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The diversity of the Elampini cuckoo wasps in northeastern Brazil is reviewed. Three new species are described: Hedychrum oxente Lucena & Zanella sp. nov., Holopyga lunae Lucena sp. nov., and Muesebeckidium clemensi Lucena & Zanella sp. nov. A lectotype is designated for Holopyga piliventris Ducke, 1907 and herein illustrated. Elampus aequinoctialis Ducke, 1901 is restored as a valid species (previously synonymized with Elampus gayi Spinola, 1851) and diagnosed. Holophris huberi (Ducke, 1901) and Muesebeckidium clemensi sp. nov. represent the first records of both genera to northeastern Brazil. New records along with up-to-date distributional maps are discussed, and an identification key to the species of Holopyga from northeastern Brazil is provided. The total diversity of Elampini recorded for northeastern Brazil is now represented by the following eight species: Elampus aequinoctialis Ducke, 1901, Exallopyga guatemalensis (Cameron, 1888), Hedychrum oxente Lucena & Zanella sp. nov., Holophris huberi (Ducke, 1901), Holopyga iheringi du Buysson, 1901, H. lunae Lucena sp. nov., H. piliventris Ducke, 1907, and Muesebeckidium clemensi Lucena & Zanella sp. nov.

Genus Exallopyga French This Neotropical genus contains three valid species: Exallopyga difficilis (Spinola, 1851), E. guatemalensis (Cameron, 1888), and E. jenseni (du Buysson, 1909). There are no records of hosts for this genus. Exallopyga is easily distinguished from other genera of Elampini based on the following combination of unique features: axilla slightly produced into the wing fossa; F1–F5 with distinctly elongated distal sensillae; and the aedeagus of male genitalia with submedial spinose lobe (French 1985, Lucena & Almeida 2022). French (1985) described the genus, revised its species, and provided an identification key and illustrations of diagnostic characters. Only Exallopyga guatemalensis (Cameron) is known from Brazil., Published as part of Lucena, Daercio A. A., Santos-Neto, Pedro E., Zanella, Fernando C. V. & Almeida, Eduardo A. B., 2022, Taxonomic review of the elampine cuckoo wasps from northeastern Brazil (Hymenoptera: Chrysididae), with the description of three new species, pp. 201-235 in Zootaxa 5213 (3) on page 208, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5213.3.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7359903, {"references":["Spinola, M. (1851) Insectos. Orden 7. Himenopteros. Crisiditas. XI. In: Gay, C. (Ed.), Historia fisica y politica de Chile. Zoologia. Maulde, Renon, Paris, pp. 404 - 413.","Cameron, P. (1888) Family Chrysididae. In: Porter, R. H. (Ed.), Biologia Centrali-Americana, 1883 - 1900, Hymenoptera. Vol. 1. Tayler and Francis, London, pp. 1 - 487.","du Buysson, R. (1909) Hymenopteres chrysidides de la region de Mendoza. Entomologiske Meddelelser, 3 (2), 195 - 200.","French, L. D. (1985) Exallopyga, a new genus of Neotropical Elampinae (Hymenoptera: Chrysididae). Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society, 58 (4), 620 - 625.","Lucena, D. A. A. & Almeida, E. A. B. (2022) Morphology and Bayesian tip-dating recover deep Cretaceous-age divergences among major chrysidid lineages (Hymenoptera: Chrysididae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 194, 36 - 79. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / zoolinnean / zlab 010"]}

Genus Muesebeckidium Krombein This genus is one of the rarest South American Elampini and comprises morphologically modified species. The distinctive modified tarsomeres and mesosomal sclerites readily distinguish them from other genera. Diagnostic features include the strongly produced anterolaterally mesopleuron; lateral margin of pronotum bordered with strong carina; female pro- and mesotarsomeres flattened and expanded laterally (often held coiled); and protarsal claw strongly curved. There is still no record of host for this genus. Krombein (1969) suggested that the likely host may be some Pemphredoninae, which nest in twigs and make partitions between the cells and the closing plug of the nest from small, rather loosely packed particles of pith. According to him, the modified tarsomeres of Muesebeckidium would allow it to easily penetrate the nest by displacing the particles that close the entrance, thus giving the parasitoid access to the host cells. Currently, there are three described species in the genus, two from North America and one in South America (only known from Amapá and Pará states, northern Brazil), but only the species in North America have been revised (Krombein 1969, Bohart & Kimsey 1982). For the first time this genus is reported for northeastern Brazil and a new species is described., Published as part of Lucena, Daercio A. A., Santos-Neto, Pedro E., Zanella, Fernando C. V. & Almeida, Eduardo A. B., 2022, Taxonomic review of the elampine cuckoo wasps from northeastern Brazil (Hymenoptera: Chrysididae), with the description of three new species, pp. 201-235 in Zootaxa 5213 (3) on page 229, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5213.3.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7359903, {"references":["Krombein, K. V. (1969) The generic placement of two Nearctic Holopyga with biological notes (Hymenoptera: Chrysididae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 71 (3), 351 - 361.","Bohart, R. M. & Kimsey, L. S. (1982) A synopsis of the Chrysididae in America North of Mexico. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute, 33, 1 - 266."]}

Muesebeckidium clemensi Lucena & Zanella sp. nov. (Fig. 18) Diagnosis (female). Muesebeckidium clemensi sp. nov. resembles M. paraense (Ducke, 1901), but is readily distinguished based on the conspicuous punctation of vertex, pronotum and scutum (nearly impunctate in M. paraense), denser and coarser punctation on metasomal terga (finely and sparsely punctate in M. paraense), and scutellum with broad and dense polygonal-shaped foveae, with three to five rounded angles (scutellum with relatively larger and evenly rounded foveae in M. paraense). Description. Holotype, female. Body length: 5.7 mm. Head. Height 0.65 × breadth; least distance between antennal rims 0.73× MOD; scape more or less cylindrical, slightly wider submedially, with a frontal longitudinal weak carina, 3.8× longer than its maximum width; F1 length 1.8× apical breadth, 1.5× longer than F2, F2 similarly longer than F3; F3–F10 subequal in size; F11 slightly longer than F10; lower medial margin of clypeus slightly concave, with conspicuous black apical band; subantennal distance about 0.6× MOD; malar space very short, 0.1× MOD; POL 2.3× OL, 0.7× OOL; inner ocular margin slightly convergent sub-basally, LID 1.3× scape length; eye height 1.9× breadth. Mesosoma. Anterior and lateral margins of pronotum bordered with strong carina; notaulus and parapsidal signum faintly marked; scutellum with groove along the anterior edge, partially interrupted in the middle; R1 2 v very short, barely visible; metatarsal claw bifid, with single, large, subapical tooth; outer surface of profemur smooth; tarsomeres without spines. Metasoma. Anterolateral corner of T1 with projected flange; T3 apical margin evenly round, slightly beveled medially. Coloration. Predominantly metallic green, with blue highlights on metasoma (depending on the kind of light it presents purple highlights as depicted in Fig. 18); base of mandible, scape, and pedicel, green; apex of clypeus, half distal mandible, flagellomeres, and tegulae, brown; wing membrane light fuscous with brown veins; distal tarsomeres and inner surface of basitarsomeres light brown; distal rim of T1–T2 dark brown, without metallic green luster; sterna and laterotergites entirely brown. Sculpture. Vertex and frons finely and sparsely punctate, becoming coarser and denser on lower frons; scapal basin densely cross-ridged, with some small marginal punctures; clypeus punctulate; scape densely punctulate; gena with sparse punctures, somewhat rugose-striate longitudinally; pronotum and most of scutum finely and sparsely punctate, with large foveae inserted only laterally; scutellum, metanotum and mesopleuron densely foveate, those of scutellum and metanotum broad, polygonal-shaped, with three to five rounded angles; metasomal terga finely and densely punctate, particularly on T2–T3; anterior declivity of T1 mostly impunctate, small punctures inserted posterolaterally. Vestiture. Head with long, dense, yellowish pale setae, particularly on vertex and frons, becoming shorter and sparser on face, along inner ocular margin and gena; scapal basin glabrous; clypeus and outer surface of mandible with relatively long, yellowish pale setae; scape with short, dense, pale setae; flagellomeres with short, suberect, pale setae; eye with sparse microtrichia among ommatidia (magnification near 100×); dorsum of mesosoma with conspicuous, relatively long, yellowish pale setae, becoming longer and denser on pronotum and scutum; posterior propodeal projection with dense, decumbent, pale setae; lateral pronotum and metapleuron-propodeum nearly glabrous, except for some sparse marginal setae; wing membrane lacking setae on half proximal portion; coxae and femora with long, dense, pale setae; meso- and metatibiae with short, dense, even, pale setae; venter of tarsomeres with dense, even, spine-like setae; dorsum of metasoma with abundant, relatively short, suberect, pale setae; laterotergites and sterna with short piligerous pilosity. Male. Unknown. Material examined. Holotype ♀. BRAZIL, Paraíba: São José do Sabugi, Serra do Brejinho, 29.iv.2001, F. C. V. Zanella / CE-UNILA HYHY 00442 (RPSP). Distribution. BRAZIL (Paraíba) (Fig. 19). Host. Unknown. Remarks. Previous to this study, the sole South American species of Muesebeckidium has been recorded only from localities with Amazon rainforest, in northern Brazil, Amapá and Pará states (Ducke 1913, 1914). This is the first record of Muesebeckidium in a habitat characterized by a seasonally dry deciduous forest in South America. The depository of the type series of M. paraense (Ducke) was listed as unknown by Kimsey & Bohart (1991). Ducke (1901) described the species based on a series of three female specimens from Pará (8, 10, and 22 July 1901). Obrecht & Huber (1993) listed a syntype hosted at the Natural History Museum Bern (not examined). We have examined another syntype deposited at the MNHN (EY 25529) and an ordinary female specimen identified by A. Ducke from Oiapoque (Amapá) (MZSP 04580). Currently, the type depository of the third syntype is unknown. Since we could not examine all available primary types, we decided not to designate lectotype for Ducke’s species. We consider that this lectotype designation should be done in the context of a future taxonomic revision of the genus. Etymology. The new species is named after Clemens Schlindwein (Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais). His research on insect-plant interactions, particularly in northeastern Brazil, has led to relevant improvement in the field. Additionally, he contributed significantly to the beginning of our study of the Chrysididae from northeastern Brazil by collecting and donating several singular specimens., Published as part of Lucena, Daercio A. A., Santos-Neto, Pedro E., Zanella, Fernando C. V. & Almeida, Eduardo A. B., 2022, Taxonomic review of the elampine cuckoo wasps from northeastern Brazil (Hymenoptera: Chrysididae), with the description of three new species, pp. 201-235 in Zootaxa 5213 (3) on pages 229-231, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5213.3.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7359903, {"references":["Ducke, A. (1901) Beitrage zur Kenntnis der geographischen Verbreitung der Chrysididen und Beschreibung von drei neuen Arten. III. Ueber Goldwespen von Para (Nordbrasilien). Zeitschrift fur Systematische Hymenopterologie und Dipterologie, 1, 353 - 361.","Ducke, A. (1913) As Chrysididas do Brazil. Catalogos da fauna Brazileira, Museu Paulista, 4, 1 - 31.","Ducke, A. (1914) Emendas ao Catalogo das Chrysididas do Brazil. Revista do Museu Paulista, 9, 229 - 230.","Kimsey, L. S. & Bohart, R. M. (1991 [\" 1990 \"]) The Chrysidid Wasps of the World. Oxford Science Publications, New York, New York, 652 pp.","Obrecht, E. & Huber, C. (1993) Ducke type specimens and other Brazilian insect types in the Emil A. Goeldi collection in the Natural History Museum Bern (Switzerland). An annotated catalogue. Jahrbuch des Naturhistorischen Museums Bern, 11, 163 - 184."]}

