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A multi-contingency analysis is essential to modern power systems that improve system security. It helps to identify and analyse the various possible contingencies that may arise during the operation of a power system. The anticipation of multi-contingency (N-2) cases is a very important task since most of these forced multiple outages can cause serious troubles within a short time, like severe violations of operation constraints, cascading failures, and system blackouts. Identifying these multiple outages will help with planning ahead to reduce the impact of these risks. This paper introduces an algorithm for analyzing the power system under multi-contingency analysis occurrence using the Fast Decoupled load flow method. The proposed algorithm was applied to the IEEE-30 Bus test system under different scenarios of multiple outages including the most severe case represented by the separation of bus-bars. The results show the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm regarding analysing and monitoring bus voltage, line flow, and total system losses. All programs were written in a MATLAB environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Given the massive increase in demand for electrical energy, particularly owing to global climate change and population expansion, as well as the development of complicated electrical systems due to the urgent need for a sophisticated component to enhance power delivery, it becomes important to adopt a smart and contemporary approach that is also appropriate for the aim of protecting transmission lines (TLs) and ensuring the continuous delivery of electric power to customers. Consequently, a unique and highly reliable approach for identifying faults in TLs is presented in this work, which employs Wavelet Transform and is evaluated using Matlab simulation. Wavelets of various kinds were utilized to demonstrate their dependability. Furthermore, utilizing this approach has shown itself to be highly successful and has yielded spectacular results even when it is used on a complicated electrical network. Moreover, many types of faults were presented and afterward evaluated and verified for the network in various settings, which also demonstrated their potential to recognize faults within a relatively short space of time. This innovation will alter the idea of fault detection by providing a complete and integrated model for detecting faults in a TL, and it may be regarded as a revolution in the renewal of core principles in TL protection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An amalgamation of Green Distributed Generation (GDG) with Distribution Networks (DNs) was developed because its performance became more efficient and sustainable. It increased the challenges in the design and operation of the protection scheme and changed the short circuit current (SCC), voltage profile, power losses, and power flow direction after the GDG penetration. These changes rely on the number, size, location, and environmental influence according to the GDG type. Therefore, many researchers have discussed protection system challenges and presented types of protection approaches to find a robust protection layout for DNs integrated with GDGs to prevent the electrical equipment from being destroyed during abnormal conditions. This paper represents an exhaustive survey of GDG integration with DNs and its effects on protection design challenges. Furthermore, this paper summarizes the modern protection methods and detection technologies, along with their important aspects that have been accessed. One of the important and reliable methods is resetting and coordinating between protection devices (PDs) that operate in the same distribution feeder. This methodology focuses on restricting the main variables and parameters used in the PDs setting after the GDG is embedded to recalculate the suitable setting and coordination. Optimization techniques should be used to find the best setting or location of the protection system in the DNs, in addition to calculating the optimal GDG scale and location. However, international standards are used to specify the suitable equations that satisfy high protection system characteristics to ensure the DNs' reliability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The economic analysis is the most important parameter in the engineering projects. The current research aims to propose economic and financial analysis in order to assess the feasibility for a 2kWp designed PV system with a battery capacity of 500Ah for each residential consumer of Baghdad city in Iraq comparing with a 2.5kVA gasoline generator and thus calculating the total expected revenue from the use of PV system against using conventional electricity generation sources (gasoline generator). The economical evaluations in this work clarified that the life cycle cost of the conventional source (gasoline generator) is approximately doubled the life cycle cost of the PV system for a 2kWp system capacity. This result indicates that the using of PV system for residential sector in Baghdad city is feasible when compared with conventional electricity source. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

photovoltaic generation is variable from hour to another based on the sun energy and hence the consumer cannot use and utilize all the energy produced from PV system. Therefore, the ability of applying the management technique can be appear by storing this surplus energy in batteries and then discharge it at night. For this purpose, this work presents an optimized storage energy system design in order to utilize the not beneficiary PV energy as well as to shave peak loads at night. It is found that 500Ah battery bank is required to cover the peak loads (2.4kWh) at night for residential consumer of Baghdad city. Because batteries are expensive, it was necessary to suggest methods to store this energy and discharge it in the proper time. Therefore, six applicable scenarios for storage energy were suggested and built using MATLAB software to optimize the electricity usage and reduce the losses. These scenarios provide a desired change in the load profile shaping (main function of DSM). The implementation of active demand side management dependent on traditional demand side management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]