studies. IEEE

Although it is generally accepted that negative symptoms of schizophrenia are associated with larger lateral ventricles, this general assumption could not be validated in patients with primary negative symptoms. To elucidate this issue, we conducted a five-year longitudinal study, including deficit (n = 13) and non-deficit (n = 26) schizophrenia patients with healthy controls (n = 18). Analysis with linear mixed effects modeling showed that both the left and the right lateral ventricles of the deficit patients enlarged more than the non-deficit patients. Our results suggest that structural alterations in deficit patients might follow a different trajectory than those in non-deficit patients., Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey [113S008]; Ege University Scientific Research Projects [20974], This study is supported partially by The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (Project Number: 113S008) and Ege University Scientific Research Projects (Project Number: 20974) . The authors wish to thank Melis Ercan and Ferhat Deger for their support during the recruitment of patients.

Previous structural brain-imaging studies in first-degree relatives of depressed patients showed alterations that are generally accepted as vulnerability markers for depression. However, only half of the relatives had depression at follow-up, while the other half did not. The aim of this study was to identify the brain areas associated with resilience to depression in high-risk subjects with familial depression. We recruited 59 young women with a history of depressed mothers. Twenty-nine of them (high-risk group [HRG]) had no depression history, while 30 (depressive group) had at least 1 depressive episode in adolescence. The brain structures of the groups were compared through voxel-based morphometry and analysis of cortical thickness. Individual amygdala nuclei and hippocampal subfield volumes were measured. The analysis showed larger amygdala volume, thicker subcallosal cortex and bilateral insula in the women in the HRG compared with those in the depressive group. in addition, we detected more gray matter in the left temporal pole in the HRG. The larger gray matter volume and increased cortical thickness in the key hub regions of the salience network (amygdala and insula) and structurally connected regions in the limbic network (subcallosal area and temporal pole) might prevent women in the HRG from converting to depression., Scientific and Technological Research Council of TurkeyTurkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Arastirma Kurumu (TUBITAK) [109S134], This work was supported by The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (Project Number 109S134).

Chronic subdural hematoma (CSDH) is defined as a collection of blood in the subdural space for more than 21 days. The most common cause of CSDH is trauma, which is usually considered as a minor trauma. Dementia, coagulation defects, heavy alcohol use, infancy, and age are major risk factors for the development of CSDH. On the other hand, electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is not among the major risk factors, but there are several case reports of CSDH following ECT reported in the literature. Based on these reported cases, clinicians should consider the possibility of CSDH in high-risk psychiatric patients during and after ECT.

Previous structural brain-imaging studies in first-degree relatives of depressed patients showed alterations that are generally accepted as vulnerability markers for depression. However, only half of the relatives had depression at follow-up, while the other half did not. The aim of this study was to identify the brain areas associated with resilience to depression in high-risk subjects with familial depression. We recruited 59 young women with a history of depressed mothers. Twenty-nine of them (high-risk group [HRG]) had no depression history, while 30 (depressive group) had at least 1 depressive episode in adolescence. The brain structures of the groups were compared through voxel-based morphometry and analysis of cortical thickness. Individual amygdala nuclei and hippocampal subfield volumes were measured. The analysis showed larger amygdala volume, thicker subcallosal cortex and bilateral insula in the women in the HRG compared with those in the depressive group. In addition, we detected more gray matter in the left temporal pole in the HRG. The larger gray matter volume and increased cortical thickness in the key hub regions of the salience network (amygdala and insula) and structurally connected regions in the limbic network (subcallosal area and temporal pole) might prevent women in the HRG from converting to depression.