Holophris huberi (Ducke, 1901) (Fig. 10) Ellampus (!) (Ellampus) (!) huberi Ducke, 1901: 356. Holotype ♀. BRAZIL, Pará, 23.vii.1901, A. Ducke (MNHN: examined by photos). Holophris huberi; generic combination by Kimsey & Bohart (1991). Extended diagnosis (female). Body 3.9 mm. Head high 0.7× breadth, metallic green, with purple highlight on vertex; vertex polished, with some sparse, small punctures inserted among ocelli; frons foveate-striate; scapal basin smooth; gena transversely striate, with scarce, sparse, tiny punctures; frons with sparse, short, suberect, gold setae, becoming longer and denser on clypeus, below on face and base of mandible; occiput with relatively long, gold setae; vertex, gena and scapal basin glabrous; eye glabrous (magnification above 100×); F1 length 1.4× breadth, 1.6× longer than F2; scape and pedicel green; flagellomeres brown; mandible castaneous brownish, with metallic green highlight basally; malar space 1.5× MOD; subantennal distance 0.7× MOD; OOL 0.7× POL, 1.6× OL. Mesosoma mainly metallic green, with distinct purple highlight on pronotum and scutum, nearly glabrous, except for short, sparse, gold setae on propleuron, mesopleuron, metapleuron-propodeum, and legs; metapectal-propodeal complex with purplish tints on posterior declivity; pronotum, scutum and disc of scutellum polished, mostly impunctate, with only marginal foveae; anterior declivity of pronotum with row of deep pits; lateral pronotum with small, deep pit; mesopleuron and metanotum densely foveate; tarsal claw with two subsidiary teeth; legs mostly metallic green, tarsomeres light brown; tegula brown purplish; wing membrane light fuscous with brown veins. Metasoma purple greenish, with broad marginal translucent rim; terga glabrous, polished, with only sparse, tiny, marginal micropunctures on T2–T3; T3 medially notched; sterna metallic green, with relatively long, gold setae, denser on S3. Male. Same as female, except: denser striate marks on frons and gena; mesopleuron transversely striate; denser micropunctures on vertex and metasoma; purple tints on head and mesopleuron. Variation. Specimens vary from 3.7 to 4.3 mm in total body length. Material examined. Holotype ♀. BRAZIL, Pará: 23.vii.1901, A. Ducke (MNHN 25537). Amazonas: Manaus, Faz. Esteio, 10.xi.1987, M. V. B. Garcia (INPA: 1♀). Bahia: Jequié, ix.2016, R. C. L. Antunes (RPSP: 1♀). Espírito Santo: Linhares, Res. Biol. Sooretama, 19°00′11.5″S 40°07′08″W, 06.iv.2002, C. O. Azevedo & Eq. Col. (MZSP: 1♂). Minas Gerais: Barbacena, 24.x.1905, A. Ducke (MPEG: 1♀). Belo Horizonte, Campus UFMG Pampulha, 26.iii.1982, A. C. Faria (UFMG 1802833: 1♀). Pará: Óbidos, 21.xii.1906, A. Ducke (MPEG: 1♀). Same data as preceding, except: 20.xi.1907 (MZSP 04581: 1♀). Rio Grande do Sul: Viamão, Parque Estadual de Itapuã, 12.ii.2004, G. S. Franco (MCPPV: 1♀). Same data as preceding, except: 23.xi.2003 (MCPPV: 1♀). São Paulo: Luiz Antônio, Estação Ecológica de Jataí, 21°36′47.4″S 47°49′04.1″W, 16.i.2008, R. I. R. Lara (RPSP: 1♀). Same data as preceding, except: 21°35′17.6″S 47°47′29.6″W, 29.x.2008, N. W. Perioto (RPSP: 1♂ 1♀); 01.x.2008 (RPSP: 1♀); 13.ii.2008 (RPSP: 1♀); 27.ii.2008 (RPSP: 1♀). Itirapina, Estação Ecológica de Itirapina, 22°13′27.9″S 47°54′05.9″W, 20–22.xii.2016, Tavares, Porto, Lucena, Gibran & Yoshida (RPSP: 1♀ 1♂). Ribeirão Preto, 21°10′05″S 47°51′23″W, 16–30.xi.2014, D. S. Amorim (RPSP: 2♀). Same data as preceding, except: 13–30.xi.2014 (RPSP: 1♀); 13.vi.1972, M. Mazucato (RPSP: 1♂); 20.x.1972 (RPSP: 1♀). Teodoro Sampaio, 14.iv.2012, P. R. Lopes (RPSP: 1♀). Distribution. BRAZIL (Amazonas, Bahia, Espírito Santo, Minas Gerais, Pará, Rio Grande do Sul, São Paulo) (Fig. 11). Host. Unknown. Floral records. Croton trinitatis (= Croton chamaedrifolius) (Euphorbiacea). Remarks. The depository for the type specimens of Holophris huberi (Ducke, 1901) and H. albolimbatus (Ducke, 1908) were listed as unknown by Kimsey & Bohart (1991). We have located and examined the holotype of H. huberi and one syntype of H. albolimbatus, both hosted at the MNHN. Differences between these species are subtle but consistent. According to Ducke (1908), H. huberi differs from H. albolimbatus based on its relatively larger body size and lack of golden or coppery highlights on the head and mesosoma. Furthermore, the apical margin of T3 is medially notched only in H. huberi. Between these species, H. huberi is the most widely distributed in Brazil. The sole record in northeastern Brazil is from Jequié-BA, therefore, this species probably does not occur extensively in the Caatinga biome (see comments under Elampus aequinoctialis). Ducke (1913) treated two species as junior synonymies of H. huberi: Elampus iridescens Norton, 1879 and E. minutissimus Brèthes, 1902 and cited that this species had an extensive distribution, from the Amazonian region in northern Brazil through the Cerrado savannah in Minas Gerais state, reaching the southmost Brazilian state of Rio Grande Sul, and Mendoza in Argentina. Kimsey & Bohart (1991) interpreted E. iridescens (currently Omalus iridescens) and E. minutissimus (currently Holophris minutissimus) as distinct species, but anyway acknowledged a wide geographical range for H. huberi, from Venezuela in northern South America through Brazil, Paraguay, and Argentina. We confirmed all previous records from Ducke (1913) for localities in Brazil and added new ones (Fig. 11). Still, since there are no specific localities indicated by Ducke (1913) and Kimsey & Bohart (1991) for additional South American countries, we decided to only represent in our Figure 11 records that correspond to specimens we examined. The extended diagnosis above is based on a female from Itirapina, São Paulo state (southern Brazil)., Published as part of Lucena, Daercio A. A., Santos-Neto, Pedro E., Zanella, Fernando C. V. & Almeida, Eduardo A. B., 2022, Taxonomic review of the elampine cuckoo wasps from northeastern Brazil (Hymenoptera: Chrysididae), with the description of three new species, pp. 201-235 in Zootaxa 5213 (3) on pages 217-219, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5213.3.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7359903, {"references":["Ducke, A. (1901) Beitrage zur Kenntnis der geographischen Verbreitung der Chrysididen und Beschreibung von drei neuen Arten. III. Ueber Goldwespen von Para (Nordbrasilien). Zeitschrift fur Systematische Hymenopterologie und Dipterologie, 1, 353 - 361.","Kimsey, L. S. & Bohart, R. M. (1991 [\" 1990 \"]) The Chrysidid Wasps of the World. Oxford Science Publications, New York, New York, 652 pp.","Ducke, A. (1908) Contribution a la connaissance de Hymenopteres des deux Ameriques. Revue d'Entomologie, 27, 28 - 55.","Ducke, A. (1913) As Chrysididas do Brazil. Catalogos da fauna Brazileira, Museu Paulista, 4, 1 - 31.","Norton, E. (1879 [\" 1878 \"]) On the chrysides of North America. Transactions of the American Entomological Society and Proceedings of the Entomological Section of the Academy of Natural Sciences, 7, 233 - 242. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 25076375","Brethes, J. (1902) Contributions a l'etude des Hymenopteres de l'Amerique du Sud et specialement de la Republique Argentine: Les Chrysidides. Anales del Museo Nacional de Buenos Aires, 3 (1), 263 - 294."]}

