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Diagnostic and interventional radiology facilities are among the supporting facilities in establishing the diagnosis of a disease in a hospital or others health facility. Diagnostic radiology is an activity related to the use of facilities for diagnostic purposes. Every use of nuclear power, including x-rays, which are sources of ionizing radiation, must follow radiation protection and safety principles. One of the principles of radiation protection and safety is optimization. Ionizing radiation given to patients in diagnostic and interventional radiological activities must also follow the rules or guidelines provided by the standards of radiation protection and safety principles. One practical tool in carrying out the optimization measures in radiation protection and safety is the Diagnostic Reference Level (DRL) level. To ensure and strive for the licensees to meet the optimization principle, BAPETEN establishes laws and regulations that must be implemented and complied with by the permit holder to utilize ionizing radiation. The principle of optimization in radiation protection and safety is one of the radiation safety requirements that must be fulfilled by permit holders as mandated in article 21, article 34, and article 35 in Government Regulation (GR) Number 33 Year 2007 [1] concerning Ionizing Radiation Safety and Radioactive Source Security. Medical practitioners must use the level of medical exposure guidance when carrying out the diagnostic and interventional radiological procedures to optimize protection for patients. Licensees play an important role in making and submitting patient dosage record reports for the benefit of optimization in radiation protection and safety. When establishing this level of diagnostic guidance or DRL, the licensees must be based on patient dosage records for patients who have performed diagnostic and interventional radiological examinations. Patient dosage records must always be done to ensure that the examination is in accordance with the established operational procedures. In addition, recording the patient's dose also needs to be done in order to evaluate the examination and evaluation procedures if under certain conditions, the administration of doses to patients is too high or too low. If, during an examination, a high dose is obtained, it is necessary to investigate and consider the use of a high dose. Another second thing that will receive the effects or effects of the DRL determination is related to the profession of medical physicists. The medical physicist profession gets the mandate from BAPETEN to deliver and supervise reports related to patient dosage records. These patient dosage records will be used as a basis for the preparation and establishment of DRL or diagnostic guidance levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A study of safety review and assessment (R&A) of the experimental power reactor site RDE HTGR 10 MWth site has already been performed. From this activity, Indonesia obtains experience and lessons learned from site evaluation for a nuclear power reactor. BATAN, as the applicant, representing the government, expects the reactor can demonstrate safe operation and acceptance by the public. BAPETEN issued a site license with 14 licensing conditions and the applicant shall fulfill licensing conditions before submitting the construction license. The review and assessment are conducted based on Act No. 10 of Year 1997 [1], Government Regulation No. 2 of Year 2014 [2], and several BAPETEN Chairman's Regulations (BCR) related to site license. The process review and assessment are completed in one year and three months. The coordination for the review and assessment process was conducted by the Directorate of Licensing of Nuclear Installations and Materials of BAPETEN and supported by internal and external technical support organizations. During the evaluation of site license application, BAPETEN revealed several findings in seven aspects of site licensing: seismic, vulcanology, Geo-technical, hydrology, meteorology, external human-induced events, and radioactive dispersion. The timeline of the evaluation process was performed according to the time as mandated in the regulation. Some recommendations from IAEA SEED-Mission are considered in the review and assessment process, including implementing a graded approach due to a small power reactor and public hearing as a lesson learned from this activity. Comparing with the IAEA INSAG 26/2012 [3], Licensing the first Nuclear Power Plant., BAPETEN must have licensing project management with an online application. BAPETEN must update the working instruction in the site evaluation review. BAPETEN conducts a grading approach based on the hazard of the RDE reactor in around 10 MWth which is less than in a big light water reactor. All measurement test of infrastructure must be well defined in the site evaluation program. This study aims to describe the BAPETEN experience and lessons learned from the R&A of RDE site license. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of ionizing radiation modalities in the medical field provides many benefits in patients' diagnosis and therapy. However, besides its benefits, there are risks in every use of ionizing radiation in the medical area, as ionizing radiation could damage body cells. Therefore, efforts are needed to protect and reduce the damaging effects of ionizing radiation on workers and the public. One of the measures is a radiation monitoring program for workers. The purpose of radiation monitoring for workers is to provide information about workers' radiation exposure, to confirm that the radiation safety procedure is carried out, and the dose limit is not exceeded, and to ensure that ionizing radiation complies with the regulation. In average, the occupational exposures in medical facilities are very low. It is below or around the public dose limit (1 mSv per year) and well below the worker dose limit (20 mSv per year), even it is variable for every type of use. So, the regulatory for external radiation monitoring for workers at a medical facility should not be the same as other workers like in nuclear installation. The regulatory body should apply a graded approach regulation for each ionizing radiation utilization at a medical facility based on IAEA recommendation in the classification of radiation workers, the period of radiation monitoring for radiation workers, and alternative methods radiation monitoring for radiation workers through prior radiological evaluation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Along with the operation of nuclear installations in Indonesia, particularly for Non-Reactor Nuclear Installations (NRNIs) for more than 25 years, it is necessary to consider degradation for structures, systems, and components (SSCs) important to safety of NRNIs to be able to operate continuously and safely. For managing the degradation, it is necessary to implement an aging management program of the SSCs important to safety, so that the safety functions should be fulfilled during the entire lifetime of the NRNIs. The international organizations, i.e. OECD – NEA and IAEA, has issued the relevant documents for NRNIs. So, it is necessary to review the substances in BAPETEN Chairman Regulation (BCR) No. 7 Year 2012 on Aging Management for Non-Reactor Nuclear Installations by comparing to the relevant documents. The conclusion of the review shows that the substances in the BCR need to be following the development of international standards, namely the scope of implementation of the aging management program from design activities through decommissioning activities, the adoption of the main elements of an aging management program, the detailed description for non-physical aging (obsolescence), and the grouping for SSCs