WOS: 000436416800034 #REF! Aim: To examine theeffects on the brain of 2-month treatment withamethylphenidate extended-release formulation (OROS-MPH) using [Tc-(99m)] TRODAT-1SPECT in a sample of treatment-naive adolescents with Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). In addition, to assess whether risk alleles (homozygosity for 10-repeat allele at the DAT1 gene were associated with alterations in striatal DAT availability. Methods: Twenty adolescents with ADHD underwent brain single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) scans with [Tc-(99m)] TRODAT-1 at baseline and two months after starting OROS-MPH treatment with dosages up to 1 mg/kg/day. Severity of illness was estimated using the Clinical Global Impression Scale (CGI-S) and DuPaul ADHD Rating Scale-Clinician version (ARS) before treatment,1 month and 2 months after initiating OROS-MPH treatment. Results: Decreased DAT availability was found in both the right caudate (pretreatment DAT binding: 224.76 +/- 33.77, post-treatment DAT binding: 208.86 +/- 28.75, p = 0.02) and right putamen (pre-treatment DAT binding: 314.41 +/- 55.24, post-treatment DAT binding: 285.66 +/- 39.20, p = 0.05) in adolescents with ADHD receiving OROS-MPH treatment. Adolescents with ADHD who showed a robust response to OROS-MPH (n = 7) had significantly greater reduction of DAT density in the right putamen than adolescents who showed less robust response to OROS-MPH (n = 13) (p = 0.02). However, between-group differences by treatment responses were not related with DAT density in the right caudate. Risk alleles (homozygosity for the 10-repeat allele of DAT1 gene) in the DAT1 gene were not associated with alterations in striatal DAT availability. Conclusion: Two months of OROS-MPH treatment decreased DAT availability in both the right caudate and putamen. Adolescents with ADHD who showed a robust response to OROS-MPH had greater reduction of DAT density in the right putamen. However,our findings did not support an association between homozygosity for a 10-repeat allele in the DAT1 gene and DAT density, assessedusing[Tc-(99m)] TRODAT-1SPECT. Dokuz Eylul University Research CommitteeDokuz Eylul University [2008132]; Fogarty MH/DD program; Institute of Nuclear Energy Research (INER-Taipei, Taiwan) This study was partially supported by Dokuz Eylul University Research Committee (2008132), Fogarty MH/DD program and the Institute of Nuclear Energy Research (INER-Taipei, Taiwan).

WOS: 000437263700006, Objective: Comorbidity of psychotic disorder and substance use disorder is common. Studies demonstrate that this comorbidity constitutes a major mental health problem. The aim of this study is to investigate sociodemographic and clinical differences between illicit drug users and non-users in hospitalised male patients diagnosed with psychotic disorder. Method: This was a retrospective study evaluating files of 237 inpatients treated between January 2013 and December 2016 in Ege University Department of Psychiatry Male Inpatient Unit with diagnosis of Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders according to DSM-5. Results: Of 237 participants, 16% had a lifetime use of an illicit drug. Participants with substance use disorder had a smaller mean age and shorter duration of education than participants without substance use disorder. Of all the participants with a history of substance use, 76.3% had a history of substance use in the first episode of psychosis. The most preferred substance in 72.4% of the participants with substance use during the first psychotic episode and in 68.4% of all the participants with substance use was cannabis. Treatment compliance was worse in the participants with substance use. Discussion: Our findings show that, when psychotic disorder is comorbid with substance use disorder, age of onset of psychotic symptoms decreases, duration of education shortens and treatment compliance deteriorates. These results should be supported by longitudinal studies using quantitative analysis methods.

Background Although reduced hippocampal volume (HCV) is a common finding in depression, it is unclear whether the structural alterations leading to reduction of HCV are pre-existing risk factors before the onset of clinical symptoms or a cumulative process that begins with the onset of clinical symptoms. The aim of the present study was to understand the anatomical status of the hippocampus prior to the clinical symptoms in subjects with high familial risk for depression. Methods Twenty-seven young women (mean age: 22.3 ± 2.1 years) who were at high risk for familial unipolar depression and 26 age- and gender-matched healthy controls (mean age: 22.1 ± 2.1 years) with low familial risk for depression were included in the study. Total hippocampal volumes were measured by manual tracing. For 3D shape differences, the spherical harmonic basis functions (SPHARM) software was used. The segmented images were parameterized, and the point-to-point based group difference was compared by the Hotelling's T-squared test with total brain volume and Beck Depression Scale as covariates. Results Although there was no difference in overall HCVs, shape analyses revealed a contracted area on the Cornu Ammonis (CA) 1 region of the right hippocampus head in the high-risk group compared to the low-risk group. Cross-sectional design and small sample size, including only females, were the main limitations of this study. Conclusion This study with shape analyses provided data suggesting that local structural hippocampal alterations in the CA1 region might be associated with depression vulnerability in women at high risk.

2020 Innovations in Intelligent Systems and Applications Conference, ASYU 2020 -- 15 October 2020 through 17 October 2020 -- -- 165305, This study presents and discusses the outcomes of different de-noising approaches, which are applied to low SNR real fMRI BOLD signals. These signals are acquired during a psychiatric fMRI experiment that is specifically designed for observing emotional mood changes (EMC). Despite a priori knowledge about activations and change points for motor tasks, EMC signals in this study do not have a ground truth. Up to our knowledge, the challenges of such a task has never been visited. Accordingly, this study aims to compare the performance of three de-noising methods, which have inherently different characteristics, on preserving the waveform characteristics of change points and activation durations while removing noise from EMC-BOLD signals through expert guided qualitative analysis. © 2020 IEEE.

