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Trend analysis is one of the most commonly used tools for detecting changes in climatic and hydrologic time series. Attempts are devoted to the study of seasonal climatology in Syria, including information on the level of rainfall at various climatic stations in Syria for the period 1991-2009. Wet (from October to May) and dry (June to September) seasonal precipitation are obtained from surface observations. There are numbers of statistical tests that exist to assess the significance of trends in time series. However, the existence of positive autocorrelation in the data increases the probability of detecting trends when actually none exist, and vice versa. Most of the recent studies about climate change suggest that the behavior of some of the climatological variables has already changed and will continue to change towards increasing or decreasing magnitudes and frequencies, depending on the type of variable. Increased rainfall and following floods are expected in some regions while other regions will experience smaller rainfall and longer droughts, meaning water scarcity.

Objective: The study aimed at assessing the KAP on Adverse Drug reaction reporting and risk management among Healthcare Professionals in Saudi Arabia. Methods: A cross-sectional survey study was conducted where Participants were recruited from an online survey via a self-reported questionnaire. The data were captured in Microsoft Excel 2021 and were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences. To examine the potential differences in the mean KAP score among Dependent Variables (Knowledge, Attitude, Practice on ADR reporting and risk management) and independent variables (Occupation) repeated measures ANOVA was conducted. A p-value below 0.05 was deemed statistically significant. Results: KAP scores of Pharmacists were (1.9032, 3.1935, 3.3226) is higher when compared with Dentists (1.6667, 2.7778, 3.6667) and General Practitioners (1.1111,1.5, 3). The factor interaction of Participants of the different healthcare fields and KAP scores were not significant (F 2.477, p value 0.097, 2 = 6.871). Conclusion: Pharmacists exhibited superior understanding and disposition towards ADR reporting. Hence, it is imperative to enhance awareness and advocate for ADR reporting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: People who are addicted to amphetamines have a much greater chance of developing psychosis compared to those who are not. It is essential to study the behavioral and psychological effects of amphetamines. Therefore, this research aimed to examine conditions such as depression, anxiety, mood, cognitive abilities at the workplace, and social responsibilities by using sociodemographic factors as useful tools in determining effective strategies for preventing, managing, and treating amphetamine addiction., Methods: A cross-sectional study among addicts hospitalized at two rehabilitation centers across Saudi Arabia between May and October 2023. A validated questionnaire consisting of psychiatric disorders assessment tools was distributed to healthcare professionals to start an interview with addicts to assess the abnormalities. The results were compared with healthy people (control). The assessment tools used are Hamilton Anxiety and Depression Rating Scale, Young Mania Rating Scale, and Work and Social Adjustment Scale. The data were analyzed using SPSS version 22.0. Pearson correlation coefficients ( r ) were employed., Results: A total of 60 subjects participated in this study. The participants were divided into two groups ( n  = 60): group I was control ( n  = 25) healthy volunteers and group II was amphetamine abusers ( n  = 35), who were hospitalized for detoxification. The ages ranged from 18 to 60 years old with mean ages of 38.68 (±8.14) and 37.77 (±10.95) years in the control and amphetamine groups, respectively. Among the addicts, the mean severity dependence scale value was 10.46 (±1.82), which denotes high dependency on the illicit drug. The prevalence of high levels of anxiety, depression, and bipolar disorder was significantly higher among addicts when they were compared to healthy people (control). The assessment of the Work and Social Adjustment Scale (WSAS) reflected a higher impairment that minimized their ability to perform the work requirements, home management, social leisure, and relationships., Conclusions: The addiction to amphetamines was associated with high impairment of work performance and social obligations and a negative impact on the addict's mental health. The risk of suffering anxiety, depression, and bipolar is higher than in nonaddict people. These effects are attributed to brain damage, neurotoxicity, and neuronal inflammation, particularly when these substances are abused over extended periods and at higher doses., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Saud D. AlOtaibi et al.)