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Objective(s): It has been shown that Nanogold particles have anti-inflammatory effects in different Rheumatologic, neurologic and gastrointestinal disease. They inhibit the synthesis of pro-inflammatory cytokines and also infiltration of inflammatory cells. Sublingual immunotherapy is a well-known effective, safe and clinically effective method way of immune response regulation which results in long-lasting symptoms reduction. This research was designed to find the immunological effects of sublingual immunotherapy using Nanogold in mice model of asthma. Materials and Methods: Twenty BALB/c mice were divided into four groups including one group of nonsensitized mice and three groups of asthmatic mice which were treated sublingually with PBS, Nanogold and Beclomethasone. IL-4 and IFN-γ levels were measured in serum and spleen cells supernatant using ELISA. BAL fluid inflammatory cells differential counting and lungs histological analysis were also done. Results: The results revealed that there was significant increase in level of IFN-γ and decrease in level of IL-4 in serum and spleen cells supernatant of Nanogold treated group (p<0.05). These findings indicates the shift of Th2/Th1 balance towards Th1 cells which is protective against asthma. In addition, histological and BAL fluid analysis demonstrated the reduction of cells and eosinophilic infiltration. Conclusion: Based on our results, sublingual immunotherapy by Nanogold has significant anti-inflammatory roll in asthmatic mice. Thus, Nanogold is a potentially valuable agent for controlling the underlying inflammation in asthma. However, further investigations is recommended to find more details about its effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to encapsulation LPS into PLGA nanoparticles and evaluation of effects by SLIT in asthmatic BALB/c mice. LPS-loaded PLGA NPs were prepared in water-in oil-in water method. Sensitized BALB/c mice to ovalbumin as allergen, LPS-loaded PLGA NPs in different low and high doses were administered sublingually. Serum and splenocytes level of some cytokines, also, BALF and lungs histological analysis was performed. SLIT by LPS-PLGA 200nm treatment showed significantly increased the cytokine. The study of BALF and histological examination indicates the reduction of cells and eosinophilic infiltration. The LPS-PLGA NPs could effectively shifted Th2 to Th1/Treg. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transforming growth factor‐β (TGF‐β) plays a complex role in lung cancer pathophysiology, initially acting as a tumor suppressor by inhibiting early‐stage tumor growth. However, its role evolves in the advanced stages of the disease, where it contributes to tumor progression not by directly promoting cell proliferation but by enhancing epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) and creating a conducive tumor microenvironment. While EMT is typically associated with enhanced migratory and invasive capabilities rather than proliferation per se, TGF‐β's influence on this process facilitates the complex dynamics of tumor metastasis. Additionally, TGF‐β impacts the tumor microenvironment by interacting with immune cells, a process influenced by genetic and epigenetic changes within tumor cells. This interaction highlights its role in immune evasion and chemoresistance, further complicating lung cancer therapy. This review provides a critical overview of recent findings on TGF‐β's involvement in lung cancer, its contribution to chemoresistance, and its modulation of the immune response. Despite the considerable challenges encountered in clinical trials and the development of new treatments targeting the TGF‐β pathway, this review highlights the necessity for continued, in‐depth investigation into the roles of TGF‐β. A deeper comprehension of these roles may lead to novel, targeted therapies for lung cancer. Despite the intricate behavior of TGF‐β signaling in tumors and previous challenges, further research could yield innovative treatment strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]