[No abstract available], Scientific and Technological Research Council of TurkeyTurkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Arastirma Kurumu (TUBITAK) [109S134], This work was supported by the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (Project Number 109S134).

WOS: 000477774300013, PubMed ID: 31384164, A 27-year-old male with a repetitive behavior of eyeball pressing for six months presented with decreasing visual acuity for three months. Upon arrival his best corrected visual acuity was 0.2 on the right and 0.6 on the left eyes. Scheimpflug camera system demonstrated grade 4 and grade 2 keratoconus, respectively. Psychiatric consultation revealed Tourette syndrome and treatment was started. Despite psychiatric treatment, acute hydrops occurred in both eyes decreasing visual acuity to hand motions bilaterally. Left corneal perforation due to ongoing habit of eyeball pressure was experienced which led the loss of light perception and phtisis bulbi. Although Tourette syndrome is rare, it might cause bilateral acute onset keratoconus when the repetitive movements affect periocular region. Psychiatric treatment should be considered as early as possible in these patients in order to prevent unfavorable complications.

Medical Technologies Congress (TIPTEKNO) -- OCT 03-05, 2019 -- Izmir, TURKEY, Ozalay, Ozgun/0000-0003-0806-3332, WOS:000516830900035, Rs-fmri provides to establish the default mode network that comprises the connections of the neural networks of the brain and the relations of these connections with each other in the state of rest. However, unexpected signal alterations and changes may also occur in fmri signals in areas outside the default network. in this study, the magnitude and probability of random fluctuations in these signals were estimated by Bayesian-based change point analysis in Nucleus Accumbens signals that are not expected to be activated in resting state. The data set was acquired from 23 healthy and voluntary university students using 3T MRI scanners. With the proposed method, signals containing unexpected activation from rs-fmri signals can be estimated in linear time., Biyomedikal Klinik Muhendisligi Dernegi, Izmir Katip Celebi Univ, Biyomedikal Muhendisligi Bolumu

Major depressive disorder is a common psychiatric disorder. The aim of the treatment is to improve daily functions with remissions in symptoms, and antidepressants are the first-line treatments for a major depressive episode (moderate-severe depressive episode). In this paper, the pharmacological properties, clinical efficacy and safety of extended-release trazodone (TzCOAD) are studied. Expert opinion: A single daily dose of TzCOAD may provide similar efficacy and increased tolerability to immediate-release trazodone (TzIR) and other antidepressants.

