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Copyright of Americanía. Revista de Estudios Latinoamericanos is the property of Revista Americania - Universidad Pablo de Olavide and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The cruel repression against the opponents of the coup d’état organized against the regime of Salvador Allende on 11 September 1973 pushed hundreds of them into exile. From September 1973 to July 1974, several hundred people were welcomed in the embassy, as well as in the residence of the French ambassador and his wife, Pierre and Françoise De Menthon, Fifty years later, the exiles who agreed to recall the memory of this history bear witness to their improvisation and dedication. For Cahiers d’histoire, the two directors evoke the meaning and the stakes of their work, produced by Pauline Marion-Mataillet for La Société des Apaches. The film premiered at the Maison de l’Amérique latine in Paris in July 2022, in the presence of the President of the Chilean Republic, Gabriel Boric. A version of 52 minutes is available in replay on France TV, a version of 68 minutes is offered to independent cinemas, associations and collectives who would like to show it.

Domestic is a term that encompasses intimate partner violence wherever it occurs and in whatever form. Galtung categorizes violence into three types of direct, structural, and cultural violence. The purpose of this article is to analyze Allende's Violeta (2022) based on Galtung's category of violence and Simeon de Beauvoir's feminist theory. This is a qualitative library-based study. Allende presents female characters who are victims of domestic violence at the hands of their husbands, their partners, and not their fathers. There are different types of domestic violence practiced against women and children in the novel due to the patriarchal perspective, culture, norms, and customs. Structural violence makes the role of cultural violence transparent. It is the role of cultural violence that legalizes structural violence. It is concluded that in order to eliminate domestic violence against women, the cultural violence resulting from the patriarchal system must be replaced with a new culture of anti-oppression, non-violence, and mutual understanding toward women.

Copyright of Revista de Historia (07169108) is the property of Universidad de Concepcion and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The degassing of Allende carbonaceous chondrite (CV3 type) was studied using a setup specially designed for this purpose. The experiments involved stepwise heating (without gas accumulation) and isothermal annealing of meteorite samples with the composition of released gases determined through gas chromatography methods in the temperature range from 200 to 800°C. To account for sorbed water, degassing at 50 and 110°C was additionally analyzed. The Raman and IR spectra of both the primary Allende substance and the substance after its annealing at three temperatures (200, 500, and 800°C) were obtained. These spectra were used to trace the thermal transformation of the substance of the meteorite's parent body and estimate the maximum temperature of metamorphism. The results were compared with the degassing of the Murchison carbonaceous chondrite of another type (CM2). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The following paper attempts to show that beyond the differences between the Chilean and Cuban paths to socialism, the real differences between the two models were based on the way of sustaining socialist conquests and not on the path taken to achieve them or the way to seize power. Cubans and Chileans, as defenders of sovereignty, defended their line of action, but assumed the legitimacy of the opposite. Fidel Castro's trip is ultimately presented as the culmination of an effort by both countries to foster consensus and ward off possible mistrust. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Domestic is a term that encompasses intimate partner violence wherever it occurs and in whatever form. Galtung categorizes violence into three types of direct, structural, and cultural violence. The purpose of this article is to analyze Allende's Violeta (2022) based on Galtung's category of violence and Simeon de Beauvoir's feminist theory. This is a qualitative library-based study. Allende presents female characters who are victims of domestic violence at the hands of their husbands, their partners, and not their fathers. There are different types of domestic violence practiced against women and children in the novel due to the patriarchal perspective, culture, norms, and customs. Structural violence makes the role of cultural violence transparent. It is the role of cultural violence that legalizes structural violence. It is concluded that in order to eliminate domestic violence against women, the cultural violence resulting from the patriarchal system must be replaced with a new culture of anti-oppression, non-violence, and mutual understanding toward women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Resumen Se estudian los juicios de los individuos acerca del período del gobierno del Presidente Allende en Chile, particularmente la crisis que se agudizó en los años 1972 y 1973, que precedió al golpe militar de septiembre de 1973 y la instauración de una dictadura. Se enfatiza en la perspectiva de las personas corrientes, en base a inéditos datos de una encuesta panel aplicada durante el período por un equipo de investigadores encabezados por Eduardo Hamuy, uno de los fundadores de la sociología en Chile. Se sigue a las mismas personas entre el momento previo a la agudización de la crisis y luego cuando ésta ya había madurado, distinguiendo a los encuestados según su posición con respecto al apoyo al Presidente. La evolución de la opinión de las personas encuestadas amplía el conocimiento sobre el período a nivel microsocial en la sociedad chilena. A partir de los individuos encuestados, se analizan aspectos claves relacionados con género, clase social, identidad política y opinión sobre los principales problemas del país.