Genus Elampus Spinola These wasps are represented in all biogeographic regions except Australian, with their highest diversity found in the Palearctic and Nearctic regions (e.g., Huber & Pengelly 1978, Kimsey & Bohart 1991). Some Nearctic and Palearctic species are cleptoparasites of ground-nesting Crabronidae (Huber & Pengelly 1978, Kimsey & Bohart 1991, Kimsey 2006, Evans & O’Neill 2007). There is no record of hosts for the Neotropical species. This genus is easily distinguished from other Elampini in South America based on the following combination of unique features: T3 distal margin produced medially, forming a snout-like process; female profemur ventrally keeled; metanotum produced, forming a mucronate-like sclerite; and female gena usually with a row of erect, even setae. Lucena & Gomes (2016) described a new species from northern Brazil, reviewed previously described ones, and presented a key for the species recorded in South America. In that study, Elampus aequinoctialis Ducke, 1901 was found to be a junior synonym of E. gayi Spinola, 1851, following the previous interpretation by Ducke (1911). The examination of additional material from Argentina, Brazil, and Chile revealed morphological differences between these species, as detailed below. In Brazil, this genus is currently represented by three species: E. aequinoctialis Ducke, 1901, E. macuxi Lucena, 2016 (in Lucena & Gomes 2016), and E. pulchricollis Ducke, 1911. Only E. aequinoctialis Ducke is recorded in northeastern Brazil., Published as part of Lucena, Daercio A. A., Santos-Neto, Pedro E., Zanella, Fernando C. V. & Almeida, Eduardo A. B., 2022, Taxonomic review of the elampine cuckoo wasps from northeastern Brazil (Hymenoptera: Chrysididae), with the description of three new species, pp. 201-235 in Zootaxa 5213 (3) on page 204, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5213.3.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7359903, {"references":["Huber, J. T. & Pengelly, D. H. (1978 [\" 1977 \"]) A revision of the genus Elampus Spinola (Notozus of authors) (Hymenoptera: Chrysididae) in America North of Mexico. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Ontario, 108, 75 - 138.","Kimsey, L. S. & Bohart, R. M. (1991 [\" 1990 \"]) The Chrysidid Wasps of the World. Oxford Science Publications, New York, New York, 652 pp.","Kimsey, L. S. (2006) California Cuckoo Wasps in the Family Chrysididae (Hymenoptera). University of California Publications in Entomology, London, 319 pp.","Evans, H. E. & O'Neill, K. M. (2007) The Sand Wasps: Natural History and Behavior. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, London, 340 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.4159 / 9780674036611","Lucena, D. A. A. & Gomes, R. S. (2016) New species of Elampus Spinola, 1806 (Hymenoptera: Chrysididae), with a key to the Neotropical species of the genus. Zootaxa, 4117 (4), 555 - 566. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4117.4.7","Ducke, A. (1901) Beitrage zur Kenntnis der geographischen Verbreitung der Chrysididen und Beschreibung von drei neuen Arten. III. Ueber Goldwespen von Para (Nordbrasilien). Zeitschrift fur Systematische Hymenopterologie und Dipterologie, 1, 353 - 361.","Spinola, M. (1851) Insectos. Orden 7. Himenopteros. Crisiditas. XI. In: Gay, C. (Ed.), Historia fisica y politica de Chile. Zoologia. Maulde, Renon, Paris, pp. 404 - 413.","Ducke, A. (1911 [\" 1909 \"]) Terzo supplemento alla revisione dei crisididi dello stato brasiliano del Para. Bollettino della Societa Entomologica Italiana, 41, 89 - 115."]}

Elampus gayi Spinola, 1851 (Figs 2E–H) Elampus gayi Spinola 1851: 413. Lectotype ♀, designated by Rosa & Xu 2015: 50. CHILE, De Santa Rosa y de la Ligua, D. Gay (MRSN: examined by photos). Elampus gayi Spinola; Dahlbom 1845: 47; Huber & Pengelly 1978: 93; 1980: 49; Bohart & Kimsey 1991: 168; Rosa & Xu 2015: 50; Lucena & Gomes 2016: 556. Ellampus (!) (Notozus) gayi; Mocsáry 1889: 79; Ducke 1913: 13. Diagnosis. This species closely resembles E. aequinoctialis (Ducke). Elampus gayi is comparatively longer than E. aequinoctialis (4.4 mm in the former vs. 3.6 mm in the latter), and has denser sculpturing on vertex, pronotum, scutum, and disc of T2–T3 (Fig. 2E–H). Material examined. Lectotype ♀. CHILE: De Santa Rosa y de la Ligua, D. Gay (MRSN). Paralectotype female, CHILE, Gay (MNHN). ARGENTINA, Catamarca: Santa María, i.1983, Peña (AMNH: 1♀). La Pampa: General Pico, 07.xii.1940, Parker H. L. (USNM: 2♀). Mendoza: Santa Rosa, 1908, Jensen A. C. (MNHN: 1♀). San Juan: Zonda, 28.xi.1993, Michelette E. R. F. (RPSP: 1♂). Same data as preceding, except: 17.xi.1993 (RPSP: 2♂); 20.i.1994 (RPSP: 1♀); 06.ii.1994 (RPSP: 8♂). Río Negro: Lamarque, Fritz P. (AMNH: 1♀ 1♂). Luis Beltrán, xi.1991, Fritz P. (AMNH: 1♂). Choele Choel, xi.1991, Fritz P. (AMNH: 5♂). CHILE, Biobío: Concepción, 13.xii.1908, Herbst P. (AMNH: 2♂). Coquimbo: La Higuera, Llanos de Los Choros, 15.x.1971, Rozen & Peña (AMNH: 2♀ 1♂). Maule: Curicó, Río Teno, 25–28.xi.1981, Luis & Peña (AMNH: 1♂). Santiago: Tiltil, Cuesta la Dormida, 01.xi.1969, Rozen & Peña (AMNH: 1♀). Distribution. Argentina (Catamarca, La Pampa, Mendoza, San Juan, Río Negro); Chile (Biobío, Coquimbo, Maule, Valparaiso, Santiago) (Fig. 3). See comments under E. aequinoctialis. Host. Unknown. Taxonomic notes and key to species of Elampus. The genus Elampus is now represented in South America by four valid species: E. aequinoctialis Ducke, E. gayi Spinola, E. macuxi Lucena, and E. pulchricollis Ducke. By summarizing the preceding remarks, amendments are needed in the previous key of South America species of Elampus (Lucena & Gomes 2016): couplets 2–3 are herein modified to include Elampus aequinoctialis. 1. Marginal terga without basolateral translucent border; metanotum rectangular posteriorly; dorsal surface of mesosoma and apical margin of mandibles with distinct reddish highlights; apical margin of T3 rounded; tarsal claws with single subsidiary tooth............................................................................ Elampus macuxi Lucena - Marginal terga with narrow translucent rim or with broad membranous whitish border along basolateral margins; metanotum truncated or pointed posteriorly; dorsal surface of mesosoma and mandibles without reddish highlights; distal margin of T3 with medial notch; tarsal claws with two subsidiary teeth..................................................... 2 2. Marginal terga with broad membranous whitish rim; integument of head, pronotum and scutum dull and impunctate; scapal basin transversely cross-ridged; integument of T3 apical process smooth.................. Elampus pulchricollis Ducke - Marginal terga with narrow translucent border; integument of head, pronotum, scutum, and metasoma polished and punctate; scapal basin smooth, without cross-ridge or wrinkles; integument of T3 apical process wrinkled...................... 3 3. Vertex, pronotum, scutum, and discs of T2–T3 sparsely sculptured, minimally 1.5–2× PD apart (Fig. 2A–D), usually wider; small-sized, body size shorter than 4 mm [Brazil]................................... Elampus aequinoctialis Ducke - Vertex, pronotum, scutum, and discs of T2–T3 densely sculptured, usually no more than 1× PD apart (Fig. 2E–H); moderatesized, body size longer than 4.2 mm [western Argentina and Chile]............................ Elampus gayi Spinola, Published as part of Lucena, Daercio A. A., Santos-Neto, Pedro E., Zanella, Fernando C. V. & Almeida, Eduardo A. B., 2022, Taxonomic review of the elampine cuckoo wasps from northeastern Brazil (Hymenoptera: Chrysididae), with the description of three new species, pp. 201-235 in Zootaxa 5213 (3) on pages 206-208, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5213.3.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7359903, {"references":["Spinola, M. (1851) Insectos. Orden 7. Himenopteros. Crisiditas. XI. In: Gay, C. (Ed.), Historia fisica y politica de Chile. Zoologia. Maulde, Renon, Paris, pp. 404 - 413.","Rosa, P. & Xu, Z. (2015) Annotated type catalogue of the Chrysididae (Insecta, Hymenoptera) deposited in the collection of Maximilian Spinola (1780 - 1857), Turin. Zookeys, 471, 1 - 96. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 471.6558","Dahlbom, A. G. (1845) Disposito methodica specierum Hymenopterorum, secundum Familias Insectorum naturales. Particula secunda. Dissert. Typis Berlingianis, Lund, 20 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 66977","Huber, J. T. & Pengelly, D. H. (1978 [\" 1977 \"]) A revision of the genus Elampus Spinola (Notozus of authors) (Hymenoptera: Chrysididae) in America North of Mexico. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Ontario, 108, 75 - 138.","Huber, J. T. & Pengelly, D. H. (1980 [\" 1979 \"]) Two new species of Elampus (Hymenoptera: Chrysididae) from Puerto Rico and Cuba with notes on Elampus viridis Cresson. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Ontario, 110, 47 - 51.","Kimsey, L. S. & Bohart, R. M. (1991 [\" 1990 \"]) The Chrysidid Wasps of the World. Oxford Science Publications, New York, New York, 652 pp.","Lucena, D. A. A. & Gomes, R. S. (2016) New species of Elampus Spinola, 1806 (Hymenoptera: Chrysididae), with a key to the Neotropical species of the genus. Zootaxa, 4117 (4), 555 - 566. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4117.4.7","Mocsary, A. (1889) Monographia Chrysididarum orbis terrarum universi. Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, 643 pp.","Ducke, A. (1913) As Chrysididas do Brazil. Catalogos da fauna Brazileira, Museu Paulista, 4, 1 - 31."]}