important to safety based on easy replacement, not designed for being replaced, and rapid obsolescence. The conclusions may be used as recommendations when the BCR will be revised in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Optimization of radiation protection and safety in medical exposures for diagnostic and interventional radiology (DIR) examinations is based on the effort to provide minimal doses by taking into account the sufficient image quality to diagnose the patient's disease. To facilitate the evaluation of the effectiveness of the optimization implementation in medical exposure, especially for diagnostic purposes, an indicator called the Diagnostic Reference Level (DRL) is used. BAPETEN has provided a web-based database application called Si-INTAN (National Patient Dose Information System) for online input of patient dose data on CT Scan, Fluoroscopy, Diagnostic Nuclear Medicine, General Radiography, Dental Radiography, Mammography modalities. This application functions as a comprehensive tool for establishing and providing Indonesian DRL (I-DRL) values so that it can be referred to by all DIR facilities in Indonesia. To improve the capability of this application in its role as a tool for determining the value of national DRL, the authors identify the challenges and propose action plans as a solution. It is concluded that it is necessary to stipulate regulations on reporting patient dose data, support of international and professional organizations, and hospital management support in mitigating patient dose data. Coordination is performed with the Indonesian Ministry of Health regarding the integration of the Si-INTAN system with the QUADRIL (Quality Assurance Audit for Diagnostic Radiology Improvement and Learning) application system and hospital accreditation systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Safety is a main concern in nuclear power plant projects. The instrumentation and control system of nuclear power plant which propose to be built in Indonesia are expected to make extensive use of digital system. Common cause failures are among safety issues in digital technology which may compromise plant safety if occurred. The review includes investigation of available documentation of protection against common cause failures and diversity implementation. This paper describes the characteristics and nature of digital common cause failures. The instrumentation and control system require to be designed with defense against CCFs within and between systems. The result of review is a framework for defense against common causes failures that include: echelons of defense, diversity strategies and assessments of the adequacy of defense. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mining activity is the process to extract materials/minerals from the earth. Before performing mining activity, it is necessary to evaluate the preparation of the mining site. In Indonesia, regulation related to mining activity is available for mineral and coal mining. This regulation does not regulate the mining of nuclear ore/radioactive mineral. Nuclear ore is a raw material used for producing nuclear fuel, including associated mineral contained radioactive material. A regulation related to nuclear ore mining must be developed. This paper studies the aspects of the preparation of nuclear ore mining sites using descriptive, analytical, and qualitative methods supplemented with literature studies. This study is to discuss several aspects of the evaluation and the objectives of the evaluation aspects such as seismological, meteorological, and hydrological aspects. Therefore, it is necessary to harmonize with regulations related the mineral and coal mining. The safety and security regulation for sitting of nuclear ore mining is not regulated yet in mineral and coal mining regulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A system requirement analysis for developing an information system in the review and assessment process in P2STFRZR (Pusat Pengkajian Sistem dan Teknologi Pengawasan Fasilitas Radiasi dan Zat Radioaktif) has been conducted. The need for this type of software development was based on the recommendation on the effectivity survey held in the previous year. The results of the survey recommended developing an information system to provide systematic and trackable progress in the review and assessment process as well as a repository for the report in P2STPFRZR. By having the information system, the performance of P2STPFRZR, and the effectivity of the review and assessment is expected to improve. The system requirement analysis highlights the function representing the real-life process of review and assessment. In real life, the result of review and assessment is used as the basis for decision making by the licensing division in the regulatory body. The systematic process with clear communication needed to be considered and included in the system requirement analysis. Only the initial phase of the waterfall modeling method is used in this paper. The analysis results have been transferred into the use case diagram showing the intended function by the user in the system and what the system can do in the future. The result is intended to be the trigger for system design by the responsible party in BAPETEN. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indonesia research reactors have been operating for more than 30 years. In other words, the reactors have been already obsolete or aged. Ageing of structures, systems and components (SSC) may influence the safety level of the reactor. The SSC that needs attention is the instrumentation and control (I&C) system. This system has other problems besides ageing caused by the degradation of its function, i.e. the absence of a replacement component because the component is no longer manufactured. In addition, the analog I&C system developed in the existing reactors, is no longer relevant to the current technological developments, so the degradation of this instrumentation system may not meet safety requirements, or cannot meet the needs of the operator, it needs to be replaced with a new system that available in the market today, usually the system will be changed gradually to digital or modular, by preserving sensors, actuators and cabling. The provisions concerning the I&C systems of research reactor are not accommodated in a BAPETEN Regulation (BR), but they have been accommodated in the relevant BR, for example design, operation, etc. The trend of the BR topic that will be made in the future is based on the installation phase, for example design, construction, commissioning, operation, and decommissioning of research reactor. It is necessary to conduct an assessment of the research reactor I&C systems, to accommodate the provisions regarding I&C systems. The purpose of the assessment is to provide input to the Regulation Directorate to draft BR related to the I&C systems. The assessment method is identifying the provisions of I&C systems that are already exist in BR. The next step is to explore the available international literature, especially official IAEA documents. We have conducted an assessment of existing BCR and some input for BAPETEN Regulation (BR) drafting: provision regarding design considerations for ageing, provision regarding I&C system modification and modernization, provision regarding reliability of design (redundancy and the single failure criterion, common cause failure, independence, diversity, failure modes, fail-safe), provision regarding control rooms. We recommend for a new BR regarding I&C systems for research reactor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study analyzed the conception of national nuclear emergency preparedness system (NNEPS) from the state defense perspective approach. A case study qualitative method was used to explore and