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Background and Aim: Fructooligosaccharide (FOS) supplementation can stimulate beneficial intestinal bacteria growth, but little is known about its influence on training performance. Therefore, this study analyzed FOS and exercise effects on gut microbiota and intestinal morphology of C57Bl/6 mice. Methods: Forty male mice were divided into four groups: standard diet‐sedentary (SDS), standard diet‐exercised (SDE), FOS supplemented (7.5% FOS)‐sedentary (FDS), and FOS supplemented‐exercised (FDE), n = 10 each group. Exercise training consisted of 60 min/day, 3 days/week, for 12 weeks. Results: SDE and FDE groups had an increase in aerobic performance compared to the pretraining period and SDS and FDS groups (P < 0.01), respectively. Groups with FOS increased colonic crypts size (P < 0.05). The FDE group presented rich microbiota (α‐diversity) compared to other groups. The FDE group also acquired a greater microbial abundance (β‐diversity) than other groups. The FDE group had a decrease in the Ruminococcaceae (P < 0.002) and an increase in Roseburia (P < 0.003), Enterorhabdus (P < 0.004) and Anaerotruncus (P < 0.006). Conclusions: These findings suggest that aerobic exercise associated with FOS supplementation modulates gut microbiota and can increase colonic crypt size without improving endurance exercise performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The effects of compliance with the US Physical Activity (PA) Guidelines and changes in compliance over time on cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality are unknown. Methods: Male participants in the Aerobics Center Longitudinal Study (n = 15,411; 18–100 y) reported leisure-time PA between 1970 and 2002. The frequency of and time spent in PA were converted into metabolic equivalent minutes per week. The participants were classified into remained inactive, became active, became inactive, or remained active groups according to their achievement of the PA guidelines along the follow-up, equivalent here to at least 500 metabolic equivalent minutes of PA per week. Cox regression adjusted for different models was used for the analyses, using age, body mass index, smoking and drinking status, hypertension, diabetes, hypercholesterolemia, and parental history of CVD. Results: Over a mean follow-up of 6.2 years, 439 CVD deaths occurred. Consistently meeting the PA guidelines, compared with not meeting, was associated with a 54% (95% confidence interval, 0.32–0.67) decreased risk of CVD mortality. After controlling for all potential confounders, the risk reduction was 47% (95% confidence interval, 0.36–0.77). Conclusions: Maintaining adherence to the PA guidelines produces substantial reductions in the risk of CVD deaths in men. Furthermore, discontinuing compliance with the guidelines may offset the beneficial effects on longevity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The consumption of high-protein diets (HPD) is associated with resistance training (RT) due to effects on metabolism. However, little is known about these effects on cardiac tissue. This study aimed to investigate effects of HPD and RT on cardiac biomarkers. 18 rats were divided into normo-protein (NPD), and HPD groups: NPD-Control, NPD-RT, HPD-Control, and HPD-RT. Interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-a), nitric oxide (NO), activity of metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2), and vascular factor (VEGF) were analysed. RT was effective in regulating body weight, increasing strength, and reducing food consumption (p <.05). HPD induces higher levels of interleukin 6 (p =.0169), and lowers NO (p <.0001). When associated with RT, the HPD decreases levels of tumour necrosis factor alpha, while enhances NO, and MMP activity (p <.05). The association of RT with HDP decreases inflammatory parameters and indicates an enhancement in the molecular parameters of cardiac tissue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to analyze the physiological responses to a tap dance choreography and to compare with those observed during a maximal treadmill exercise test, in tap dancers. Eight women (19.6 [+ or -] 2.4 years; 162.3 [+ or -] 4.4 cm; 54.0 [+ or -] 2.3 kg; 20.5 [+ or -] 1.4 kg x [m.sup.2(-1)]; and 5.1 [+ or -] 2.6 years of tap dance training) were submitted to the following procedures: (a) graded exercise test (GXT) on a treadmill until volitional exhaustion with 0.8 km x [h.sup.