Holopyga iheringi du Buysson, 1901 (Fig. 12) Holopyga iheringi du Buysson, 1901: 99. Holotype ♀. BRAZIL, Rio Grande do Sul, Ihering (NHMW: examined by photos). Extended diagnosis (female). Body 9 mm. Head breadth 1.4× height, metallic bluish green, densely foveate on vertex, becoming sparser on gena and transversely cross-ridged on scapal basin; vertex with sparse, pale, long setae, becoming longer and denser on gena and along inner ocular margin; eye with scarce microtrichia among ommatidia (magnification above 100×, oblique view); F1 length 4.3× breadth, 1.7× longer than F2; F2 as long as F3; F4–F11 progressively shorter; F11 slightly truncate apically; malar space 0.3× MOD; subantennal distance 0.5× MOD; POL 3.4× OL; 0.8× OOL; scape, pedicel, and F1 metallic bluish green, F2 brown with green highlight; F3–F11 brown; mandible castaneous brownish, with metallic green highlight basally. Mesosoma densely foveate, largest and deepest foveae on scutellum and metanotum; bluish green, bluer on pronotum, mesopleuron and scutum; metanotum and posterior declivity of propodeum with bluish purple highlights; pronotum and metapleuron-propodeum faintly striate; yellowish pale setae short and sparse, denser on mesopleuron and metanotum; tarsal claw with three subsidiary teeth; legs mostly metallic green, tarsomeres light brown with greenish highlights; wing membrane fuscous with brown veins. Metasoma densely foveate, particularly on T1 and T3, with short, suberect, yellowish pale setae on terga; T1 bluish green, anterior declivity of T1 with broad impunctate marginal areas, with punctate bands of small punctures medially; T2 with anteromedial dark blue band, posterior margin with purple highlight, punctation on disc finer and sparser than on T3; T3 mainly blue with metallic green highlight marginally, slightly depressed posteromedially, marginal border slightly notched medially; sterna metallic green, densely punctulate, with dense, semidecumbent, yellowish pale setae. Male. Same as female, except: meso- and metasoma greener; tarsomeres light brown, lacking green highlight; apical margin of T3 truncate medially. Variation. Specimens vary from 8.1 to 9.5 mm in total body length. The female specimen from Igarassu-PE differ from specimens collected in different localities by two discrete features: basolateral margin of T3 slightly angulate, and disc of T3 with longitudinal, impunctate, polished stripe. In all other features the examined specimens are identical. Material examined. Holotype ♀. BRAZIL, Rio Grande do Sul (NHMW). Minas Gerais: Passos, iii.1964, C. T. Elias (MZSP 04570: 1♂). Pernambuco: Igarassu, Usina São José, Zambana, 11.xi.2008, Araújo & Santos leg. (RPSP: 1♀). Rio Grande do Sul: Candiota, Chácara da Hortec, 13.i.2000 (MCPPV: 1♀). Pântano Grande, 01.xii.1995, Clemens Schlindwein (MCPPV: 1♀). Tenente Portela, Parque Turvo, 04.xii.1985, J. R. Cure (MCNZ: 1♂). Quaraí, Estância S. Roberto, 14.xi.1985, J. R. Cure (MCNZ: 1♀). Distribution. BRAZIL (Minas Gerais, Pernambuco, Rio Grande do Sul) (Fig. 17). Host. Unknown. Floral records. Eryngium horridum (Apiaceae). Remarks. Holopyga iheringi most resembles H. luzulina Dahlbom. This species is readily distinguished from H. luzulina based on the relatively large-sized body, with specimens of H. iheringi usually exceeding 8.5 mm long (against 7.5 mm of H. luzulina). Additionally, H. iheringi is easily distinguished by the inner margin of tarsal claw with three subsidiary teeth (two teeth in H. luzulina), F1 bluish green (greenish brown in H. luzulina), and the body color predominantly greenish blue (green in H. luzulina). Images of the holotype female housed at the Museum of Natural History Vienna were made available by Rosa et al. (2020). The extended diagnosis above is based on a female from Candiota, Rio Grande do Sul state. The female specimen illustrated in the Figure 12 is from Igarassu, Pernambuco state. The sole record of this species in northeastern Brazil is within the Atlantic Forest Biome, therefore, it is possible that this species does not occur in the Caatinga., Published as part of Lucena, Daercio A. A., Santos-Neto, Pedro E., Zanella, Fernando C. V. & Almeida, Eduardo A. B., 2022, Taxonomic review of the elampine cuckoo wasps from northeastern Brazil (Hymenoptera: Chrysididae), with the description of three new species, pp. 201-235 in Zootaxa 5213 (3) on page 220, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5213.3.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7359903, {"references":["du Buysson, R. (1901) Sur quelques Chrysidides du Musee de Vienne. Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien, 16 (1), 97 - 104.","Rosa, P., Madl, M., Zettel, H. & Zimmermann, D. (2020) An illustrated and annotated catalogue of the Chrysididae (Insecta: Hymenoptera) types deposited at the Natural History Museum Vienna. Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien, B, 122, 17 - 140."]}

Elampus aequinoctialis Ducke, 1901 sp. resurr. (Figs 1, 2A–D) Ellampus (!) (Notozus) aequinoctialis Ducke 1901: 359. Lectotype ♀, designated by Lucena & Gomes 2016: 560. BRAZIL, Pará, 25.vii.1901, A. Ducke (MPEG: examined). Elampus aequinoctialis (Ducke); Kimsey & Bohart 1991: 166. Elampus gayi Spinola; Ducke 1911: 97; Ducke: 1913: 13; Lucena & Gomes 2016: 556 (partim, synonymy with E. aequinoctialis). Diagnosis. Metasomal terga with narrow translucent border along lateral margins; scapal basin smooth; dorsum of head, mesosoma and metasoma with sparse sculpturing; metanotum somewhat truncated posteriorly, broader than long; tarsal claw with two subsidiary teeth. Elampus aequinoctialis Ducke closely resembles E. gayi Spinola. These species are almost identical, even comparing geographically distant samples. They can be distinguished based on the sparser sculpturing on vertex, pronotum, scutum, and disc of T2–T3 of E. aequinoctialis (Fig. 2A–D). Additionally, E. aequinoctialis is comparatively shorter than E. gayi (on average 3.6 vs. 4.4 mm). Material examined. Lectotype ♀. BRAZIL, Pará: 25.vii.1901, A. Ducke (MPEG 11062003). Bahia: Jequié, campus UESB II, 20.xi.2006, Silva-Júnior J. C. & cols. (CEDU-UNILA: 1♀). Ceará: Baturité, Ducke (MPEG: 1♀). Minas Gerais: Passa Quatro, 1904, Wagner S. (MPEG: 1♀). São Gonçalo do Rio das Pedras, 1903, Wagner S. R. (MPEG: 1♀). Santa Vitória, ii.1970, Oliveira F. H. (AMNH: 1♀). Santa Catarina: Seara [Nova Teutonia], 10.ii.1948, Fritz P. (USNM: 2♀). Same data as preceding, except: 29.ii.1948 (USNM: 1♀); 07.ii.1948 (AMNH: 1♂). São Paulo: Itirapina, Estação Ecológica de Itirapina, 20–22.xii.2016, Tavares, Porto, Lucena, Gibran & Yoshida (RPSP: 2♀ 1♂). Same data as preceding, except: 26–28.xi.2016, Almeida, Porto, Lucena, Gibran & Yoshida (RPSP: 2♀ 1♂). Luiz Antônio, Estação Ecológica de Jataí, 19.xii.2007, Perioto N. W. (RPSP: 1♀). Same data as preceding, except: 16.i.2008 (RPSP: 2♀). Teodoro Sampaio, 20.i.2012, Lopes P. R. (RPSP: 1♀). Same data as preceding, except: 18.ii.2012 (RPSP: 3♀ 1♂). Distribution. BRAZIL (Bahia, Ceará, Minas Gerais, Pará, Santa Catarina, São Paulo) (Fig. 3). Host. Unknown. Remarks. Elampus aequinoctialis and E. gayi are readily distinguished from other South American species by the shape and the development of metanotum, scapal basin lacking transverse striae, metasomal terga with narrow translucent rim, tarsal claw with two subsidiary teeth, and the shape of apical T3(Lucena &Gomes 2016).Additionally, distinguishing the genders of E. aequinoctialis and E. gayi without extracting the genitalia is challenging. Some females can be easily recognized if the metasomal tube composed of the internalized terga (“ovipositor”) is exserted. However, if only the tip of the metasomal tube is visible, this structure can be confused with the partly exserted male genitalia and vice versa (see comments below for E. gayi). According to our interpretation, E. gayi corresponds to the records in central Chile and Argentina, with the recognition of E. aequinoctialis as a distinct species exclusive to Brazil (Fig. 3). The records for E. aequinoctialis in northeastern Brazil do not imply that this species occurs in the Caatinga biome, since two recorded sites represent distinct habitats: an evergreen Semidecidual forest “Brejo de altitude” in Baturité, Ceará state; and a transition zone between caatinga xerophilous vegetation and semidecidual evergreen forest in Jequié, Bahia state (Westerkamp et al. 2007, Lucena et al. 2012, 2021). Here we adopt the form of writing the species name as follows: Elampus aequinoctialis Ducke, 1901. Kimsey & Bohart (1991: 166) listed this species as Elampus aequinoctialis (Ducke, 1901), with parentheses enclosing the author and publication year to indicate the change in the generic combination. We follow Article 51.3.1 of the Code, which states that “parentheses are not used when the species-group name was originally combined with an incorrect spelling or an emendation of the generic name” (ICZN 1999). Our interpretation also applies to Elampus pulchricollis Ducke, 1911, as would apply to any other species-group names combined with an incorrectly spelled genus-group name. The historical controversy surrounding this genus name shall be addressed in future research with this taxon because it exceeds the scope of this work., Published as part of Lucena, Daercio A. A., Santos-Neto, Pedro E., Zanella, Fernando C. V. & Almeida, Eduardo A. B., 2022, Taxonomic review of the elampine cuckoo wasps from northeastern Brazil (Hymenoptera: Chrysididae), with the description of three new species, pp. 201-235 in Zootaxa 5213 (3) on pages 204-206, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5213.3.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7359903, {"references":["Ducke, A. (1901) Beitrage zur Kenntnis der geographischen Verbreitung der Chrysididen und Beschreibung von drei neuen Arten. III. Ueber Goldwespen von Para (Nordbrasilien). Zeitschrift fur Systematische Hymenopterologie und Dipterologie, 1, 353 - 361.","Lucena, D. A. A. & Gomes, R. S. (2016) New species of Elampus Spinola, 1806 (Hymenoptera: Chrysididae), with a key to the Neotropical species of the genus. Zootaxa, 4117 (4), 555 - 566. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4117.4.7","Kimsey, L. S. & Bohart, R. M. (1991 [\" 1990 \"]) The Chrysidid Wasps of the World. Oxford Science Publications, New York, New York, 652 pp.","Ducke, A. (1911 [\" 1909 \"]) Terzo supplemento alla revisione dei crisididi dello stato brasiliano del Para. Bollettino della Societa Entomologica Italiana, 41, 89 - 115.","Westerkamp, C., Ribeiro, M. F., Lima-Verde, L. W., Delprete, P. G., Zanella, F. C. V. & Freitas, B. M. (2007) Adolpho Ducke e as abelhas (Hymenoptera, Apoidea) da Serra de Baturite. In: Oliveira, T. E. & Araujo, F. S. (Eds.), Diversidade e conservacao da biota na Serra do Baturite, Ceara. UFC / COELCE, Fortaleza, pp. 273 - 292.","Lucena, D. A. A., Santos-Neto, P. E., Zanella, F. C. V., Alves, F. P., Trindade, O. S. N. & Silva-Junior, J. C. (2012) Chrysididae diversity (Hymenoptera) in caatinga vegetation in Jequie, Bahia state, Northeastern Brazil. Magistra, 24, 215 - 220.","Lucena, D. A. A., Almeida, E. A. B. & Zanella, F. C. V. (2021) Amiseginae and Cleptinae from northeastern Brazil, with the description of four new species (Hymenoptera: Chrysididae). Journal of Hymenoptera Research, 81, 57 - 85. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / jhr. 81.60048"]}