WOS: 000485217300010, PubMed ID: 31443932, BACKGROUND: Schizophrenia and bipolar disorder share genetic liability, and some structural brain abnormalities are common to both conditions. First-degree relatives of patients with schizophrenia (FDRs-SZ) show similar brain abnormalities to patients, albeit with smaller effect sizes. Imaging findings in first-degree relatives of patients with bipolar disorder (FDRs-BD) have been inconsistent in the past, but recent studies report regionally greater volumes compared with control subjects. METHODS: We performed a meta-analysis of global and subcortical brain measures of 6008 individuals (1228 FDRs-SZ, 852 FDRs-BD, 2246 control subjects, 1016 patients with schizophrenia, 666 patients with bipolar disorder) from 34 schizophrenia and/or bipolar disorder family cohorts with standardized methods. Analyses were repeated with a correction for intracranial volume (ICV) and for the presence of any psychopathology in the relatives and control subjects. RESULTS: FDRs-BD had significantly larger ICV (d = +10.16, q < .05 corrected), whereas FDRs-SZ showed smaller thalamic volumes than control subjects (d = -0.12, q < .05 corrected). ICV explained the enlargements in the brain measures in FDRs-BD. In FDRs-SZ, after correction for ICV, total brain, cortical gray matter, cerebral white matter, cerebellar gray and white matter, and thalamus volumes were significantly smaller; the cortex was thinner (d < -0.09, q < .05 corrected); and third ventricle was larger (d = +0.15, q < .05 corrected). The findings were not explained by psychopathology in the relatives or control subjects. CONCLUSIONS: Despite shared genetic liability, FDRs-SZ and FDRs-BD show a differential pattern of structural brain abnormalities, specifically a divergent effect in ICV. This may imply that the neurodevelopmental trajectories leading to brain anomalies in schizophrenia or bipolar disorder are distinct., Research Council of NorwayResearch Council of Norway [223273]; National Institutes of Health (NIH)United States Department of Health & Human ServicesNational Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA [R01 MH117601, R01 MH116147, R01 MH111671, P41 EB015922, 5T32MH073526, U54EB020403, R03 MH105808]; National Institute on Aging (NIA)United States Department of Health & Human ServicesNational Institutes of Health (NIH) - USANIH National Institute on Aging (NIA) [T32AG058507]; Canadian Institutes of Health ResearchCanadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) [103703, 106469, 341717]; National Centre for Mental Health; 2010 National Alliance for Research on Schizophrenia and Depression (NARSAD) Young Investigator Award [17319]; Dokuz Eylul University Department of Scientific Research Projects FundingDokuz Eylul University [2012.KB.SAG.062]; National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre at South London and Maudsley National Health Service Foundation Trust and King's College London; Ege University School of Medicine Research Foundation [2009-D-00017]; Medical Research CouncilMedical Research Council UK (MRC) [G0901310]; Geestkracht program of the Netherlands Organisation for Health Research and Development [10-000-1002]; National Institute of Mental HealthUnited States Department of Health & Human ServicesNational Institutes of Health (NIH) - USANIH National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) [R01 MH 085667]; Nova Scotia Health Research Foundation; Dalhousie Clinical Research Scholarship; 2007 Brain and Behavior Research Foundation Young Investigator Award; Ministry of Health of the Czech RepublicMinistry of Health, Czech Republic [NR8786, NT13891]; Swedish Research CouncilSwedish Research Council [K2007-62X-15077-04-1, K2008-62P-20597-01-3, K2010-62X-15078-07-2, K2012-61X-15078-09-3]; Stockholm County CouncilStockholm County Council; Karolinska InstitutetKarolinska Institutet; Knut and Alice Wallenberg FoundationKnut & Alice Wallenberg Foundation; HUBIN project; Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness/Instituto de Salud Carlos III [PI070066, PI1100683, PI1500467]; Fundacio Marato TV3 [091630]; ERDF Funds from the European Commission A Way of Making Europe"); Brain and Behaviour Research Foundation (NARSAD Young Investigator Award); Alicia Koplowitz Foundation; Stanley Medical Research Institute; NARSADNARSAD [20244]; Wellcome TrustWellcome Trust [064971, 085475/B/08/Z, 085475/Z/08/Z]; NARSAD Young Investigator AwardNARSAD; European CommunityEuropean Community (EC); NIMH Intramural Research ProgramUnited States Department of Health & Human ServicesNational Institutes of Health (NIH) - USANIH National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at University College London Hospital; British Medical Association Margaret Temple Fellowship 2016; German Federal Ministry for Education and ResearchFederal Ministry of Education & Research (BMBF) [O1ZX1314B, O1ZX1314G]; Deutsche ForschungsgemeinschaftGerman Research Foundation (DFG) [1617]; NIMHUnited States Department of Health & Human ServicesNational Institutes of Health (NIH) - USANIH National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) [R01 MH116147, R01 MH113619]; NIHUnited States Department of Health & Human ServicesNational Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA [U01 MH097435, R01 MH084803, R01 EB020062, R01 MH080912, R01 MH052857]; National Science FoundationNational Science Foundation (NSF) [1636893, 1734853]; Australian National Health and Medical Research CouncilNational Health and Medical Research Council of Australia [510135, 1037196, 1063960, 1066177]; ZonMwNetherlands Organization for Health Research and Development [908-02-123]; VIDINetherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO) [452-11-014, 917-46-370]; Janssen PharmaceuticaJohnson & Johnson USAJanssen Biotech Inc; Otsuka PharmaceuticalOtsuka Pharmaceutical; Bipolar Disorder Research Network, The researchers and studies included in this article were supported by the Research Council of Norway (Grant No. 223273), National Institutes of Health (NIH) (Grant No. R01 MH117601 [to NJ], Grant Nos. R01 MH116147, R01 MH111671, and P41 EB015922 [to PMT], Grant Nos. 5T32MH073526 and U54EB020403 [to CRKC], and Grant No. R03 MH105808 [to CEB and SCF]) and National Institute on Aging (NIA) (Grant No. T32AG058507 [to CRKC]).; C-SFS: This work was supported by Canadian Institutes of Health Research.; Cardiff: This work was supported by the National Centre for Mental Health, Bipolar Disorder Research Network, 2010 National Alliance for Research on Schizophrenia and Depression (NARSAD) Young Investigator Award (Grant No. 17319).; DEU: This work was supported by Dokuz Eylul University Department of Scientific Research Projects Funding (Grant No. 2012. KB. SAG. 062). This report represents independent research funded by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre at South London and Maudsley National Health Service Foundation Trust and King's College London. The views expressed are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the National Health Service, NIHR, or Department of Health.; EGEU: This work was supported by the Ege University School of Medicine Research Foundation (Grant No. 2009-D-00017).; EHRS: The Edinburgh High Risk Study was supported by the Medical Research Council.; GROUP: The infrastructure for the GROUP study was supported by the Geestkracht program of the Netherlands Organisation for Health Research and Development (Grant No. 10-000-1002).; ENBD_UT/BPO_FLB: This work was supported by the National Institute of Mental Health (Grant No. R01 MH 085667).; HHR/PHHR: This work was supported by the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (Grant Nos. 103703, 106469, and 341717), Nova Scotia Health Research Foundation, Dalhousie Clinical Research Scholarship (to TH), 2007 Brain and Behavior Research Foundation Young Investigator Award (to TH), and Ministry of Health of the Czech Republic (Grant Nos. NR8786 and NT13891).; HUBIN: This work was supported by the Swedish Research Council (Grant Nos. K2007-62X-15077-04-1, K2008-62P-20597-01-3, K2010-62X-15078-07-2, K2012-61X-15078-09-3), regional agreement on medical training and clinical research between Stockholm County Council and the Karolinska Institutet, Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation, and HUBIN project.; IDIBAPS: This work was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness/Instituto de Salud Carlos III (Grant Nos. PI070066, PI1100683, and PI1500467) and Fundacio Marato TV3 (Grant No. 091630), co-financed by ERDF Funds from the European Commission A Way of Making Europe"), Brain and Behaviour Research Foundation (NARSAD Young Investigator Award), and Alicia Koplowitz Foundation.; IoP-BD: The Maudsley Bipolar Twin Study was supported by the Stanley Medical Research Institute and NARSAD.; IoP-SZ: This work was supported by a Wellcome Trust Research Training Fellowship (Grant No. 064971 to MMP), NARSAD Young Investigator Award (to TT), and European Community's Sixth Framework Programme through a Marie Curie Training Network called the European Twin Study Network on Schizophrenia.; Lieber Institute for Brain Development (LIBD): This work was supported by the NIMH Intramural Research Program (to DRW's laboratory). LIBD is a nonprofit research institute located in Baltimore, MD. The work performed at LIBD was performed in accordance with an NIMH material transfer agreement with LIBD.; MFS: The Maudsley Family Study cohort collection was supported by the Wellcome Trust (Grant Nos. 085475/B/08/Z and 085475/Z/08/Z), NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at University College London Hospital, Medical Research Council (Grant No. G0901310), and British Medical Association Margaret Temple Fellowship 2016.; MooDS: This work was supported by the German Federal Ministry for Education and Research grants NGFNplus MooDS (Systematic Investigation of the Molecular Causes of Major Mood Disorders and Schizophrenia) and Integrated Network IntegraMent (Integrated Understanding of Causes and Mechanisms in Mental Disorders) under the auspices of the e: Med program (Grant Nos. O1ZX1314B and O1ZX1314G) and Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (Grant No. 1617 [to AH]).; MSSM: This work was supported by NIMH (Grant Nos. R01 MH116147 and R01 MH113619).; NU: This work was supported by NIH (Grant Nos. U01 MH097435, R01 MH084803, and R01 EB020062) and National Science Foundation (Grant Nos. 1636893 and 1734853).; OLIN: This work was supported by NIH (Grant No. R01 MH080912).; STAR: This work was supported by NIH (Grant No. R01 MH052857).; SydneyBipolarGroup: The Australian cohort collection was supported by the Australian National Health and Medical Research Council Program Grants (Grant No. 510135 [to PBM] and Grant No. 1037196 [to PBM and PRS]) and Project Grants (Grant No. 1063960 [to JMF and PRS] and Grant No. 1066177 [to JMF]).; UMCU: This work was supported by NARSAD (Grant No. 20244 [to MHJH]), ZonMw (Grant No. 908-02-123 [to HEHP]), VIDI (Grant No. 452-11-014 [to NEMvH] and Grant No. 917-46-370 [to HEHP]), and Stanley Medical Research Institute.; CliNG: We thank Anna Fanelli, Kathrin Jakob, and Maria Keil for help with data acquisition.; All authors have contributed to and approved the contents of this manuscript.; GS has received research and travel support from Janssen Pharmaceutica and Otsuka Pharmaceutical and honoraria from Adamed Pharma. NY has been an investigator in clinical studies conducted together with Janssen-Cilag, Corcept Therapeutics, and COMPASS Pathways in the last 3 years. AM-L has received consultant fees from Boehringer Ingelheim, BrainsWay, Elsevier, Lundbeck International Neuroscience Foundation, and Science Advances. CRKC has received partial research support from Biogen, Inc. (Boston, MA) for work unrelated to the topic of this manuscript. The remaining authors report no biomedical financial interests or potential conflicts of interest.