Jean-Paul Sartre's notion of bad faith and Elaine Scarry's view of torture as "suspension of civilization" can be adapted to reveal the symbolic order behind Isabel Allende's narrative. Love is interwoven with the shadows of the revolution in Chile: the advances in technology, new socialist ideas, the spectre of communism, and above all the right-wing military coup. While men ignore the evidence, the brutality and corruption of the dictatorship bring human beings to a halt. Against passivity and manipulation, Allende, if read through Sartre's and Scarry's lenses, indicates the path towards salvation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Brief analysis of political relations between Chilean President Salvador Allende and contemporary Argentine governments. During the Allende government, the latter country was between the military dictatorship and the transition to democracy, which was reinstated with the assumption of the Argentine presidency of the Peronist Héctor J. Cámpora in May 1973. Consequently, we approached Allende's political relations with the successive governments which, with different ideological signs, followed up from the military dictatorship to the resignation of President Cámpora and the interim presidency of Raúl Lastiri. Our emphasis is placed on the outstanding aspects of the political relations carried out between the governments of both countries, such as the coincidences reached on border issues, economic cooperation, and the problems related to the requests for political asylum from Argentine guerrillas who fled to Chile in 1972, as well as the conspiracies of far-right Chilean opponents operating clandestinely in Argentina. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From new political history, this paper analyzes Salvador Allende's reception of the Cuban revolutionary process between 1953 and 1964. About this, until the triumph of the Cuban revolution this process did not occupy a relevant place in the continental political references of the socialist leader. The foregoing changed rapidly after the revolutionary triumph, carrying out an intense process of reaffirmation and deepening of his main definitions regarding the character of the Chilean revolution. In this way, through the analysis of his parliamentary speeches, party documentation, magazines and militant memoirs, it is possible to point out that the Cuban Revolution became an important experience and input for Salvador Allende during the process of formulating his strategic project. On the one hand, to ratify its commitment to the peaceful path and on the other, to develop central elements of its national-popular programmatic proposal with a view to socialism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Key Points High spatial and magnetic moment sensitivity microscopy techniques have revolutionized meteorite paleomagnetism in the last decade Fu et al. (2021) used quantum diamond microscopy to reinterpret the magnetization of Allende with implications for the protoplanetary disk Further work is required to interpret extraterrestrial paleomagnetic remanences, and how to recover reliable paleointensity estimates

En este artículo se examinan los cuestionamientos señalados por algunos historiadores a principios del siglo XXI sobre que estarían en deuda con el estudio del gobierno de Allende y de la Unidad Popular (UP) en Chile (1970-3). Si bien los historiadores han investigado los diversos temas y problemas de ese período con diversa profundidad, hay temas que no se han abordado en su totalidad: por ejemplo, la relación entre socialistas, comunistas y el presidente Allende, y la participación de mujeres de izquierda, nativos y jóvenes en el país. el referido proceso histórico. Sin embargo, este trabajo aborda los aportes sobre el tema realizados principalmente por autores chilenos en libros y artículos sobre la UP, a saber: estudios generales del período, trabajos sobre Allende y algunos de sus colaboradores cercanos, los cambios económicos que afectaron intereses privados nacionales e internacionales, algunos de las fuerzas de Izquierda y Derecha (partidos y movimientos), sectores sociales populares, el Estado golpista, los militares, la cultura y la prensa. Un aspecto novedoso en un número significativo de estos trabajos es el uso de entrevistas con testigos que jugaron un papel significativo o vivieron el período de la UP.