Exallopyga guatemalensis (Cameron, 1888) (Fig. 4) Hedychridium guatemalense Cameron 1888: 459. Lectotype ♀, designed by French 1985: 623. GUATEMALA, Zapote: Panzós (NHMUK: not examined). Chrysis andrei Mocsáry 1889: 215. Holotype ♂. BRAZIL, Coll. Edm. Andréi (MNHN: not examined). Junior synonym of Hedychridium guatemalense Cameron, 1888 according to French 1985: 623. Holopyga kohli du Buysson 1901: 100. Lectotype ♀ (by inference of “ holotype ”, see Rosa et al. 2020). BRAZIL (MNHN: not examined). Junior synonym of Hedychridium guatemalense Cameron, 1888 according to French 1985: 623. Holopyga (Hedychridium) pallidolimbata Ducke 1903: 133. Holotype ♀. BRAZIL, Pará: Itaituba, Rio Tapajós, 17.viii.1902, A. Ducke (MNHN: examined by photos). Junior synonym of Hedychridium guatemalense Cameron, 1888 according to French 1985: 623. Exallopyga guatemalensis; generic combination by French (1985). Diagnosis. Exallopyga guatemalensis (Cameron) is easily distinguished from other species in the genus based on the following combination of characters: dark purple bands on dorsum of meso- and metasoma (absent in E. difficilis); female S3 green or blue (black or non-metallic dark brown in E. jenseni); lateral ocelli partially encircled by small carina (absent in E. difficilis); females with emarginate T3 distal rim (with distinct medial notch in E. jenseni); and the relatively large-sized body, with specimens 7–10 mm long (E. difficilis: 5–7 mm; and E. jenseni: 5 mm). Additionally, according to French (1985), the spinose lobe of aedeagus in E. guatemalensis is enlarged, reaching almost halfway to the tip of the aedeagus (reaching at most about one third the distance in E. difficilis and E. jenseni; see his Figures 7–9). Material examined. Holotype ♀ of Holopyga (Hedychridium) pallidolimbata Ducke 1903. BRAZIL, Pará: Itaituba, Rio Tapajós, 17.viii.1902, A. Ducke (MNHN 25530). Amapá: Macapá, São Joaquim do Pacuí, 13.xii.1980, E. L. Oliveira (INPA: 1♀). Amazonas: Manaus, Embrapa Ocidental, 02°53′29″S 59°58′45″W, 14.ix.2012, K. Schoeninger (INPA: 1♀). Manaus, Reserva Ducke, 29.viii.1978 (INPA: 1♀). Barcelos, Parque Nacional do Jaú, Carabinani, 27.iv.1995, J. A. Rafael & J. Vidal (INPA: 1♀). Bahia: Ilhéus, N. Nakayama (DZUP: 1♀). Ceará: Baturité, A. Ducke (MNHN: 1♀). Distrito Federal: Planaltina, 14.v.2018, Aguiar, Santos, Silva, Carvalho & Viana / UNB 072381 (RPSP: 1♀). Maranhão: Bom Jardim, REBIO-RES. Biol. Gurupi, 06.xi.2010, F. Limeirade-Oliveira, D. W. A Marques & E. A. S. Barbosa (INPA: 2♀). Minas Gerais: Marliéria, Parque Estadual do Rio Doce, 19°37′S 42°34′W, 07.xi.2002, J. C. R. Fontenelle (UFES 147576: 1♀). Same data as preceding, except: 01–08.xi.2001 (UFES 147703: 1♀); 03–10.xi.2004 (UFES 148299: 1♀); 26–02.x–xi.2003 (UFES 148205: 1♀). Pará: Alenquer, 02.i.1904, A. Ducke (MPEG: 1♀). Paraíba: Santa Teresinha, Fazenda Tamanduá, Mata Ciliar, 23.v.2011, A. D. A. Lima (CEDU-UNILA: 1♀). São Paulo: Matão, 18.ix.2007, F. Noll (RPSP: 1♀). Itirapina, Estação Ecológica de Itirapina, 22°13′27″S 47°54′05″W, 26–28.xi.2016, Almeida, Porto, Lucena, Gibran & Yoshida (RPSP: 1♀ 1♂). Same data as preceding, except: 20–22.xii.2016 (RPSP 0818: 1♀); 28–31.i.2017, Tavares, Porto, Lucena, Delsin & Yoshida (RPSP 1746: 1♀). Luiz Antônio, Estação Ecológica de Jataí, 21°36′33″S 47°47′59″W, 28–29.x.2016, Tavares, Porto, Lucena, Gibran & Yoshida (RPSP: 3♀). Same data as preceding, except: 21°37′26″S 47°48′26″W, Mata Ciliar, Malaise Trap 1, 10.xii.2008, N. W. Perioto (RPSP: 2♀). Same data as preceding, except: Malaise trap 2, 14.xii.2006 (RPSP: 1♀); Malaise trap 1, 16.i.2008 (RPSP: 2♀); Malaise trap 1, 05.xii.2007 (RPSP: 1♀); Malaise trap 2, 04.i.2007 (RPSP: 1♀); Malaise trap 1, 14.xii.2006 (RPSP: 2♀); 30.i.2008 (RPSP: 1♀). Rio Claro, Horto Florestal, 05.viii.1987, R. P. Martins (MZSP 04694: 1♀). Same data as preceding, except: 04.viii.1987 (UFMG 1305756: 1♀). Distribution. ARGENTINA (Buenos Aires, Entre Ríos, Misiones, Tucumán, Salta); BRAZIL (Amapá, Amazonas, Bahia, Ceará, Distrito Federal, Maranhão, Mato Grosso, Minas Gerais, Pará, Paraíba, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo); COSTA RICA (Cartago, Heredia, Guanacaste); COLOMBIA (Meta); GUATEMALA (Alta Verapaz, San Francisco); PANAMA (Barro Colorado); PARAGUAY (San Pedro); SURINAM (Nickerie); TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO; VENEZUELA (Bolívar) (Fig. 5). Host. Unknown. Remarks. This is the most widely distributed species in the genus, ranging from Guatemala to southern South America. We herein expand its geographical distribution by including new records from the following Brazilian states: Amapá, Amazonas, Bahia, Distrito Federal, Maranhão, Minas Gerais, and Paraíba (Fig. 5). Exallopyga difficilis (Spinola) occurs in Chile through the Andes, reaching southwest Argentina; and E. jenseni (du Buysson) is only known from northern Argentina to southern Bolivia (French 1985)., Published as part of Lucena, Daercio A. A., Santos-Neto, Pedro E., Zanella, Fernando C. V. & Almeida, Eduardo A. B., 2022, Taxonomic review of the elampine cuckoo wasps from northeastern Brazil (Hymenoptera: Chrysididae), with the description of three new species, pp. 201-235 in Zootaxa 5213 (3) on pages 209-211, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5213.3.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7359903, {"references":["Cameron, P. (1888) Family Chrysididae. In: Porter, R. H. (Ed.), Biologia Centrali-Americana, 1883 - 1900, Hymenoptera. Vol. 1. Tayler and Francis, London, pp. 1 - 487.","French, L. D. (1985) Exallopyga, a new genus of Neotropical Elampinae (Hymenoptera: Chrysididae). Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society, 58 (4), 620 - 625.","Mocsary, A. (1889) Monographia Chrysididarum orbis terrarum universi. Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, 643 pp.","du Buysson, R. (1901) Sur quelques Chrysidides du Musee de Vienne. Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien, 16 (1), 97 - 104.","Rosa, P., Madl, M., Zettel, H. & Zimmermann, D. (2020) An illustrated and annotated catalogue of the Chrysididae (Insecta: Hymenoptera) types deposited at the Natural History Museum Vienna. Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien, B, 122, 17 - 140.","Ducke, A. (1903) Neue sudamerikanische Chrysididen (Hym.). Zeitschrift fur Systematische Hymenopterologie und Dipterologie, 3, 129 - 136."]}