Three Dimensional magnetic resonance imaging (3D-MRI) has been utilized to classify patients with neuroanatomical abnormalities apart from healthy controls (HCs). The studies on the diagnosis of Bipolar Disorder (BD) focuses also on the unaffected relatives of BD patients in order to examine the heritable resistance factors associated with the disorder. Hence, the comparison of Healthy Siblings of Bipolar Disorder patients (HSBDs) and HCs is also required owing to the high heritability of BD. In this paper, the classification of 27HSBDs from 38 HCs has been studied by using 3D-MRI and Computer-Aided Detection (CAD). The pre-processing of 3D-MRI data is performed by taking advantage of Voxel-Based Morphometry (VBM) and the structural deformations in the Gray Matter (GM) and White Matter (WM) are obtained by using a general linear model. The model is configured by using a two sample t-test technique and Total Intracranial Volume (TIV) as a covariate. The altered voxels between data groups are considered as Voxel of Interests (VOIs) and the 3D masks are generated for GM and WM tissue probability maps. The Relief-F algorithm is utilized to rank the features and a Fisher Criterion (FC) method is considered to determine the number of top-ranked discriminative features. The performances of Support Vector Machines (SVM) and the Naive Bayes (NB) algorithms are compared on the classification of HSBD and HC. The experiments are performed for GM-only, WM-only, and their combinations. The experimental results indicate that the changes between the brain regions of HSBD and HC might provide information on the heritable factors associated with the BD. Additionally, it is concluded that using the combination of GM and WM tissue probability map provides better results than considering them, separately. Finally, it is obtained that the classification accuracy of SVM on HSBD and HC comparison is better than that of NB.