This article examines the questioning indicated by some historians at the beginning of the twenty-first century regarding that they would be in debt to the study of the Allende government and the Popular Unity (UP) in Chile (1970–3). Although historians have investigated the diverse issues and problems of that period in varying depth, there are topics that have not been fully addressed: for example, the relationship between socialists, communists and President Allende, and the participation of left-wing women, native people and youth in the referred historical process. However, this work addresses the contributions on the subject made mainly by Chilean authors in books and articles on UP, namely: general studies on the period, works concerning Allende and some of his close collaborators, the economic changes that affected national and international private interests, some of the forces of the Left and Right (parties and movements), popular social sectors, the state coup, the military, culture and the press. A novel aspect in a significant number of these works is the use of interviews with witnesses who played a significant role in, or lived through, the UP period.

In this article, the co-editors introduce key themes and contributions of this special issue of Radical Americas, particularly as they pertain to the 50th anniversary of Chile’s Popular Unity revolution (1970–3) and the more recent estallido social (social uprising), which began in Santiago de Chile in October 2019. They underline the historical context for contemporary events, arguing the need to recognise the influence, memory and significance of the past in the present.

Chondrites are the most common meteorites in the world. However, the carbonaceous chondrites represent only a small fraction of those. Among them, Allende meteorite is one of the most studied carbonaceous chondrites. The main objective of this paper is to use the Raman spectral peak positions of olivine as a parameter to chondrite classification, here, specifically, Allende meteorite. Although these correlations are not new in the literature, this approach has not been used to classify carbonaceous chondrites yet. To develop the olivine calibration, only the peak positions of the doublet in the 700–1100 cm−1 region were analyzed in this study. The typical Raman spectrum of olivine displays two major peaks, here called Peak A, with Raman shifting in the 814–824 cm−1 range, and Peak B, in the 836–857 cm−1 range. The results of measurements found were perfectly matched to a linear correlation between Peak A and Peak B. The peak position versus composition plot shows a good correlation between the samples used as reference. The correlation curve obtained from the reference olivines is consistent with the data found in literature, as well as the peak versus peak plot. Finally, from the analysis of the olivine Raman spectral peak positions present in Allende meteorite, it is possible to conclude that there is little Fe in its matrix. Actually, the proportion of metallic Fe is less than 3% when the range of fayalite content is between Fa26–32.Thus, although the exact amount of iron present in the sample is not entirely clear, this kind of methodology quickly and effectively provides a response regarding the Fa ratio in the meteorite. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Protest has long been a motor of change in Chile. In October to December 2019 protesters in Santiago harnessed protest methods and memories of hope and change related to Salvador Allende’s Popular Unity government (1970–3), resistance to the Pinochet dictatorship (1973–90) and discontent with the subsequent decades of neoliberal democracy (1990–2019). The 2019 protests evoked this past in the struggle against the neoliberal system of today. In doing so, the protests offer a complex demonstration of temporal bridging that provides a window onto protest culture and the persistence of the past in contemporary Chile.