Holopyga lunae Lucena sp. nov. (Figs 13, 14) Diagnosis. Holopyga lunae sp. nov. resembles H. luzulina Dahlbom. These species are distinguished from other Brazilian Holopyga based on the combination of the following features: moderate-sized body (about 7 mm), tarsal claw with two subsidiary teeth, and shape of the head (higher than broad). The new species is distinguished from H. luzulina based on the following combination of characters: vertex densely punctate (vertex with transverse band of sparse tiny punctures in H. luzulina); lateral margin of pronotum bordered with discrete carina (lateral margin of pronotum lacking carina in H. luzulina); male S3 dark brown (male S3 metallic green in H. luzulina). Description. Holotype, male (Fig. 13). Body length: 6.9 mm. Head. High 1.2× breadth; least distance between antennal rims 0.6× MOD; scape more or less cylindrical, gently curved medially, slightly wider submedially, 2.9× longer than its maximum width; F1 length 2.1× breadth, 1.4× longer than F2, F2 slightly longer than F3; F3–F10 subequal in size; F11 somewhat truncate apically; lower medial margin of clypeus straight; subantennal distance about 0.6× MOD; malar space shorter than 0.5× MOD; POL 2.1× OL; 0.8× OOL; lateral ocelli linked with transverse shallow sulcus; inner ocular margin slightly convergent submedially, LID 1.3× scape length; eye height 1.7× breadth. Mesosoma. Anterior declivity of pronotum with shallow medial pit, lateral margin bordered with discrete carina; notaulus and parapsidal signum faintly marked; R1 2 v very short, barely visible; inner margin of tarsal claw with two subsidiary teeth. Metasoma. T3 slightly depressed postero-medially, apical margin slightly truncate, with faintly marked medial notch, lateral margin slightly angulate. Coloration. Head mostly metallic green, with purplish blue tints around ocelli; base of mandible green with faint purplish blue reflection; golden highlights basally on inner margin of compound eye and on upper gena; scape, pedicel and base of stipe metallic green; apex of clypeus, half mandible and flagellomeres brown; mesosoma mainly metallic green, with purple tints anteriorly on pronotum, scutum, and posteriorly on metapectal-propodeal complex; bluish highlights on lateral pronotum, and metapleuron-propodeum; golden highlights on pronotal lobe, mesopleuron, and legs; tegula brown; wing membrane light fuscous with brown veins; coxa, femur, tibia and outer surface of basitarsomere green; distal tarsomeres and inner surface of basitarsomeres light brown; dorsum of metasoma mainly metallic green with light bluish highlights on terga; disc of anterior declivity of T1 purplish brown; T2 with anterior transverse purplish blue band; golden highlights laterally on terga, brighter on T3; T3 distal edge hyaline; laterotergites mostly metallic green, with dark margins; S1–S2 metallic green, S3 dark brown. Sculpture. Vertex and frons densely sculptured, becoming sparser on gena and lower on face; scapal basin densely cross-ridged, with small punctures marginally; clypeus punctulate, sparser on disc; scape densely punctulate; gena rugose-striate, with distinct longitudinal ridge; dorsum of mesosoma and mesopleuron densely foveate, larger and deeper on metanotum; lateral pronotal depression and metapleuron-propodeum with transverse striae; posterior mesopleuron slightly striate; outer surface of legs punctulate, except tarsomeres; dorsum of metasoma heavily sculptured, with double, dense, punctation pattern, with small punctures among larger foveae, becoming transversely ridged lateroposteriorly on T1–T2, and anterolaterally on T3; anterior declivity of T1 mostly impunctate, with only marginal punctures; laterotergites of T1–T2 sparsely punctulate, becoming denser on laterotergite of T3; S1–S2 sparsely punctulate, becoming much denser on S3. Vestiture. Head with short, sparse, pale setae on vertex, becoming longer and denser on frons, along inner ocular margin, gena, and occiput; scapal basin glabrous; clypeus with long, sparse, pale setae, becoming denser marginally; distal margin of galea and mandible with long, sparse, gold setae; scape with short, gold setae; flagellomeres with short, suberect, pale setae; eye glabrous (magnification above 100×); dorsum of mesosoma with short, erect, sparse, yellowish pale setae, becoming longer and denser on scutum and scutellum; propleuron with long, dense, pale setae; lateral pronotum and metapleuron-propodeum almost glabrous, except for some sparse marginal setae; wing membrane entirely setose; coxae and femora with long, dense, pale setae; protibia with some outstanding, long, pale setae; meso- and metatibiae with short, dense, even, pale setae; venter of tarsomeres with dense, even, spine-like setae; dorsum of metasoma with short, suberect, pale setae; S1 and S2 with long, sparse, pale setae; S3 with long, dense, pale setae. Female (Fig. 14). Same as male, except: F1 length 2.4× breadth; F11 not truncate; LID 1.4× scape; eye with microtrichia; flagellomeres with short, decumbent, pale setae; lacking golden highlights on head, pronotum and metasoma; S3 metallic green; T3 not depressed postero-medially; T3 apical margin not truncate, lacking medial notch, and lateral margin not angulate. Material examined. Holotype ♂. BRAZIL, Sergipe: Canindé de São Francisco, Sta. Maria, 20.vi.2005, Debora Moura leg. / 23885 UFPE / L172 P874, Waltheria indica (RPSP). Allotype ♀: Canindé de São Francisco, Cana Brava, 30.viii.2002 / 10391 UFPE / L140 P755, Melochia tomentosa (RPSP: 1♀); other paratypes: Canindé de São Francisco, Poço Verde, 24.v.2005 / 22577 UFPE / L132 P994, Cissus erosa (RPSP: 1♂); Canindé de São Francisco, Cana Brava, 30.viii.2002 / 10292 UFPE / L139 P874, Waltheria indica (RPSP: 1♀). Alagoas: Piranhas, Poço da Ingazeira, Mata Ciliar, 29.vi.2005, Debora Moura leg. / 23914 UFPE / L180 P1191, Hydrolea spinosa / 23998 UFPE / L180 P1063, Tephrosia purpurea (CEDU-UNILA: 2♂ 1♀). Distribution. BRAZIL (Alagoas, Sergipe) (Fig. 17). Host. Unknown. Floral records. Waltheria indica (Malvaceae), Cissus erosa (Vitaceae), Melochia tomentosa (Malvaceae), Hydrolea spinosa (Hydroleaceae), and Tephrosia purpurea (Fabaceae). Remarks. The holotype is missing part of the right antenna, and right pro- and mesolegs. Male paratypes are lacking parts of their legs and flagellomeres. The allotype and the female paratype are lacking parts of their legs. Rosa & Xu (2015) designated the lectotype for H. luzulina Dahlbom and provided photographs of the male typespecimen hosted in the MRSN. Type locality of this species is an unknown locality in Brazil. We have examined one couple from Ribeirão Preto (São Paulo state, southeastern Brazil —RPSP), and the male precisely matches the original description and diagnostic features observed in the images of the male lectotype of this species. According to Kimsey & Bohart (1991), H. luzulina is widespread in the Neotropical region, reaching the south of the Nearctic region through Mexico and southwest USA, though, we did not find this species sympatric with H. lunae sp. nov. Etymology. The new species is named after Danielle Luna, first author´s wife., Published as part of Lucena, Daercio A. A., Santos-Neto, Pedro E., Zanella, Fernando C. V. & Almeida, Eduardo A. B., 2022, Taxonomic review of the elampine cuckoo wasps from northeastern Brazil (Hymenoptera: Chrysididae), with the description of three new species, pp. 201-235 in Zootaxa 5213 (3) on pages 222-225, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5213.3.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7359903, {"references":["Rosa, P. & Xu, Z. (2015) Annotated type catalogue of the Chrysididae (Insecta, Hymenoptera) deposited in the collection of Maximilian Spinola (1780 - 1857), Turin. Zookeys, 471, 1 - 96. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 471.6558","Kimsey, L. S. & Bohart, R. M. (1991 [\" 1990 \"]) The Chrysidid Wasps of the World. Oxford Science Publications, New York, New York, 652 pp."]}