Three-Dimensional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (3D-MRI) and Computer-Aided Detection (CAD) have been widely studied in the detection and diagnosis of neuroanatomical abnormalities, including bipolar disorder (BD). Pre-processing of 3D-MRI scans plays an important role in post-processing. In this study, Voxel-Based Morphometry (VBM) is used to compare the morphological differences at the grey matter (GM) and white matter (WM) of BD subjects versus healthy controls (HCs). The effects of using different covariates (i.e. total intracranial volume (TIV), age, sex, and their combinations) on classification of BDs from HCs have been investigated for GM-only, WM-only, and their combination. 3D masks for GM and WM are generated separately by using local differences between BPs and HCs and the two sample t-test method. Principle component analysis based dimensionality reduction and support vector machine with Gaussian kernel are employed for classification of 26 BDs and 38 HCs obtained from Ege University, School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry. The results indicate that using only TIV as a covariate provides more robust results for BD classification compared to other covariate combinations. Furthermore, the combination of GM and WM improves classification performance. The highest classification accuracies obtained for GM, WM, and their combination are 70.30%, 79.70% and 82.80% respectively.

Objective: Negative symptoms in schizophrenia have been assessed by many instruments. However, a current consensus on these symptoms has been built and new tools, such as the Brief Negative Symptom Scale (BNSS), are generated. This study aimed to evaluate reliability and validity of the Turkish version of BNSS.Methods: The scale was translated to Turkish and backtranslated to English. After the approval of the translation, 75 schizophrenia patients were interviewed with BNSS, Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS), Calgary Depression Scale for Schizophrenia (CDSS) and Extrapyramidal Symptom Rating Scale (ESRS). Reliability and validity analyses were then calculated.Results: In the reliability analysis, the Cronbach's alpha coefficient was 0.96 and item-total score correlation coefficients were between 0.655-0.884. The intraclass correlation coefficient was 0.665. The inter-rater reliability was 0.982 (p