analyze comprehensively the NNEPS problems in Indonesia. The study used requirements from relevance regulations either from nuclear energy regulations, disaster management regulations, and state defense regulations as the tool to assess the implementations of the system. Results showed that current problem of the NNEPS is the system has not been synergized and integrated into the disaster management system. This condition answering question why the NNEPS has not been fully implemented at local government and central government levels. From the state defense perspective, the integrated NNEPS from the licensee level to the central government levels is needed to be prepared early by the government. It is as an effort to prevent the development of nuclear incident becomes a nuclear emergency or disaster which may disrupt national security, public security and human security. Thus, there is a need for the government to undertake collaborative governance policies and facilitative leadership approach to solve current problems. Through collaboration capacity and resources, weaknesses at one institution are strengthened by capacity and resources from other institutions. The suggested approach is in line with the essence of the state defense that is to build our own national resilience by using all national resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The progress and development of information technology has opened up one form of nuclear crime, namely computer crime. The Stuxnet incident that occurred in 2010 is one example of cyber incidents related to nuclear security. The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) as an international regulatory body has paid attention to computer security as outlined in one of the important elements in NSS 20 - Objective and Essentials Elements of a State's Nuclear Security Regime. The security aspect itself is one of the aspects emphasized in Act Number 10 of 1997 concerning Nuclear Energy. Government Regulation Number 54 of 2012 concerning Nuclear Installation Safety and Security outlines a more detailed discussion of nuclear installation security, which is a more specific discussion on safety in the aspect of physical protection regulated in Regulation of the Head of the Nuclear Power Supervisory Agency Number 1 of 2009 concerning Installation Physical Protection Systems and Nuclear Materials. However, all of these regulations still do not explicitly mention computer security. This paper was prepared to provide recommendations that can be used in the preparation of regulations and guidelines related to computer security in nuclear installations. This paper was prepared using the main reference NSS 17 - Computer Security at Nuclear Facilities which was perfected by the review of Regulatory Guide 5.71 - Cyber Security Programs for Nuclear Facility, CSA N290.7-14 - Cyber Security for Nuclear Power Plants and Small Reactor Facilities, and REGDOC-2.5.2. - Design of Reactor Facilities: Nuclear Power Plants. From the results of the study, it was concluded that several things that need to be considered as required regarding computer security are the establishment of a computer security team, the preparation of a computer security plan, a graded approach to computer security, and risk assessment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rare earth metals are elements (REE) of lanthanides metal which are mostly made use in industrial and medical fields. Smelting process of tin or zircon will produce TENORM (Technologically enhanced Naturally Occurring Radioactive Material) materials, such as monazite, zircon, and ilmenite. The TENORM minerals will contain rare earth metals. There are many smelting industries of tin or zircon in Indonesia. Therefore, they show a high potency of rare earth metals in this country. BAPETEN Chairman's Regulation (BCR) No. 16 Year 2013 (BCR No. 16/2013) [1], concerning Radiation Safety of Storage of TENORM, allows TENORM producers to take out the metal or non-metal minerals in the TENORM materials after they get a technical recommendation from BAPETEN. This paper aims to provide a consideration concerning the criterion to gain a technical recommendation. This paper organized and reviewed BCR No. 16/2013 and compared it to the IAEA (International Atomic Energy Agency) safety standard. Rare earth minerals are always present together with other elements, including radionuclides from U or Th series. REE minerals from Bangka Island contain monazite and xenotime, radioactive elements like Th which detected at 6–7 % in monazite and less than 2 % in xenotime, respectively. While safety report series of IAEA states that content of rare earth ore consists of 5–6 % REEs and 0.04 % Th oxide (or 4.7 % REEs and 0.035 % Th). The TENORM material utilization as regulated on BCR 16/2013 is the same with conditional clearance terminology for radioactive materials. Trivial dose approach that is a conditional clearance can be considered as a technical recommendation criterion. This is because it does not need radiation protection pre-requisites after getting the technical recommendation. The upper level of trivial individual effective dose is equivalent to 100 µSv per year. The dose assessment should consider the exposure pathways to the non-radiation workers (public), specifically those who get involved in external and internal exposure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A study on regulatory concepts of proven in NPP technology for the case of Indonesia has been carried out. Indonesia as an embarking country has issued several regulations related to the proven of NPP technology. According to the IAEA international standard, good regulations and guidelines among others should be adequate and comprehensive. It also states that the purpose of regulations and guidelines is to ensure the stability and consistency of regulatory oversight and to confirm impartiality in regulatory decision making. They must be adequate in establishing principles, requirements and criteria to be used for assessing compliance, and are consistent and comprehensive. Thus, this paper will discuss whether the concept of proven in NPP technology of Indonesian regulations are adequate and comprehensive. This is a very important question to be asked, because the current regulations on this topic have never been executed in a real NPP project and that the function of regulation is to ensure that the design and technology for the upcoming NPP could provide safety assurance in an acceptable level, and for sure could prevent an event similar to the 2011 Fukushima Daiichi nuclear accident from happen. The study was descriptive, analytic and qualitative in nature, and conducted by reviewing the applicability of internationally acceptable references such as international agreements that Indonesia is the contracting party and some relevant international safety requirement standards, as well as regulations and guidelines from countries that has built NPP technology, and then comparing them with the existing regulations in Indonesia. This paper concludes that basically regulations in Indonesia related to the proven of NPP technology are in line with the international agreements and standards. Furthermore, there is still a wide room for improvement in these regulations. Among others, by introducing the concept of proven design and construction, proven codes and standards, and proven procedures, and especially regarding the acceptance criteria for all types of these proven attributes. The results of this study, and relevant regulations and guidelines from countries that have built NPP technology, may be used as a reference for developing a road map to enhance national regulations and the implementing guidelines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The complexity problem and challenges encountered in nuclear