Holopyga piliventris Ducke, 1907 (Figs 15, 16) Holopyga piliventris Ducke, 1907: 95. Lectotype ♂, designated here. BRAZIL, Maranhão: Codó, 22.vi.1907, A. Ducke (MZSP #04578: examined). Extended diagnosis (male). Body size: 3.9 mm. Head predominantly metallic green; vertex with transverse dark purple band; scape brownish green; pedicel and flagellomeres brown; mandible brown; frons densely foveate changing abruptly on scapal basin, becoming densely cross-ridged, with some marginal punctures; vertex densely sculptured, with low ridges and small punctures inserted among large foveae, becoming slightly striate around ocelli; clypeus finely punctulate; lateral ocelli with discrete shallow depression, linked transversely by discrete posterior line; genal carina indistinct; gena with longitudinal ridges; malar space 0.3× MOD; subantennal distance 0.9× MOD; F1 1.1× F2; F2–F9 similar in size; lower medial margin of clypeus straight. Mesosoma mainly metallic green; scutum and scutellum with dark purple tints; metanotum with bluish highlights; posterior declivity of metapectalpropodeal complex dark purple, with bluish highlights; posterior propodeal projection green; legs mainly metallic light green, tarsi light brown; tegula brown; wing membrane light fuscous with brown veins; dorsum of mesosoma and mesopleuron densely foveate, larger and deeper on metanotum; notaulus and parasidal signum faintly marked; posterior mesopleuron striate; profemur somewhat striate basally on outer surface; inner margin of tarsal claw with one subsidiary tooth; inner spurs of meso- and metatibia serrated; Rs&M 2 v smoothly curved submedially. Metasoma mainly metallic green, with purplish blue highlights marginally on terga; disk of T1–T2 with wide dark band; sterna entirely dark brown; T2 and T3 with marginal semitranslucent rim; T3 distal margin evenly round; terga densely foveate, with shallow marginal micropunctures among foveae; sterna punctate. Dorsum of body with abundant, short, sub-erect, yellowish pale setae; compound eye with very short and sparse microtrichia, most visible marginally (in oblique view, magnification above 100×); legs abundantly setose, tarsomeres with spine-like, thick, even setae; wing membrane entirely setose; abundant, decumbent, yellowish pale setae on metasomal terga; S2–S3 with relatively long, pale setae. Female (Fig. 16). Same as male, except: body mainly metallic bluish green with dark purple bands; scape green; F1 1.3× F2; posterior mesopleuron smooth, non-striate; terga finely foveate, lacking marginal shallow micropunctures among foveae; T3 slightly truncate medially. Variation. Specimens vary from 3.8 to 4.3 mm in total body length. The shorter measurements (2.5–3 mm) given in the original description by Ducke (1907) may be incorrect. Material examined. Lectotype ♂. BRAZIL, Maranhão: Codó, 22.vi.1907, A. Ducke (MZSP 04578). Bahia: Jequié, campus UESB II, Malaise III, 9.xii.2006, Silva-Júnior J. C. & cols. (CEDU-UNILA: 1♀). Same data as preceding, except: 25.xi.2006 (CEDU-UNILA: 1♀). Ceará: Caridade, 05.v.1909, A. Ducke (MPEG: 1♀). Crateús, 05°11′20″S 40°42′35″W, 06.v.2014, Almeida, Lucena & Tavares (RPSP: 1♀). Paraíba: Sumé, Sítio Pitombeira / Valdemir, Malaise, 07°41′22″S 36°56′46.5″W, 533m, 02.x.2010, H. M. Sousa (UFMG 1202319: 1♀). Distribution. BRAZIL (Bahia, Ceará, Maranhão, Paraíba) (Fig. 17). Host. Unknown. Remarks. This species belongs to Holopyga as clearly evidenced by the scapal basin transversely cross-ridged, transverse shallow sulcus linking lateral ocelli, notaulus faintly marked or indistinct, profemur ventrally expanded, and mesopleuron sharply bordered with carina (see also Krombein 1969, Kimsey 1982, and Kimsey & Bohart 1991). Notwithstanding, this species and at least three other Nearctic and Neotropical species have a suite of unusual diagnostic characteristics (H. wagnerella du Buysson, 1901, H. mimeca Kimsey, 1982 [in Bohart & Kimsey 1982], and H. rudis Kimsey, 1982 [in Bohart & Kimsey 1982]): reduced body size (shorter than 5 mm), tarsal claw with single subsidiary tooth or with one subapical tooth and one basal tooth, indistinct genal carina, Rs&M 2 v short and smoothly curved submedially, and metasomal sterna dark brown. These characteristics readily distinguished these species from other Holopyga (see Bohart & Kimsey 1982) and they may constitute a subgroup within the genus. Lucena & Almeida (2022) placed H. wagnerella (a species closely resembled to H. piliventris) as sister to the remaining species of Holopyga. If these distinct Holopyga represent another Elampini group, or may form a subgroup within Holopyga, this will be the subject of future analyses. Holopyga piliventris closely resembles H. wagnerella du Buysson but can be distinguished from it based on the following combination of characteristics: vertex with transverse dark band (vertex without distinct dark band in H. wagnerella); and T2 with marginal semitranslucent rim (T2 with indistinctly narrow translucent rim in H. wagnerella). Additionally, the punctation of metasomal terga in H. piliventris is comparatively finer and sparser (coarser and denser in H. wagnerella). Ducke (1907) described Holopyga piliventris based on an unknown number of syntypes (males and females) from Codó and Caxias (Maranhão state), collected in June 1907. The male specimen housed at MZSP had a handwritten label “cotype” and a yellow paralectotype indication labelled by L. French. Another male from Codó, collected on 24 th June 1907, was labelled as lectotype by L. French and it is currently housed at the MNHN (Paolo Rosa, person. comm.). The lectotype designation by L. French was never published, and we were unable to locate other type specimens from Caxias supposedly housed at two collections: MZSP and MPEG. In accordance with the articles 72–74 of the Code (ICZN 1999), and to ensure stability on this case, we designate here the male cotype specimen housed at MZSP from Codó as the lectotype for H. piliventris Ducke, 1907. Hereinafter the male specimen housed at MNHN should be considered a paralectotype. The whereabouts of other paralectotypes remain unknown. The presently known geographical records of this species are restricted to northeastern Brazil and include sites typically of the caatinga vegetation (Fig. 17). The female specimen illustrated in the Figure 16 is from Crateús, Ceará state., Published as part of Lucena, Daercio A. A., Santos-Neto, Pedro E., Zanella, Fernando C. V. & Almeida, Eduardo A. B., 2022, Taxonomic review of the elampine cuckoo wasps from northeastern Brazil (Hymenoptera: Chrysididae), with the description of three new species, pp. 201-235 in Zootaxa 5213 (3) on pages 225-228, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5213.3.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7359903, {"references":["Ducke, A. (1907) Contribution a la connaissance de la faune hymenopterogique du Nord-Est du Bresil. Revue d'Entomologie, 26, 73 - 96.","Krombein, K. V. (1969) The generic placement of two Nearctic Holopyga with biological notes (Hymenoptera: Chrysididae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 71 (3), 351 - 361.","Kimsey, L. S. (1982) A new North American chrysidid genus and redescription of the genus Pseudolopyga Krombein (Elampinae, Hymenoptera). The Pan-Pacific Entomologist, 57 (2), 351 - 358.","Kimsey, L. S. & Bohart, R. M. (1991 [\" 1990 \"]) The Chrysidid Wasps of the World. Oxford Science Publications, New York, New York, 652 pp.","du Buysson, R. (1901) Sur quelques Chrysidides du Musee de Vienne. Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien, 16 (1), 97 - 104.","Bohart, R. M. & Kimsey, L. S. (1982) A synopsis of the Chrysididae in America North of Mexico. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute, 33, 1 - 266.","Lucena, D. A. A. & Almeida, E. A. B. (2022) Morphology and Bayesian tip-dating recover deep Cretaceous-age divergences among major chrysidid lineages (Hymenoptera: Chrysididae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 194, 36 - 79. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / zoolinnean / zlab 010"]}

Genus Holopyga Dahlbom This genus comprises nearly 100 described species around the world, generally composed of large heavy-bodied wasps, some of them attacking ground-nesting Crabronidae (e.g., Kimsey & Bohart 1991). So far, the sole confirmed host record for the Brazilian species is Solierella minarum Ducke, 1907 attacked by Holopyga wagnerella du Buysson, 1904 (Rocha-Filho et al. 2019). Holopyga is readily distinguished from other Elampini genera based on the following combination of characters: scapal basin transversely cross-ridged; genal carina present; Rs&M 2 v abruptly bent medially and diverging from M+Cu 2 v before cu-a 2 v; 1Cu 2 c and R 2 c with setae; tarsal claw with two or more subsidiary teeth (rarely with one); mesopleuron distinctly carinate and angulate; and notauli usually faintly marked.According to Kimsey & Bohart (1991), there are six species recorded to Brazil: H. boutheryi Brèthes, 1902, H. iheringi du Buysson, 1901, H. luzulina Dahlbom, 1854, H. piliventris Ducke, 1907, H. ujkelyiana Mocsáry, 1914, and H. wagnerella du Buysson, 1904. Three species are found in northeastern Brazil, H. iheringi, H. piliventris, and a new species is herein described., Published as part of Lucena, Daercio A. A., Santos-Neto, Pedro E., Zanella, Fernando C. V. & Almeida, Eduardo A. B., 2022, Taxonomic review of the elampine cuckoo wasps from northeastern Brazil (Hymenoptera: Chrysididae), with the description of three new species, pp. 201-235 in Zootaxa 5213 (3) on page 219, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5213.3.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7359903, {"references":["Kimsey, L. S. & Bohart, R. M. (1991 [\" 1990 \"]) The Chrysidid Wasps of the World. Oxford Science Publications, New York, New York, 652 pp.","Ducke, A. (1907) Contribution a la connaissance de la faune hymenopterogique du Nord-Est du Bresil. Revue d'Entomologie, 26, 73 - 96.","du Buysson, R. (1904) Contribution aux Chrysidides du globe (5 ª Serie). Revue d'Entomologie, 23, 253 - 275.","Rocha-Filho, L. C., Moure-Oliveira, D., Carvalho, S. M., Frantine-Silva, W. & Augusto, S. C. (2019) Diversity and host - parasite interactions of cavity-nesting Hymenoptera communities in the Brazilian Savannah. Journal of Insect Conservation, 23, 651 - 665. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 10841 - 019 - 00157 - 7","Brethes, J. (1902) Contributions a l'etude des Hymenopteres de l'Amerique du Sud et specialement de la Republique Argentine: Les Chrysidides. Anales del Museo Nacional de Buenos Aires, 3 (1), 263 - 294.","du Buysson, R. (1901) Sur quelques Chrysidides du Musee de Vienne. Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien, 16 (1), 97 - 104.","Dahlbom, A. G. (1854) Hymenoptera Europaea praecipue borealia, formis typicis nonnullis specierum generumve Exoticorum aut Extraneorum propter nexum systematicum associatis, per familias, genera, species et varietates disposita atque descripta. 2. Chrysis in sensu Linnaeano. Friedrich Nicolai, Berlin, xxiv + 412 pp. + 12 pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 15890","Mocsary, A. (1914) Chrysididae plerumque exoticae novae. Annales Musei Nationalis Hungarici, 12, 1 - 72."]}