EgeUn###, Detection of Bipolar Disease (BD), one of the most common neuroanatomical abnormalities, using machine learning algorithms together with Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) data has been widely studied. BD is a highly heritable disease, yet not all siblings tend to have it despite they might have similar genetic and environmental risk factors. In this paper, the classifications of two self-acquired data groups, namely 26BD patients and 38 unrelated Healthy Controls (HCs) as well as 27 Healthy Siblings of BD (BDHSs) and 38HCs are examined. Voxel-Based Morphometry (VBM) is utilized to segment and pre-process the MRI data. In order to obtain the morphological alterations in the Gray Matter (GM) and White Matter (WM) of data groups separately, a general linear model is configured and a two sample t-test based statistical method is used. The obtained differentiated voxels are considered as Voxel of Interests (VOIs) and using VOIs reduces the dimension of the original data into the number of VOIs. The effects of using different covariates (i.e. total intracranial volume (TIV), age, and sex) on classification of the two data groups have been studied for GM-only, WM-only, and their combination. Principle Component Analysis (PCA) is used to reduce the dimension of the extracted VOIs data and Support Vector Machine (SVM) with Gaussian kernel is taken into account as a classifier. The experimental results indicate that among three covariates, TIV provides better results for both data groups and the classification accuracies of the combination of GM and WM maps is higher than that of GM-only and WM- only for both groups. In BD and HC comparison, the highest classification accuracies of 70.3% for GM, 79.7% for WM, and 82.8% for fusion of extracted GM as well as WM are obtained. In BDHS and HC comparison, the highest classification accuracies of 72.3% for GM, 76.9% for WM, and 78.5% for fusion of extracted GM as well as WM are obtained. © 2019 IEEE.

Medical Technologies Congress (TIPTEKNO) -- OCT 03-05, 2019 -- Izmir, TURKEY, Oguz, Kaya/0000-0002-1860-9127, WOS:000516830900117, Three-Dimensional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (3D-MRI) and Computer-Aided Detection (CAD) have been widely studied in the detection of bipolar disorder (BD). in this study, the structural alterations at the grey matter (GM) and white matter (WM) of BD subjects versus healthy controls (HCs) have been compared using Voxel-Based Morphometry (VBM). in order to obtain 3D GM and WM masks, the two sample t-test method and total intracranial volumes of BD and HC as a covariate have been utilized. in addition to analyzing effects of GM and WM tissue maps separately in the detection of BD, impacts of both GM and WM ones are studied by concatenating them in a matrix. The correlation-based feature selection (CFS) feature ranking method is applied to the obtained 3D masks to rank the features, the number of selected top-ranked features are determined using a Fisher criterion (FC) approach, and different classification algorithms are used to classify BD apart from HCs. in this study, 26 BDs and 38 HCs data are used. The experimental results indicate that the classification accuracy of Naive Bayes outperforms the other four classification algorithms used in this study. Additionally, concatenation of GM and WM tissue maps enhances the classification performances of using GM-only and WM-only ones. The classification accuracies obtained for GM, WM, and their concatenation are 72.92%, 78.33%, and 80.00% respectively., Biyomedikal Klinik Muhendisligi Dernegi, Izmir Katip Celebi Univ, Biyomedikal Muhendisligi Bolumu

WOS:000550979600006, [No Abstract Available]

Word-Face Stroop task creates emotional conflict between affective words and affective faces. In this task, healthy participants consistently slow down while responding to incongruent cases. Such interference related slowdown is associated with recruitment of inhibitory processes to eliminate task-irrelevant information. We created a valence-based Word-Face Stroop task, in which participants were asked to indicate whether the words in the foreground are positive, negative or neutral. Healthy participants were faster and more accurate than un-medicated patients with major depression disorder (MDD). In addition, a significant congruence by group interaction is observed: healthy participants slowed down for incongruent cases, but MDD patients did not. Furthermore, for the negative words, healthy individuals made more errors while responding to incongruent cases but MDD patients made the lowest number of errors for this category. The emotional percepts of the patients were intact, because correct response rates in word valence judgments for positive/negative words, and reaction times for happy/sad faces had similar patterns with those of controls. These findings are supported by the analytical rumination interpretation of depression: patients lose speed/accuracy in laboratory tasks due to processing load spent during continuous rumination. However, for tasks in line with their preoccupation, continual practice makes the patients more vigilant and adept. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

This study investigated the relationship between childhood trauma, irritability, and emotion recognition, in schizophrenia patients during a psychotic break. Thirty-six schizophrenia inpatients and 36 healthy controls were assessed with the Irritability Questionnaire (IRQ) and two facial emotion recognition tasks, the Emotion Discrimination Test (EDT) and Emotion Identification Test (EIT). Patients were further assessed with the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM III-R Axis II Disorders (SCID-II), the Positive and Negative Symptom Scale (PANSS), and the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire-28 (CTQ-28). EDT and EIT performance was significantly impaired in patients compared to healthy controls. Furthermore, patients tended to misidentify sad, surprised, or angry faces as showing fear, and this misidentification correlated with the patients' irritability. Childhood adversity increased irritability both directly and indirectly through emotion misidentification.