-1] of increment at each 3 and 1 minute of interval between stages and (b) tap dance choreography (TAP)--'The Shim Sham Shimmy'--consisting of 9 stages of 3 minutes with 1-minute rest between stages. Expired gas analyses were performed in all experimental sessions, providing breath-by-breath values for respiratory exchange rate (RER), oxygen uptake ([[??]o.sub.2]), and carbon dioxide production (C[O.sub.2]). Heart rate (HR) and rate of perceived exertion (RPE) were also measured. During the rest period between stages, blood samples (25 [micro]l) were collected from the ear lobe for lactate threshold (LT) determination. It was observed that at the end of the TAP, subjects achieved an average of 83.8 [+ or -] 6.2% of the HRmax and 68.9 [+ or -] 11.3% of the [[??]o.sub.2]max, both previously identified in the GXT. The choreography demanded 204.7 [+ or -] 31.3 kcal, an average RER of 0.88 [+ or -] 0.05 and mean RPE of 13 [+ or -] 2. The [[??]o.sub.2], HR, and RPE values did not significantly differ from those at the LT intensity identified during the GTX. Based on the present results, it was concluded that the TAP performance in the 'The Shim Sham Shimmy' choreography elicited acute physiologic responses similar to those observed at the LT intensity, thus suggesting that Tap Dance constitutes a useful exercise modality for aerobic fitness and cardiovascular health improvements. KEY WORDS dancing, blood lactate, oxygen consumption, heart rate, rating of perceived exertion

Abstract Background Spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) are one of the main animal models used for studying the effects of exercise on hypertension. Therefore, the determination of adequate intensity has been essential for secure and optimized exercise prescriptions concerning hypertensive subjects. This study aimed to identify the MLSS in SHR by using a treadmill test to improve the protocols and further prescriptions of exercise intensity. Findings In order to carry out this determination, SHR (n = 10) animals (~17.5 weeks; 227.4 ± 29.3 g; 172.4 ± 8.1 mmHg systolic blood pressure) were divided into two groups (G1 n = 5; G2 n = 5). Rats underwent a test with three different velocities to determine the MLSS. The MLSS was considered as the highest effort intensity where the blood lactate did not vary more than 1 mmol.L-1 from the 10th to the 25th minute. The MLSS was reached at a velocity of 20 m.min-1 with 3.8 ± 0.5 mmol.L-1 of lactate for G1. Additionally, the results were validated in G2. However, when the test was applied at 25 m.min-1, there was no stabilization of BLC in G1 and G2. Conclusions In this study it was possible to identify the MLSS in SHR rats, which is an excellent evaluation tool to control exercise intensity. These data are of considerable importance in studies using physical exercise as a means of research in hypertension and may lead to the intensity of exercise being prescribed more appropriately.

Aim: Several systemic diseases, such as periodontitis and apical periodontitis, can cause extensive bone resorption. Host defense peptides may have the potential for the development of novel therapies for the bone resorption process. This study evaluated the potential of host defense peptides clavanins A, MO, and LL-37 in in vitro osteoclastogenesis. Methods: RAW 264.7 cultures were stimulated with recombinant of receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B ligand in the presence of different tested concentrations of host defense peptides, besides calcium hydroxide and doxycycline. Cellular viability, nitric oxide production, and a number of differentiated osteoclast-like cells were also evaluated. Results: Results showed that none of the substances were cytotoxic, except for 128 μg.mL-1 of doxycycline after 3 days. Host defense peptides, calcium hydroxide, and doxycycline did not interfere in nitric oxide production or downregulated it. An exception was observed in the presence of 2 μg.mL-1 of doxycycline, in which nitric oxide production was up-regulated. All host defense peptides were capable of reducing osteoclast-like cell differentiation. Conclusion: Host defense peptides clavanins A and MO demonstrated to be potential suppressors of osteoclastogenesis in vitro without interfering in cellular viability and nitric oxide production. These promising results need to be further analyzed in in vivo models of bone resorption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Background: This study aimed to verify the effects of high-intensity aerobic training (HIAT) on BP control and renin-angiotensin system (RAS) components in renal tissue of SHR. Ten SHRs received HIAT or control for 8-weeks. At the end of the training, the SBP showed a reduction of ~ 30mmHg (p <.01) in HIAT and increased by ~ 15 mmHg in the control group. HIAT resulted in a higher release of nitrite, IL-6, ACE2 and ATR2. These results indicated an association between BP, NO and renal RAS. Abbreviations: JAA: writing, carried out all experimental procedures, performed statistical analysis, original draft and revised manuscript DMS: data interpretation, formal analysis, writing, editing and revised manuscript BAP: carried all experimental procedures, revised manuscritpt CPCG: carried all experimental procedures, revised manuscritpt MEN: experimental procedures, revised manuscript and data interpretation RWP: drafted and revised manuscript RCA: writing, experimental procedures, revised manuscript JP: writing, data interpretation and revised manuscript OLF: writing, original draft and revised manuscript. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]