installation licensing services incapacitate the license evaluation to be executed by BAPETEN. A transdisciplinary approach is demanded to overcome the problem of nuclear reactor licensing evaluation. The establishment of networking and collaboration between generalist and specialist evaluators by involving several stakeholders can provide solutions for licensing evaluation to satisfy the evaluation and revision time according to the applicable laws and regulations. Stakeholder's support for the establishment of networking and collaborations is 61 % latents, 19.4 % promoters, 2.8 % from apathetics, and 16.8 % defenders. Persuasive communication strategies can change stakeholder support for the establishment of the networking and collaborations by 33.9 % latents, 46.5 % promoters, 2.8 % apathetics, and 16.8 % defenders. With the shift from latents stakeholders provoking an increase in promoters from 19.4 % to 46.5 % is expected to accelerate the collaboration of generalists and specialists in assisting the licensing process of nuclear installations and materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indonesia has the challenge in preparing Infrastructure Detection On the State Border of the nuclear material and radioactive out of regulatory control, located in the Asia Pacific region (Southeast Asia) bordered by ten neighboring countries and strategically located between the Pacific Ocean and the Indian Ocean, causing a potential threat of entry of radioactive materials and nuclear materials out of regulatory control that could threaten the stability of national security. Therefore, preliminary studies were conducted in order to formulate solutions ranging from the strengthening of the regulation, the application of the concept of operations from planning, implementation and evaluation and strengthening of institutional coordination involved in border states. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zirconium alloys are the materials of choice for nuclear fuel cladding due to low thermal neutron absorption, with excellent thermal and mechanical properties. As part of defence in depth concept, zirconium-based cladding shall be able to maintain its integrity and prevent the release of fission products to the reactor core. In particular, chemical degradation, due to corrosion, hydriding and pellet-cladding interaction, can compromise the fundamental safety functions of fuel cladding. Due to the risks of such chemical degradation of zirconium alloys, various countries undertake divergent regulatory approaches to ensure the integrity of fuel cladding. This research paper is the first attempt to review these regulatory approaches and to provide a technical basis for future regulation development for the safety of nuclear power plants. This research comprises of literature review of various factors that cause fuel failures in the operation of light water reactors as well as the prevalent international safety standards and regulations developed by several countries. Corrosion can cause oxide layer build-up that reduce heat transfer during accident condition. Excessive hydrogen uptake can cause embrittlement during loss-of-coolant accident. Pellet-cladding interaction causes fuel failure during normal operation of nuclear reactors. The research on chemical degradation of zirconium cladding remains intensive that continues to enhance the protection of fuel cladding. Based on the available knowledge in nuclear research community, the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) has established international standards to ensure the highest reliability of fuel cladding, from operation to accident conditions. Regulatory bodies around the world aspire to adopt these internationally agreed standards. However, they also implement the national codes and standards in addition to these international standards that are relevant to their existing nuclear fleet. There is no unique regulatory approach in ensuring the integrity of fuel claddings from chemical degradation, but all reflect the strong commitment of the international community to the highest level of nuclear safety. Bapeten and other regulatory bodies need to review such varying regulatory approaches and adopt the most sensible and reliable regulatory regimes that are relevant to their domestic needs, circumstances, and capabilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BAPETEN, as a regulatory body for nuclear energy utilization in Indonesia, requires an indicator to evaluate the safety and security of nuclear installations. BAPETEN has made BAPETEN Regulation Number 1 Year 2017 concerning the Implementation of Inspections in the Supervision of Nuclear Energy Utilization which regulates the implementation of inspections and also mentions the use of safety and security indicators (SSI). SSI is an indicator of compliance of safety and security requirements used by BAPETEN to assess the performance of nuclear installations in Indonesia. Indicators that indicate the safeguard and security level of nuclear installations consist of two aspects, namely safeguard and additional protocol aspect and also the security aspect. Indicators that indicate the safety level of nuclear installations consist of 6 aspects, namely operation aspects, maintenance and ageing management aspects, radiation protection aspects, environmental management and monitoring aspects, nuclear emergency preparedness aspects, and management system aspects. Although each of these aspects will contribute to the level of nuclear installations safety and security, each of these aspects may have different weight values. BAPETEN Regulation Number 1 Year 2017 has determined weight values for safeguard and security aspects. However, the weight value for the safety aspect has not been determined in this regulation. Hence, this paper proposes the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) method to determine the weight value of each aspect of nuclear installation safety indicators. The results of the study show that the AHP method can be used to determine the weight value of each aspect of the safety indicators of nuclear installations to be used by BAPETEN in assessing the performance of nuclear installation in Indonesia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A precursory study in seismic hazard disaggregation analysis of West Kalimantan NPP (Nuclear Power Plant) potential site has been performed. Based on the previous study, Bengkayang regency in West Kalimantan Province has been chosen as one of the potential NPP sites. Although the area is regarded as a low seismicity region, seismic hazard analysis remains an obligatory task to be performed based on BAPETEN's Chairman Regulation No. 8 of 2013 [1]. The objective of this study is to present preliminary seismic hazard analysis and take a closer detail to disaggregation analysis of the studied area. Disaggregation analysis was conducted at a single point selected site in Bengkayang regency based on secondary geological and seismological regional data using OpenQuake software. The probability of ground motion exceedance corresponds to 10 % in 50 years is set as the seismic hazard level. The seismic source model within the radius of 1,000 km comprises of twenty-one sources is presented here using the combination of zonation and zone-less approach. Probabilistic seismic hazard analysis (PSHA) is performed to estimate the mean hazard spectra and mean probability of ground motion exceedance at any given spectral acceleration at the site. For the chosen location, a peak ground acceleration (PGA) of 0.15 g has resulted. Meanwhile, the disaggregation analysis resulted in a dominant earthquake magnitude of 5.75 Mw and source-to-site rupture distance of 25 and 65 km. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chikungunya is one of the current infectious, re-emerging diseases. Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) infection can cause some non-specific symptoms such as fever, arthralgia, and myalgia, similar to dengue and zika virus infection. The similarity of the symptoms frequently makes the diagnosis inaccurate. Therefore, a rapid and accurate diagnostic method such as an antibody-based Rapid Diagnostic Test (RDT) is needed to prevent a late or inaccurate diagnosis that can cause prolonged effects of infection. This study aims to obtain a recombinant clone colony of P. pastoris X-33 as an initial step for antibody-based RDT kit development. This study includes the transformation and the Mut+ phenotype confirmation of recombinant clones. The recombinant plasmid pPICZaA-E2 was transformed and integrated into P. pastoris X-33 genome using the electroporation method. After screening process through genome PCR, four positive recombinant clones colonies were analyzed in minimal dextrose and methanol media for Mut+ confirmation. Visualization of PCR colony shows two bands were formed in the size of 2.200 bp corresponding to the P. pastoris genome's AOX1 gene and 1.848 bp corresponding to recombinant plasmid's AOX1 gene that indicates the recombinant plasmid pPICZaA-E2 was integrated into the genome. All of the recombinant clones colonies grew well in minimal dextrose and minimal methanol media. Based on the results, it can be predicted that the Mut+ phenotype of P. pastoris recombinant clone was successfully obtained. However, gene sequencing must be done as a further step to confirm the presence of the recombinant DNA and the AOX1 gene in P. pastoris. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The phytopathogenic fungus Colletotrichum a devastating fungal that causes plant disease. In this study, we observed the potential of three bacilli strains, Bacillus sp. KRG, KRT dan LDR as biocontrol against Colletotrichum sp. KA. Antagonist test using streak and pour plate dual culture method showed that all the Bacillus strains could inhibit growth of Colletotrichum sp. KA. The inhibition percentage by non-delayed antagonist assay using streak technique from Bacillus KRG, KRT and LDR were 47.88 %, 46.39 % and 46.49 % respectively. The inhibition increased in the delayed antagonist assay because the Bacillus strains were inoculated one day prior to Colletotrichum sp. KA. The inhibition percentage by delayed assay of Bacillus sp. KRG, KRT and LDR were 58.72 %, 55.10 % and 61.10 % respectively. The pour plate method indicated most affected technique to inhibit Colletotrichum sp. KA. It was indicated by growth of hyphae Colletotrichum sp. KA could not be observed or represented almost 100 % inhibited. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus Jacq.) is one of the mushrooms that is easily cultivated. Most Indonesian mushroom farmers are using sawdust as a base material for growth media of oyster mushroom. In an effort to prevent decrease in the availability of sawdust, alternative base materials are needed to reduce the cost. This research aims to determine the mycelium growth on every tested substrate and to know the effect of rice bran addition in oyster mushroom's mycelium growth rate. This research used sawdust, grass straw, and rice husk as the substrates. The effect of the presence of rice bran was done by adding rice bran to the substrate. This research used treatment composition as follows: M1 (sawdust 800 g and rice bran 204 g), M2 (sawdust 800 g), M3 (grass straw 400 g and rice bran 204 g), M4 (grass straw 400 g), M5 (rice husk 800 g and rice bran 204 g), and M6 (rice husk 800 g). The results showed that M2, M4, and M6 have mycelium 44.37 %, 28.54 % and 24.58 % respectively in 21 DAI. Our results indicate that we can use sawdust without adding rice bran as the base material to reduce the cost or substitute the sawdust with grass straw and without added rice bran to be an alternative base material for growth media. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Crude oil spills are not unfamiliar when it comes to petroleum mining. Crude oil degradation in nature can be conducted using the help from microorganisms. Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas putida have been proven to have the ability to degrade crude oil hydrocarbons. Each bacterium has different resistance level for different kind of pollutant and concentration. Range finding test was used to determine the range of concentrations for a specific compound in toxicity test. The objective of this study was to determine whether B. subtilis and P. putida can live on various crude oil concentrations (0 %, 5 %, 10 % and 15 % (v/v)) using nutrient agar medium. The maximum concentration was 15 % (v/v) for crude oil using bioremediation treatment. The bacteria were obtained from a pure culture at ITS environmental remediation laboratory and the crude oil was obtained from one of PT. Pertamina oil refineries. The bacteria were incubated at 37 °C and were screened using comparison between 0 % and the other variations each day for 7 days. The result of the range finding test showed that both the bacteria can live at various concentrations, even 15 % (v/v). It was shown that both of them potentially have a capability to be used to degrade a considered heavily crude oil polluted area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three potential Bacillus sp. strain, KRG, KRT, and LDR from cocopeat was known to have antagonistic activity against fungal pathogen. The antagonistic activity represented the potency of three isolates as biocontrol agent. In this study, the growth and extracellular enzyme of three isolates will be characterized and also the selected bacterium was identified based on 16S rRNA. The growth of Bacillus sp. strains were characterized in Potato Dextrose Broth (PDB) with various pH medium and temperature incubation. The three isolates can growth at 30–45 °C, meanwhile KRG can grew up to 50 °C. The optimum temperature growth of LDR was 30–45 °C. All of isolates can grow in medium with pH 5–8 with optimal growth for LDR in pH 7–8. Extracellular enzyme assay showed all isolates can produce amylase, lipase, protease, and gelatinase. Molecular identification showed that selected strain LDR is closed to Bacillus siamensis and has 99.52 % similarity with Bacillus siamensis KCTC 13613 strain PD-A10. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chikungunya virus infection (CHIKV) causes symptoms of chikungunya fever and joint pain. The chikungunya virus is spread by the bite of an Aedes mosquito. The symptoms of CHIKV and dengue virus (DENV) infection are similar and are spread by the same vector. Diagnosis of CHIKV infection is carried out by expensive molecular detection and immunological detection (RDT) as an alternative diagnosis. The material to be used for the development of RDT CHIKV is the envelope 2 protein (E2) CHIKV. This study aims to obtain pPICZaA-E2 which is transformed into Escherichia coli TOP10. The pPICZaA plasmid and the E2 CHIKV gene were cloned into E. coli TOP10 and grown onto LB+zeocin agar medium. Cultures grown on the medium were verified for colonies carrying pPICZaA-E2 using PCR colony and restriction. The PCR verification results of the colonies from the growing cultures showed a band measuring 1.260 bp. The results of the restriction verification obtained colonies with two bands measuring 3.569 and 1.260 bp. It was concluded that the E. coli TOP10 colonies carried pPICZaA-E2. Sequencing of the isolated pPICZaA-E2 plasmid is required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pyrazolone derivates are compounds that widely found in biological activity. Thus, this compound commonly used in drugs production and product synthesis. In this study, pyrazolone derivatives were synthesized by Fe3O4 nano magnetic catalyst. The nano-magnetic Fe3O4 