Protest has long been a motor of change in Chile. In October to December 2019 protesters in Santiago harnessed protest methods and memories of hope and change related to Salvador Allende's Popular Unity government (1970-3), resistance to the Pinochet dictatorship (1973-90) and discontent with the subsequent decades of neoliberal democracy (1990-2019). The 2019 protests evoked this past in the struggle against the neoliberal system of today. In doing so, the protests offer a complex demonstration of temporal bridging that provides a window onto protest culture and the persistence of the past in contemporary Chile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present work tries to identify, through the historiographic analysis of newspaper sources, the reactions that the presidential elections in Chile in 1970 provoked in the Spanish press of the time, and the way in which it made this fact known. In addition to highlighting the importance of this milestone in the history of Chile, the sources show its relationship with the historical process experienced in the peninsula, also becoming a transcendent event in the context of the cold war. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, the co-editors introduce key themes and contributions of this special issue of Radical Americas, particularly as they pertain to the 50th anniversary of Chile's Popular Unity revolution (1970-3) and the more recent estallido social (social uprising), which began in Santiago de Chile in October 2019. They underline the historical context for contemporary events, arguing the need to recognise the influence, memory and significance of the past in the present. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Radical Americas is the property of UCL Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Lead isotope compositions were measured on both single and combined chondrules from the CV3 carbonaceous chondrite Allende with the goal of determining the range of Th/U implied by the radiogenic 208Pb*/206Pb* values. All samples were aggressively acid step-leached to separate radiogenic from primordial lead. It is found that apparent Th/U varies both between individual chondrules and between the different leaching fractions of each chondrule or group of chondrules. Specifically, the apparent Th/U ratio deviates from the planetary value (3.876), varying spectacularly from 0.65 to 14.6. Variations between leachates and residues disclose the existence of internal heterogeneities, while inter-chondrule variations reveal the presence of external heterogeneities. Three main explanations for the observed Th-U fractionation that are not mutually exclusive prevail: (1) uranium species, notably UO and UO 2 , coexisted in the nebular gas at high temperature, whereas Th existed exclusively as ThO 2 ; (2) chondrules interacted with an exotic oxidized vapor; and (3) chondrules represent melt of dust of different origins, a hypothesis dictated by the evidence of internal heterogeneity. The extent to which the measured apparent Th/U variability is due to each of these particular processes is difficult to assess, but the existence of substantial Th/U heterogeneity, especially within, but also among, single (or pooled) chondrules from the same chondrite calls for caution when Pb-Pb linear arrays, or mixing lines, are assigned isochronous significance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chondrules in chondritic meteorites are unique witnesses of nebular and asteroidal processes that preceded large-scale planetary accretion. Together with refractory calcium-aluminium-rich inclusions (CAIs), they are the sources of our knowledge of the initial evolution of the early Solar System. We have investigated a single very large (>10 mm in longer dimension) chondrule, hereafter, the mega-chondrule A25-2, extracted from the Allende CV3 chondrite. We characterised texture, mineralogy and mineral chemistry of this chondrule, and studied its Al-Mg, U-Pb and U-isotope systematics. We also studied the distribution of U, Th and Pb, and measured Pb isotopic composition in individual minerals of A25-2 by secondary ion mass-spectrometry (SIMS). The main difficulty in absolute age determination was the presence of pervasive and resilient non-radiogenic Pb. In the search for the best way to separate radiogenic Pb from non-radiogenic Pb components of terrestrial and asteroidal origins, we used various protocols of multi-step leaching and assessed their efficiency in generating data suitable for the construction of an isochron. Testing the data filtering procedure led us to explore the behaviour of the stepwise leaching method in the presence of pervasive and resilient non-radiogenic Pb. The model age patterns observed in the final HF partial dissolution steps were probably induced by isotopic fractionation. Although step leaching did not yield fractions with highly radiogenic Pb, a Pb-Pb isochron age, corrected for measured 238U/235U was obtained by: (1) data filtering process based on strict analytical and geochemical criteria to include in the Pb-Pb isochron only leaching steps free from terrestrial contamination and (2) arithmetically recombined analyses to cancel the effects of leaching-induced isotopic fractionation. This extensive data processing yielded the age of 4568.5 ± 3.0 Ma, which we consider reliable within its uncertainty limits, although it is not as precise as, and more model dependent than, the age that could have been obtained if Pb isotopic compositions were more radiogenic. The 238U/235U ratio of the mega-chondrule is 137.764 ± 0.016, which is similar to the ratios obtained from single chondrules yet slightly different from small pooled Allende chondrules. The initial 27Al/26Al ratio inferred from internal isochron obtained from SIMS Al-Mg isotope measurements is (5.4 ± 6.5) × 10–6, which corresponds to 4565.0 + 0.8/−∞ Ma, assuming homogeneous distribution of 26Al throughout the protoplanetary disk at the canonical level (∼5.2 × 10−5). This age is 3.5 ± 3.1 Ma younger than the Pb-isotopic age. Calculation of 26Al-26Mg age assuming initial (27Al/26Al) 0 of (1.36 ± 0.72) × 10–5 in the CV chondrule-forming region yields the age of 4566.4 + 0.8/−∞, which is consistent with the Pb-isotopic age. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Until 11 September 1973, Chile was a strong democracy facing increasingly turbulent conditions which culminated with the overthrow of Salvador Allende's left-wing Unidad Popular government by right-wing military dictator Augusto Pinochet. The factors leading to the coup d'état are controversial, including a widely held belief that it was engineered by the US President Richard Nixon, Secretary of State Henry Kissinger, and the Central Intelligence Agency. This paper traces the domestic and international political, economic, and military conditions that led to the coup. It finds little evidence of direct US involvement in the coup and that Chilean civilmilitary relations and economic pressure from multinational corporations were greater factors than US government involvement. The third major factor was a series of strikes and other civil unrest in response to widespread economic hardship in Chile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present new nucleosynthetic, radiogenic and stable Sr isotopic data from fifteen previously studied CAIs from the Allende CV3 meteorite, including the highly altered Curious Marie inclusion. We use double-spike TIMS techniques to determine the degrees of isotopic mass fractionation, and also present internally normalised data for the same sample digestions to permit comparisons with previous studies and couple these isotopic data with Rb, Sr, Eu and Th abundance data to consider the origins and relationships of the isotopic variations documented here. Analysed CAIs display elevated μ84Sr anomalies of +58 ppm to +287 ppm, with variability far outside of analytical uncertainties (13 ppm 2 s.d.). We cannot tell at present whether these variations arise from heterogeneities in p -process 84Sr or in the other non-radiogenic isotopes of Sr (86Sr, 88Sr) that are produced by the main s -process, weak s -process, and r -process. All inclusions fall on an offset mass-dependent fractionation line in three-isotope space (δ88/86Sr vs δ84/86Sr) identical within error to that previously defined by bulk undifferentiated meteorites, and have a total range of δ88/86Sr of ∼5.3 ‰ (+1.67 ‰ to −3.67 ‰), reflecting kinetic isotope effects during partial condensation/evaporation and/or low-temperature alteration processes. CI-normalized Sr/Th ratios in our CAIs correlate with normalized Eu/Th ratios with a ∼ 1:1 relationship, regardless of texture or Sr-isotopic values. This indicates that Sr and Eu had similar condensation behaviors with Eu condensing as Eu2+ and having the same chemical behavior in minerals as Sr2+ under conditions relevant to CAI formation in the solar nebula. Rb/Th ratios are highly variable: fine-grained CAIs display elevated Rb/Th ratios, consistent with the introduction of Rb into the CAIs by alkali-rich secondary alteration fluids. The μ84Sr anomalies measured in our CAIs are similar (in magnitude) to those found in carbonaceous chondrites that formed in the outer part of the solar system. A way to reconcile this observation with the formation of CAIs near the Sun would be if the inventories of Sr and other refractory elements in carbonaceous chondrites are dominated by a cryptic refractory dust component (CRD) that was formed early and near the Sun, and was subsequently transported outwards to the carbonaceous chondrite-forming region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract We report in situ ion-microprobe analyses of Li- and O-isotope compositions for olivine, low-Ca pyroxene, high-Ca pyroxene, and chondrule mesostasis/plagioclase in nine chondrules from the Allende CV3 chondrite. Based on their mineralogy and O-isotope compositions, we infer that the chondrule mesostasis/plagioclase and ferroan olivine rims were extensively modified or formed during metasomatic alteration and metamorphism on the Allende parent asteroid. We excluded these minerals in order to determine the correlations between Li and both O and the chemical compositions of olivines and low-Ca pyroxenes in the chondrules and their igneous rims. Based on the O-isotope composition of the olivines, nine chondrules were divided into three groups. Average Δ17O of olivines (Fo >65) in group 1 and 2 chondrules are −5.3 ± 0.4 and −6.2 ± 0.4‰, respectively. Group 3 chondrules are characterized by the presence of 16O-rich relict grains and the Δ17O of their olivines range from −23.7 to −6.2‰. In group 1 olivines, as Fa content increases, variation of δ7Li becomes smaller and δ7Li approaches the whole-rock value (2.4‰; Seitz et al., 2012), suggesting nearly complete Li-isotope equilibration. In group 2 and 3 olivines, variation of δ7Li is limited even with a significant range of Fa content. We conclude that Li-isotope compositions of olivine in group 1 chondrules were modified not by an asteroidal process but by an igneous-rim formation process, thus chondrule olivines retained Li-isotope compositions acquired in the protosolar nebula. In olivines of the group 3 chondrule PO-8, we observed a correlation between O and Li isotopes: In relict 16O-rich olivine grains with Δ17O of ∼−25 to −20‰, δ7Li ranges from −23 to −3‰; in olivine grains with Δ17O > −20‰, δ7Li is nearly constant (−8 ± 4‰). Based on the Li-isotope composition of low-Ca pyroxenes, which formed from melt during the crystallization of host chondrules and igneous rims, the existence of a gaseous reservoir with a δ7Li ∼ −11‰ is inferred. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A través del análisis de la novela Synco de Jorge Baradit y el cuento "Exerion" de Pablo Castro, se propone el uso de la literatura de ciencia ficción como vehículo para la curación de traumas producidos por la dictadura chilena de Augusto Pinochet. Los autores creen que a través del extrañamiento y la heterotopía, la ciencia ficción puede ser útil y pertinente a lo que se ha venido a llamar como literatura del trauma.