Objective Although emotion dysregulation, one of the core features of depression, has long been thought to be a vulnerability factor for major depressive disorder (MDD), surprisingly few functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies have investigated neural correlates of emotion regulation strategies in unaffected high risk individuals. Method Sixteen high risk (RSK) young women and fifteen matched low risk controls (CTL) were scanned using fMRI while performing an emotion regulation task. During this task, participants were instructed to reappraise their negative emotions elicited by International Affective Picture System images (IAPS). In addition, Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Strategies Scale (DERS) was used to assess participants' emotion dysregulation levels. Results Both RSK and CTL individuals show increased amygdala activation in response to negative emotional stimuli, however no difference was found between groups in using cognitive reappraisal strategies and functions of brain regions implicated in cognitive reappraisal. Interestingly, our psychometric test results indicate that high risk individuals are characterised by lower perceived emotional clarity (EC). Conclusion Results of the current study suggest depression vulnerability may not be linked to the effectiveness of cognitive reappraisal. Alternatively, lower EC may be a vulnerability factor for depression.

Mild encephalitis/encephalopathy with a reversible splenial lesion (MERS) is a rare clinico-radiological entity with several causes, such as various infectious agents, antiepileptic drugs and metabolic disturbances. It is characterized by symptoms such as disturbance of consciousness, headache, seizures, vomiting and nausea. These clinical features are associated with characteristic radiological findings [1]. We herein report the first patient in whom MERS developed after ingestion of mushroom (Amanita phalloides) for suicidal intent.

Introduction An evolving literature suggests a volume reduction and a loss of functional integrity of prefrontal cortex in depressed patients. Interhemispheric prefrontal functional integrity is mediated via the anterior portion of the corpus callosum. Until recently interhemispheric fibers connecting prefrontal cortex have not been well defined. In this study, we compared the corpus callosum area of depressed patients with controls using a novel schema proposed by Hofer and Frahm (2006) which defined a specific anterior callosal area for prefrontal interhemispheric fibers. We further investigated the correlation between callosal area and prefrontal cortical volume. Methods Thirty-six patients with major depressive disorder and thirty-three healthy controls were recruited. All subjects were psychotropic medication-free and right-handed. The imaging was performed on a 1.5 T MR unit (Magnetom Vision Siemens). The images obtained from 3D MP-RAGE sequence were used for analyses. Medical Image Processing, Analyzing and Visualization (MIPAV) software was used for callosal and prefrontal measurements. Results Depressed patients had reduced prefrontal cortical volume and a loss of the normal callosal/gray matter correlation, but normal white matter volume and normal callosal areas. Limitations It is not known if the observed changes were preexisting or acquired. Conclusion Our results indicate that the normal structural relationship between anterior callosal area and prefrontal cortical volume is disrupted in major depressive disorder and that the disruption is due to reduced cortical volume rather than to changes in interhemispheric connections.

A dysfunctional hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis is widely accepted as a significant pathophysiological aspect of Major Depressive Disorder (MDD). Despite studies suggesting that a dysfunctional HPA axis might be present before the clinical syndrome becomes apparent, the functioning of the HPA axis in high risk populations has not been well defined. The aim of the present study was to investigate the HPA axis functioning of mothers suffering from MDD and their healthy daughters compared to age and sex-matched healthy controls. This design allowed a comparison of HPA axis functional differences among daughter and mother groups. HPA axis function was evaluated with a modified dexamethasone/ corticotropin-releasing hormone (Dex/CRH) test, which was performed after obtaining the diurnal adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and cortisol values at 8:00, 16:00, and 23:00 h. We found that MDD mothers and their daughters had low morning cortisol and the MDD mothers additionally had low morning ACTH compared with controls. Dexamethasone suppressed both cortisol and ACTH in all groups and subsequent HPA axis stimulation by CRH-evoked a lower cortisol response but a higher ACTH response among subjects with MDD mothers. Although high-risk daughters had comparable cortisol levels after CRH infusion, the AUC for ACTH was greater than those of controls. These patterns of results suggest that multiple level HPA dysfunctions are present in both MDD patients and their high-risk carrying daughters. However, insufficient cortisol secretion was only present in MDD mothers, while the daughters could compensate cortisol levels during CRH challenge. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.