catalyst is made from iron rust and used cooking oil. Synthesis of nanomagnetic Fe3O4 is supported by characterization analysis using FTIR, XRD, EDS and SEM. Edaravone is a pyrazolone compound synthesized with ethyl acetoacetate and phenyl hydrazine. Edaravone produces a yield of 98.55 %. The synthesis pyrazolone derivate is done by mixing edaravone and aryl aldehyde like cinnamaldehyde, benzaldehyde, and 2-hydroxy-benzaldehyde. Compounds 1 and 3 were synthesized under optimum conditions. Nevertheless, compound 2 was synthesized with optimum time and temperature using 10 % by weight of the catalyst. Compound 1, compound 2, and compound 3 yields were 48.8 %, 30.4 %, and 16.04 % respectively. The formed products were determined by TLC, FTIR, UV-Vis and GC-MS. Antioxidant activity tests were carried out using compound 1, 2, and 3 with concentrations of 250 ppm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Homopolymer hydrogel polyacrylamide and poly (N-methylol acrylamide) also Interpenetrating Polymer Network (IPN) hydrogel polyacrylamide–poly (N-methylol acrylamide) were synthesized using free radical polymerization. Various concentrations of N, N'- methylene bis acrylamide (MBA) as crosslinkers were used to determine their effect on swelling in various pH. Variation of crosslinker concentrations caused changes in the hydrogel structures and thus affected the swelling ratio. The polymerizations were conducted successfully, which was proven by the loss of the C=C and C-H sp2 alkene peaks on FTIR spectra. Morphology characterization with SEM was observed on IPN PNMA hydrogel and it was found that it had pore size in the range of 400–700 nm. Swelling test was carried out at room temperature and pH 3, 5, 7, 9, and 12. Swelling ratios of IPN hydrogels were found to be higher than homopolymer hydrogel because the presence of the second network. The highest swelling ratio in different pH for PNMA and IPN hydrogels was found at pH 5. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Starch is a common resource of glucose for humans. Some diseases like diabetes and obesity are related to how high level of glucose in the blood. Starch modification is conducted to gain control over glucose in the blood to reduce the risk of the diseases. This study was successful in modifying tapioca starch with heat moisture treatment (HMT) and crosslinking with citric acid. The objective of this study was to investigate the changes that happen after the modification. HMT was conducted by varying treatment times and crosslinking was done by varying concentrations of citric acid used. HMT will induce rearrangement on starch crystal structure and could be identified with a microscope showed as a hole on the granule while crosslinking will generate new covalent bonds on the starch chain and could be identified with FTIR at 1720 cm−1 area. The results of alteration showed a decrease in swelling power and solubility, a decrease in paste clarity, an increase in paste viscosity, and an increase in thermal resistance. The digestibility of starch showed a significant decrease in dual treated starch. The dual treatment were on synergy to alter the physicochemical properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tagetes erecta flowers contain nematoside compound α-Terthienyl (2,2′:5′,2″-Terthiophene) which are toxic to erythrocytes and human skin. In this study, analysis of the content of α-Terthienyl (2,2′:5′,2″-Terthiophene) in orange and yellow Tagetes erecta flowers originating from several areas in West Java by HPLC and LC-MS/MS have been studied. The flowers are dried in an oven at 45 °C, then crushed in a blender and sieved with a 0.35 µm sieve. The flower powder is then extracted with n-hexane using a waterbath shaker at 65 °C for 1 h. The solvent extraction then evaporated in a water bath until dry. The residue in the form of a thick extract is dissolved with ethanol, then filtered with a 0.45 µm membrane filter, then injected into the HPLC system. This filtered solution was also diluted 20 times with acetonitrile for analysis by LC-MS/MS. Content of α-Terthienyl (2,2′:5′,2″-Terthiophene) obtained from the HPLC and LC-MS/MS analysis were not significantly different. The α-Terthienyl (2,2′:5′,2″-Terthiophene) peak is well separated from the other peaks. Orange flowers from each region contain higher α-Terthienyl (2,2′:5′,2″-Terthiophene) than yellow flowers. This method is sensitive and easy to do because it does not require further purification of the extract and uses a simple mobile phase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sawdust of Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunches (OPEFB/TKKS (Tandan Kosong Kelapa Sawit)) as a waste product from oil palm plants could be used as mesoporous carbon which was used as an adsorbent for Cu2+ and Cd2+ metal ions because it was a lignocellulose compound which had a hydroxyl (OH) functional group that could bind metals. This adsorption ability could be increased by delignification and sulfonated treatment of OPEFB (TKKS) sawdust. The treatment shown that activated OPEFB carbon can achieve maximum adsorption that is close to activated carbon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bisphenol A (BPA) is a chemical that is commonly applied in the manufacture of polycarbonate plastic and epoxy resins which are often used in food and beverage containers. Methylparaben (MeP) is commonly applied as food preservatives, products of personal cares, and medicines. This study was conducted to define the BPA and MeP effects on the formation of DNA-Adduct 8-Hydroxy-2'deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) compounds. Analysis of 8-OHdG compounds was performed by applying a reverse-phase HPLC with a UV/Vis detector at the wavelength of 254nm. The optimum condition of HPLC was obtained with the mobile phase consisted of phosphate buffer solution and methanol at a ratio of 85:15 (v/v) and a flow rate of 1.2 mL/min. This research was conducted at pH 7.4 and temperature 37 °C with a variation of incubation time of 5 and 7 h. In this study, it was found that the presence of BPA and MeP in the mixtures produced an antagonistic effect to the formation of 8-OHdG compared to BPA and MeP in the separate reaction at the same condition of incubations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bioplastic as an alternative to conventional plastic was synthesized through a crosslinking method by adding maleic acid to reduce the mobility of the structure and to increase the mechanical strength of plastic. The plastic was then reinforced with two different fillers, pure cellulose and cellulose palmitate, which is useful to reduce the level of water intake and increase the strength of the crosslinked PVA/starch. The plastics were then characterized and tested in the level of tensile strength, and swelling ability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Five variations of starch-based bioplastics have been prepared to see the improvement of starch/PVA-based bioplastic characteristics. They are pure PVA, PVA/starch composite, PVA/starch crosslinked with glutaraldehyde, crosslinked PVA/starch and cellulose added, and crosslinked PVA/starch and cellulose palmitate added. Among the five variations, the PVA bioplastic film showed the closest transparency value to conventional plastics but also has the highest degree of swelling and solubility, and the crosslinked PVA/starch showed the least transparency value. The crosslinked PVA/starch with cellulose palmitate as a filler had the lowest DS and solubility. Tensile strength test results proved that the crosslinked PVA/starch and reinforced by cellulose palmitate graft polymer had the highest tensile strength and confirmed as the best result among five bioplastic modifications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research of hydrogel and responsive polymer has been developed rapidly. Advance technologies have made it easier to make a hydrogel based on responsive polymers. One area that has been investigated is the pH sensitivity of polymers and hydrogels. In this research, the synthesis and optimization of pH-responsive P(NMA-co-AM) hydrogels by free radical polymerization using methylenebisacrylamide (MBA) as a crosslinker and ammonium persulfate (APS) as initiator, were conducted. The purpose of this research is to investigate the best contexture of P(NMA-co-AM) hydrogels which had the best swelling ratio by varying the monomer ratio and the concentration of crosslinkers. The results of this study showed that the swelling ratio of homopolymer and copolymer hydrogels increased by the increasing number of acrylamide monomer added. The optimum swelling of P(NMA-co-AM) hydrogel was achieved on monomer composition NMA:AM 40:60 with MBA concentration of 4 % and the pH with the highest swelling ratio of P(NMA-co-AM) hydrogels was achieved in pH ranging 5–7. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pyranopyrazole is a heterocyclic organic compound in which the skeleton is a pyran ring substituted by pyrazole in the ortho position. Pyranopyrazole can be synthesized using aldehyde, hydrazine, ethyl acetoacetate, and malononitrile as precursors with a multicomponent reaction method. Synthesis of pyranopyrazole is carried out through the Knoevenagel condensation reaction, Michael's addition, and cyclization. In this research, nano-Fe3O4 is synthesized from rust and used cooking oil. Synthesis of pyranopyrazole derivate compound reached the optimal condition within 60 min of the reaction with the amount of nano-Fe3O4 catalyst is 1 % (w/w). Benzaldehyde, 2-hydroxybenzaldehyde, and cinnamaldehyde are used in variations of aldehyde in this research. The results show that the reaction in 60 min using nano-Fe3O4 produces pyranopyrazole derivative compounds. The nano-Fe3O4 is characterized using FTIR, XRD, and SEM-EDS instruments. The resulting products are characterized by FTIR, UV-Visible, and GC-MS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The hierarchical credibility model is a model that can accommodate more than one risk factor. This model can better describe the condition of a complex insurance data. Hypothetical mean is used as a quantity to be used for a benchmark of premium calculation. The process of estimating value of hypothetical mean can be done by using the orthogonal projection on one of Hilbert spaces that contains a linear combination of past observations. The estimation of hypothetical mean is a function of structural parameters of the model, which are estimated directly from the data. If the estimation of structural parameters that defines the variance on the upper levels of the hierarchical structure is zero, then that next structural parameters can still be counted with the limit. The methods that can be used to estimate these structural parameters are the Ohlsson method and Bühlmann-Gisler method. In this research, the estimation of hypothetical mean using the hierarchical credibility model and the Bühlmann-Straub model are compared. The result is there is a difference between the usage of both methods when applied on the hierarchical credibility model compared to the Bühlmann-Straub model and the estimation with the hierarchical credibility model defines the situation more realistically. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Modeling survival data depends on the shape of the hazard rate. In this paper, a distribution called the Extended Inverse Lindley distribution, will be introduced. Extended Inverse Lindley distribution is a distribution that is formed from the transformation of the two-parameter Lindley distribution. The transformations used are power transformation and inverse transformation. Thus, the Extended Inverse Lindley distribution can model heavy-tailed data with an upside-down bathtub hazard rate. In this essay, we discuss how to construct Extended Inverse Lindley distribution and characteristics of these distributions. These include the probability density function, cumulative distribution function, survival function, hazard rate, r-th moment, and mode. The parameters of the Extended Inverse Lindley distribution were estimated using the maximum likelihood method. At the end of this paper, the Extended Inverse Lindley distribution is used to illustrate the repairing time data (in hours) for 46 failures of an airborne communications receiver and shown that the Extended Inverse Lindley distribution is more suitable for modeling data than other distributions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The most commonly used time series model is the discrete time series which assumes the variables being tested are continuous and produce continuous values. Whereas in many applications, a discrete time series model is needed to handle discrete variables and produce discrete values as well. The time series model that handles count or non-negative integer data is the Integer-valued Autoregressive model with the pth-order or INAR(p). This model is built with binomial thinning operator which implements probabilistic operations with discrete distribution that are suitable to model count data such as Poisson and Binomial. Model parameters will be estimated using the Yule-Walker method. In this research, we will discuss and describe the characteristics of the INAR(p) model using the binomial thinning operator. The INAR(p) specification follows the Autoregressive model with the pth order, AR(p). Forecasting in INAR(p) uses median forecasting by calculating the conditional probability of each possible non-negative integer value, then selecting a forecast value with a cumulative conditional probability greater than 0.5. The INAR(p) time series model will be applied to the 115 simulated data with non-negative integer values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In reliability systems, there are known two types of systems namely series systems and parallel systems. In the series system, failure will occur if any of the possible events happen. Applications of the series system analysis also varies from inspecting the durability of manufactured products to examining diseases in human. Therefore, several distributions have been introduced to model failure data in series system. However, these distributions cannot model data with bathtub shaped hazard function even though it is the one mostly found in real life situation. As a result, distribution which can model lifetime data in series system with bathtub-shaped hazard function has to be developed. In real life application, there is condition where failure could occur caused by several independent events and has a bathtub shaped hazard function, for example engineering cases and competing risk. Weibull Lindley distribution, which was introduced by Asgharzadeh et al. (2018), is developed to solve the problem. As Weibull Lindley distribution describes lifetime data of an object that can experience failure caused by 2 possible events. It can model data with increasing, decreasing and bathtub shaped hazard function. Asgharzadeh et al. (2018) only show the modeling of Weibull Lindley distribution in medical field which is competing risk data. This paper discusses the process of forming the Weibull Lindley distribution, its properties and parameter estimation using the maximum likelihood method. In addition, the application of Weibull Lindley distribution in engineering field which is the lifetime data of machine consists of two independent components paired in series also be discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To maintain financial stability and to effectively manage risk, an insurer will partially reinsure the loss to a reinsurance company. Two of