Introduction: Dr. Salvador Allende often worked between the years 1933 and 1937 for the pathology department in the Carlos van Buren Hospital, performing autopsies in the medical cause death cases. Materials and Methods: the pathology department books from 1937 were reviewed sear ching for the autopsies performed by Dr. Allende and those were selected. The books and autopsies of the years 1933-1936 could not be found. The demographic data about patients were transfered into an excel spreadsheet. The results were expressed as numbers and percentages. Results: Dr. Allende performed 54 autopsies over a period of 5 months, which corresponded to 12.6% of all the autopsies performed that year. Of the 54 patients, 48 were male (88.8%), with an average age of 46 (9-97) years. Most of them had Chilean nationality and unemployed. 53.7% of studied cases died by an infectious cause being the most common pneumonia and tuberculosis. The concordance between clinical diagnoses and pathology department were 70.3%. Conclusions: Only a small part of the autopsies performed by Dr. Salvador Allende in HCVB was found. Most deceased patients were young men and unemployed. The main causes of death were pneumonia and tuberculosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of the article is to describe and problematize the concept of socialist utopianism in the Chilean context of the twentieth and twenty-first centuries through an analysis of Jorge Baradit's alternate history novel, Synco. Published in 2008 but chronologically situated in the 1980s, Baradit's novel imagines socialist Chile as a dystopia disguised as a technologically advanced eutopia. This brings into the foreground many utopian contents of the past socialist experience in the country that are eventually dismantled by the anti-utopian, anti-ideological postdictatorship perspective of the author, which constitutes both a critique and a testament of the weakened state of current political trust and militancy in the country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The origin of magnetization in Allende may have significant implications for our understanding of core formation/differentiation/dynamo processes in chondrite parent bodies. The magnetic Allende data may contain information that could constrain the magnetic history of Allende. The measurements on Allende chondrules reveal an existence of magnetization component that was likely acquired during the meteorite transit to terrestrial conditions. Both the pyrrhotite carrying magnetic remanence intensity and direction of the chondrules change erratically when subjecting the Allende meteorite's chondrules to temperatures near 77 K and back to room temperature. Chondrules with more intense original magnetization are denser and contain larger inverse thermoremanent magnetization (ITRM). Temperature dependent monitoring of ITRM revealed that magnetization was acquired at temperature near 270 K. Such temperature is consistent with the condition when, in addition to temperature increase, the atmospheric uniaxial pressure applied during the meteorite entry on the porous material was responsible for meteorite break up in the atmosphere. During this process, collapse of the pore space in the matrix and some chondrules would generate crystalline anisotropy energy accumulation within pyrrhotite grains in form of parasitic magnetic transition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

