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This article presents a numerical study that aims to explore the dynamic behavior of railway bridges under vibrations induced by heavy-haul traffic. For this purpose, a finite element code that can conduct moving load and moving mass analysis of single span bridges was developed. The software was validated by comparing the numerical response to the analytical solution for various speeds. The numerical analysis of the benchmark bridge under the benchmark train showed the interplay between the natural frequency of the bridge, the mass of the train and the loading frequency. A comprehensive parametric study to investigate the impact of different parameters on the dynamic behavior of railway bridges is also provided. The bridge span length, normalized train length, normalized mass of the train, bridge deck stiffness, and train speed are the variables considered in the parametric study. The results of the extensive numerical analyses improve the understanding of railway bridge behavior under heavy-haul trains, and highlight the impact of the inertial effect of the trains on bridges, especially for varying span length and deck stiffness. It is also demonstrated that, when the train-to-bridge mass ratio exceeds 40%, the inertial effects of the train mass needs to be included in the analysis in order to obtain a reliable estimate of the bridge behavior under different train speeds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]