the most often used reinsurance contracts are quota-share and stop-loss. In quota-share, the loss will be split based on a fixed proportion and the reinsurance premium depends on the value of the proportion, while in stop-loss the loss will be split depending on the retention value. In the hope that these two types of reinsurance can cover each other weaknesses, this study combines both quota-share and stop-loss reinsurance. Subsequently, to get a good coverage for the insurer, it is necessary to find the optimal proportion and retention value. One way to do so is using risk measure optimization. The smaller the value of the risk measure, the smaller the loss borne by the insurer. The risk measure used in this paper is Conditional-Tail-Expectation (CTE), where it involves Value-at-Risk (VaR) in its calculation. Calculated using the expected value principle, the reinsurance premium is used as a constraint in the CTE optimization for each of the reinsurance combinations, which are stop-loss after quota-share and quota-share after stop-loss. By optimizing CTE, it is found that each combination produces the same minimal CTE, so both reinsurance combinations are optimal for use by the insurer. By using different distributions, it is seen that the minimal CTE depends on the distribution's tail behavior. Furthermore, in determining the minimal value, the conditions that are used in optimization using CTE are different from VaR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Modeling the data with a standard distribution is usually difficult to do because of the different characteristics of the body and tail in data. For example, Gamma distribution that has the right-skewing and light tail characteristics is considered unable to model the amount of claim that has a heavy tail. However, the correct fit of the model in the body data and tail data is important in analyzing the risk. Therefore, the splicing distribution is introduced at a threshold value that separates the body and the tail of data. In this paper, splicing distribution at a threshold value is used to model the amount of claim that has heavy tails. The splicing distribution in this paper links a light-tailed distribution for the body data and heavy-tailed distribution for the tail data. In this paper, the splicing distribution of the Truncated Gamma is used to model the data of Phoenix City claim below the threshold value and the Truncated Weibull distribution to model the data above the threshold value. By considering the result of the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, it can be concluded that this distribution is suitable for modeling Phoenix City claim dataset. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Quantile regression is a regression method that modelling a relationship between quantile of variable response and one or more variable predictors. Quantile regression has advantages that linear regression does not have; it is robust against outliers and can model heteroscedasticity data. The parameters of quantile regression can be estimated using the Bayesian method. The Bayesian method is a data analysis tool derived based on the Bayesian inference principle. Bayesian inference is the process of studying data analysis inductively with the Bayes theorem. To estimate regression parameters with Bayesian inference, it is necessary to find the posterior distribution of the regression parameters where the posterior distribution is proportional to the product of the prior distribution and its likelihood function. Since the calculation of the posterior distribution analytically is difficult to do if more parameters are estimated, the Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) method is proposed. The use of the Bayesian method in quantile regression has advantages, namely the use of MCMC has the advantages of obtaining sample parameter values from an unknown posterior distribution, using computationally efficient, and easy to implement. Yu and Moyeed (2001) introduced Bayesian quantile regression using the likelihood function of errors with an Asymmetric Laplace Distribution (ALD) and found that minimizing parameter estimates in quantile regression is the same as maximizing the likelihood function of errors with an Asymmetric Laplace Distribution (ALD). The method used to estimate quantile regression parameters is Gibbs sampling from the ALD, which is a combination of the exponential and normal distributions. To find the parameters of the regression model by sampling the posterior distribution found in this thesis. The results obtained from Gibbs sampling are a sample sequence of estimated parameters. After obtaining the sample sequences, the sample lines are averaged to obtain an estimated regression parameter. The case study in this thesis discusses the effect of risk factors from motor vehicle insurance customers on the size of claims submitted by customers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the few goals of statistical modeling is to see and analyze the probability of an event which can be represented with data. A probability distribution that is used for modeling data should have some abilities such as flexibility for modeling different kinds of data. Therefore, modeling data is of great importance. Furthermore, insurance companies also need to model data, which in this case is called modeling claim data. Modeling the claims distribution has its own challenge (e.g. skewed and heavy tailed) since most of the claim distributions are different from any classical distributions, therefore researchers are trying to find new models that can fit insurance data better. In this paper, a composite Exponential-Pareto distribution was proposed and introduced. This distribution is equal, but not equivalent to, an exponential density up to a certain threshold value, and a Pareto type-I density for the rest of the model. When being compared with the exponential distribution, the emerging density has a similar shape and a larger tail, and while being compared with the Pareto distribution, the emerging density has a smaller tail. A method to develop a composite distribution is called as composite parametric modeling, which introduced by Cooray and Ananda (2005). In this model, both the exponential distribution and the Pareto type-I distribution have the same weight. Based on the result, composite Exponential-Pareto distribution has some limitations, which are likely to severely diminish its potential for practical applications to real world insurance data. In order to address these issues, there are two different composite Exponential-Pareto distributions based on exponential and Pareto type-I distributions in order to address these concerns. These two different composite Exponential-Pareto distributions are based on the two-component mixture model introduced by Scollnik (2007). The first distribution, which is a reinterpreted composite Exponential-Pareto distribution from the first composite Exponential-Pareto distribution based on the two-component mixture model, has a fixed mixing weight. Meanwhile, the second distribution is a composite Exponential-Pareto distribution with a mixing weight that is not fixed so the distribution can be more flexible and can model different kinds of data. These three composite Exponential-Pareto distributions has k-th raw-moment that only defined for some k > 0. Therefore, this distribution can be categorized as a heavy-tail distribution. The result of this research is a composite distribution that could model a lot of data with characteristics such as unimodal, right-skewed, and heavy-tail because the composite distribution has similar characteristics. A data illustration was presented as a demonstration for how to implement the composite Exponential-Pareto distribution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]