La llamada Vía chilena al socialismo, hoja de ruta del gobierno de la Unidad Popular presidido por Allende, constituyó una propuesta doblemente hipotecada por condicionantes externos. Por una parte, el continente era un territorio bajo jurisdicción indiscutible de los Estados Unidos, en un escenario mundial de Guerra Fría; por otra, el paradigma anticapitalista continental era laCuba revolucionaria. La paradoja de Allende consistió en que mientras que para Washington Allende era un revolucionario contrastado, para los cubanos y sus seguidores era poco más que un reformista. Solo le reconocieron plenamente su condición de revolucionario cuando se inmoló en La Moneda. Allí quedó claro que en América Latina no había otra forma de ser auténticamente revolucionario y alcanzar el socialismo que la establecida por el canon cubano: la lucha armada.

Glass inclusions trapped in Mg-rich olivines within type I chondrules from the Allende (CV3) and Jbilet Winselwan (CM2) chondrites were analyzed by EPMA (Electron Probe Microanalysis) for major elements and by SIMS (Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry) for Cl and S (analyzed here for the first time in chondrule-hosted glass inclusions). The inclusions from Jbilet Winselwan are poor in Na 2 O, whereas those from Allende are Na-rich, displaying up to 8 wt.% Na 2 O. The source of Na is a central issue in terms of chondrule origins because of the volatility of Na at high temperature. The wide scatter in Na 2 O contents of olivine-hosted glass inclusions from chondrules has led the community to propose that Na 2 O came from late interactions of chondrules with a Si/Na-rich gas. To gain new insights into the origins of the Na 2 O recorded in glass inclusions, heating experiments (up to 1810 °C) were performed on Allende inclusions in an effort to constrain the initial composition of the trapped melts. Our results demonstrate that sodium (although volatile) does not escape from inclusions during heating, thus confirming that glass inclusions behave as closed systems. Furthermore, heated olivines still bear inclusions containing up to 7.2 wt.% of Na 2 O. Olivines are thought to form at temperatures at which Na is volatile. This implies that (1) Na from glass inclusions cannot come from condensation but rather results from trapping in a Na-rich environment, which implies a high pressure, as in a melting planetasimal (2) there may be two distinct origins for the sodium: an indigenous origin for the sodium trapped inside glass inclusions and a gaseous origin for the sodium recorded in mesostasis from chondrules. Consequently, these results are in favor of a planetesimal origin for olivine from chondrules. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the form of an essay the author tackles the personality, formation, readings, battles, leadership, excommunication and execution of Hidalgo alongside other fighters who participated in the independence like Morelos, Allende, López Rayón and Quintana Roo. She presents their heroism and sacrifice, military aspects, crucial successes and failures for the movement, like the battle of Puente de Calderón, without ignoring the participation of notable women like Josefa Ortiz de Domínguez and Leona Vicario.

This treatise proposes the practice of becoming-responsible as a basis for integral micropolitics, defined as taking active responsibility for the well-being of the totality of living beings without exception, for the sake of that well-being alone. After reviewing two extant integral models for political action and interaction, demonstrating some of the limitations inherent in them, some ways are outlined in which the characteristic features of becoming-responsible—including critical clarity, compassion, competence, and consciousness—can be expressed in the realm of public concern; first, theoretically, drawing on a model proposed by poet and artist William Blake, and second, also historically, reflecting on an experiment in radical democracy in Chile (1970-1973), such that both examples critique and advance the claims and methods of mainstream integral theory as well as the alternative approach elaborated in this essay.Keywords: Allende, Blake, Chile, democracy, integral praxis, inte

The arrival of the Popular Unit to the "La Moneda" (1970-1973) starts a process of democratization in Chile, that the dominant groups perceive as a threat and as a challenge to his existence as social sector. To counteract this process the provides itself with a political party defined by a nationalist doctrine and a strategy that called for a strong mobilization of masses towards the desensitization of the UP. This article describes the Political Practice and ideological speech of the Right in those years, and aims to demonstrate the constitution of an exceptional "Class Unity" in Chile and in Latin American Political History and that those Practices and Speeches were crucial not only in the fall of Allende, but also in creating the model of society that emerged from then and continues today.