Hedychrum oxente Lucena & Zanella sp. nov. (Figs 6, 7, 8A–C) Diagnosis. This species resembles Hedychrum neotropicum Mocsáry but can be distinguished from H. neotropicum based on the following combination of characters: mesotibial fovea height 1.4× breadth, metatibial fovea height 1.3× breadth (height 1.7× and 2.2× breadth in H. neotropicum, respectively); vertex and dorsum of meso- and metasoma with distinctive purplish-blue bands (faintly spotted in H. neotropicum); and T2 with large dark purplishblue spot (T2 with discrete bluish highlight in H. neotropicum). Description. Holotype, female (Fig. 6). Body length: 6.4 mm. Head. Breadth 1.2× high; least distance between antennal rims 0.7× MOD; scape 2.8× longer than its maximum width; F1 length 1.8× breadth, 1.6× F2, F2 slightly longer than F3; F3–F10 subequal in size; F11 slightly longer than F10; lower medial margin of clypeus straight; subantennal distance 0.5× MOD; malar space shorter than 0.2× MOD; gena progressively narrowed on half lower portion; POL 2× OL; 0.7× OOL; LID 1.7× scape length; eye height 1.3× breadth. Mesosoma. Anterolateral corner of pronotum bordered with discrete carina; lateral pronotal depression striate, with distinct lower pit; notaulus and parapsidal signum faintly marked; R1 2 v very short, barely visible; 2r-rs 2 v 1.9× longer than cu-a 2 v; mesotibial fovea height 1.4× breadth; metatibial fovea height 1.3× breadth; outer apical margin of tibiae with short, even, spines; meso- and metabasitarsomere with crown of short, evenly-sized, spines; venter of tarsomeres with apical, irregularly-sized, spines. Coloration. Head mostly metallic green, with purplish blue tints on vertex; base of mandible green; discrete golden highlights on frons and scapal basin; scape metallic green; pedicel and base of stipe bluish green; apex of clypeus, half distal portion of mandible and flagellomeres brown; mesosoma mainly metallic green, with medial purplish-blue bands on pronotum, scutum, scutellum; posterior declivity of metapectal-propodeal complex with purplish blue tints; bluish highlights on lateral procoxa, pronotum, and metapleuron-propodeum; tegula brown, with greenish highlight anteriorly; wing membrane light fuscous with brown veins; legs mostly metallic green, with discrete golden highlights on tibiae; basitarsomeres greenish brown, distal tarsomeres light brown; dorsum of metasoma mainly metallic green; T1 with posterior transverse bluish purple band; T2 with wide, dark, bluish purple spot occupying much of disc; T3 with T-like, anteromedial bluish purple band; T3 distal rim hyaline basolaterally; S1, S3, and laterotergites dark brown; S2 mostly dark brown, with metallic green band occupying half posterior portion. Sculpture. Vertex and frons densely foveate-punctate, except discrete impunctate polished area beside each lateral ocellus; lower gena longitudinally striate; scapal basin densely cross-ridged, upper border with impunctate, polished, transverse stripe; lower face punctulate-striate; clypeus punctulate-striate marginally, becoming sparser and non-striate on disc; scape punctulate; dorsum of mesosoma and mesopleuron densely foveate, larger and deeper on metanotum; scutellum with tiny punctures inserted on interspaces among larger foveae; lateral pronotum, posterior mesopleuron and half lower portion of metapleuron-propodeum transversely striate; upper half portion of metapleuron-propodeum distinctively polished; ventral surface of femora punctulate, distinctively denser on metafemora; metasomal terga densely sculptured becoming finer medially, particularly on T1 and T2; T3 slightly rugulose marginally; sterna punctulate, denser on laterotergites. Vestiture. Head with short, sparse, castaneous setae on vertex, becoming paler, sparser and longer on gena and occiput; clypeus with sparse, pale setae marginally; labrum with relatively long, castaneous, setae; outer surface of mandible with short, pale setae; scape with short, suberect, pale setae; flagellomeres with short, suberect, pale setae; eye glabrous (magnification above 100×); dorsum of mesosoma with short, erect, sparse, castaneous setae, denser on pronotum; propleuron with long, sparse, pale setae; wing membrane entirely setose; legs with abundant setae, femora and tibiae with some outstanding, long, yellowish pale setae; venter of tarsomeres with dense, evenly-sized, spine-like setae; dorsum of metasoma with abundant, suberect, yellowish pale setae, denser and longer on T3; S2 and S3 with long, dense, yellowish pale setae, denser and longer distally on S3. Male (Fig. 7). Same as female, except: scape 3.3× longer than its maximum width; POL 2.3× OL; eye height 1.4× breadth; 2r-rs 2 v just slightly longer than cu-a 2 v; outer apical margin of tibiae with short, irregularly-sized, spines; mesobasitarsomere lacking crown of spines; pre-apical swelling of T3 discernible only laterally; fainter bluish-purple bands on vertex, dorsum of mesosoma, and T3; metathorax bluer; sterna mostly dark brown, with metallic green band on disc of S2–S3; sculpturing of metasomal terga slightly coarser. Variation. Specimens vary from 5.8 to 6.6 mm in total body length. Material examined. Holotype ♀. BRAZIL, Paraíba: Prata, PA Zé Marcolino/ Anselmo, 07°38′3.74″S 37°1′24.98″W, 17.ix.2010, A. Silva (UFMG 1201713). Allotype ♂: Ceará: Ubajara, 03°50′50″S 40°53′23″W, 22.x.2011, F. C. V. Zanella (CEDU-UNILA: 1♂). Other paratypes: Baturité, 04°20′09″S 38°52′19″W, 30.iv.2014, Almeida, Lucena & Tavares (RPSP: 1♂). Baturité, 25.vii.1908, A. Ducke (MPEG: 1♀); 13.vii.1908 (MPEG 03006013: 1♂). Distribution. BRAZIL (Ceará, Paraíba) (Fig. 9). Host. Unknown. Remarks. The coarsely contiguous sculptured integument of H. oxente sp. nov., particularly on pronotum and metasoma, readily distinguish this species from H. neotropicum (see Fig. 8). The distinctive purplish-blue tints on vertex and dorsum of meso- and metasoma, and the large dark purplish-blue spot on T2 are also diagnostics for this species. The holotype and the allotype were collected in September and October, the peak of the dry season in the region. Coloration and vestiture of two paratypes from Baturité-CE in the MPEG are severely altered. We could assign them to H. oxente sp. nov. based on the shape of the metatibial fovea, the coarse and contiguous sculpturing on pronotum, and the large dark purplish-blue spot on T2. Three male specimens from Codó (Maranhão state, 17.vi.1907, A. Ducke, MPEG) previously recorded for northeastern Brazil as H. neotropicum (Ducke 1907, 1913) may represent a distinct species (see the Discussion section below). Because the coloration and vestiture of these male specimens are poorly preserved, we could not confidently assign them to H. oxente sp. nov., H. neotropicum, or interpret them as another new species. These three male specimens from Codó are therefore left unidentified until a confident conclusion can be drawn from their morphology. Etymology. “ oxente ” is a neutral interjection word. This is an expression spoken in northeastern Brazil to state admiration, astonishment, surprise.

Long-horned bees (Apidae, Eucerini) are found in different biomes worldwide and include some important crop pollinators. In the New World, Eucerini has received extensive taxonomic study during the twentieth century, resulting in several revisions of its genera. In contrast, progress on eucerine phylogenetic research and genus-level classification has been slow, primarily due to the relatively homogeneous external morphology within the tribe and the rarity of many of its species in collections. Notable exceptions have been analyses based on molecular data of a few loci, which have shed light on the initial diversification of Eucerini and clarified relationships among some lineages of eucerine bees. Here, we present a comprehensive phylogenetic study of Eucerini based on ultraconserved elements including 153 species from nearly all genera and subgenera and from all biogeographic regions where they occur. We recovered seven main lineages and found most of the genera and subgenera to be reciprocally monophyletic. Using the updated phylogenetic framework, we: (1) propose taxonomic changes, including a new subtribal classification, and reorganized generic and subgeneric limits; (2) estimate divergence times; and (3) conduct a detailed exploration of historical biogeography of long-horned bees. We find that eucerine lineages expanded their range onto most continents only after its initial diversification in southern South America during the Eocene. Finally, we discuss the challenges of working with specimens with highly degraded DNA, present insights into how to improve phylogenetic results for both species-tree and concatenation approaches and introduce a new pipeline for UCE curation (Curation of UltraconseRved Elements).

PLEBEIA (PLEBEIA) “ NAN2 ” Figure 14 The substantially shorter length of this mature larva in contrast to that of P. “nan1” (fig. 14) almost certainly indicates that it is as yet another unnamed species of Plebeia. Realizing that and recognizing that they had substantially different body sizes, J.G.R. contacted Roubik in an attempt to confirm the understanding of the relationship and nesting behaviors of these two species. His response: “Yes, both in the same tree, and Yasuní Scientific Station continues to be the only place I have found their nests. The second species [P. “nan2”] was found by me for the first time about a year ago.” MATERIAL STUDIED: 20+ postdefecating, defecating and predefecating larvae: Ecuador, Francisco de Orellana Prov., Yasuni Scientific Field Station, Pontifica Universidad Católica del Ecuador, -0.8659, -76.3953. Dec. 10, 2019. D. Roubik., Published as part of Rozen, Jerome G., Almeida, Eduardo A. B., Smith, Corey Shepard & Jones, Lance Eric, 2021, Intratribal Variation among Mature Larvae of Stingless Bees (Apidae: Meliponini) with Descriptions of the Eggs of 11 Species in American Museum Novitates 2021 (3971), DOI: 10.1206/3971.1

LESTRIMELITTA GLABRATA CAMARGO AND MOURE Figures 6, 32A The mature larva of this species of the robber bee genus Lestrimelitta is small-headed relative to its moderately large body (fig. 6). The paired dorsolateral body tubercles are small but expressed on most body segments, including abdominal segment 8. The narrow apical mandible with the somewhat spoon-shaped extreme apex (fig. 32A) may be helpful for identification. DESCRIPTION: Head: Size very small relative to body size (fig. 6); vertex not bilobed in frontal view., Published as part of Rozen, Jerome G., Almeida, Eduardo A. B., Smith, Corey Shepard & Jones, Lance Eric, 2021, Intratribal Variation among Mature Larvae of Stingless Bees (Apidae: Meliponini) with Descriptions of the Eggs of 11 Species in American Museum Novitates 2021 (3971), DOI: 10.1206/3971.1

LESTRIMELITTA LIMAO (SMITH) Figures 7, 32B The postdefecating larva of this species (fig. 7) is almost identical to that of Lestrimelitta glabrata (fig. 7) described above, although the apical breadth of the mandible may be slightly wider and tapers to blunt (non-spoon-shaped) apex (fig. 32B)., Published as part of Rozen, Jerome G., Almeida, Eduardo A. B., Smith, Corey Shepard & Jones, Lance Eric, 2021, Intratribal Variation among Mature Larvae of Stingless Bees (Apidae: Meliponini) with Descriptions of the Eggs of 11 Species in American Museum Novitates 2021 (3971), DOI: 10.1206/3971.1

PLEBEIA (SCAURA) LATITARSIS (FRIESE) Figure 16 Of the three larvae available, the one selecting for dissection because of its undistorted anatomy was a predefecating form. Its length of 5.8 mm could only be estimated by measurements derived from the illustration. DESCRIPTION: Head: Size moderately small relative to body size (fig. 16); head not bilobed in frontal view. Vertex in lateral view curving to meet narrow rim of head capsule. Antennal papilla clearly tuberculate. Apical surface of labrum bearing extensive patch of elongate, multipronged spicules., Published as part of Rozen, Jerome G., Almeida, Eduardo A. B., Smith, Corey Shepard & Jones, Lance Eric, 2021, Intratribal Variation among Mature Larvae of Stingless Bees (Apidae: Meliponini) with Descriptions of the Eggs of 11 Species in American Museum Novitates 2021 (3971), DOI: 10.1206/3971.1

Porto, Diego Sasso, Almeida, Eduardo A. B. (2021): Corbiculate Bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae): Exploring the Limits of Morphological Data to Solve a Hard Phylogenetic Problem. Insect Systematics and Diversity (AIFB) 5 (3): 1-40, DOI: 10.1093/isd/ixab008, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/isd/ixab008