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General approaches of MCA may be used in many areas of decision-making processes. Chapter 4 showed its applications for data models of digital geoinformation and the evaluation of their functionality. The following text is dedicated to the use of MCA for solutions of geo-process models. To illustrate the complexity of the method of solution, an example of modelling of passing through terrain with off-road vehicles was chosen.

As it was mentioned in Chap. 1, the strength of digital geographic data together with tools for working with them lies in the possibility to create a spatial geographical analysis in which the influences of geographical environment on the intended or realized activity are evaluated.

Multi-criteria analysis can be used to evaluate functionality of digital data or to analyze geographic conditions in a given space. The following text describes the use of multi-criteria analysis for improving the utility qualities of DGI.

Multivariate techniques are quite frequent and complex. They have mathematical basis in multi-criterial analysis for decision-making processes.

Until DGI became widely used, commanders and staff got information about the area of activity first of all from paper models of landscape, i.e. from maps. International Cartographic Association (ICA) defines a map as (ICA in International Cartographic Association. Retrieved July 2014, from International Cartographic Association: http://icaci.org/mission/, 2014): “A map is a symbolized representation of geographic reality, representing selected features or characteristics, resulting from the creative effort of its author’s execution of choices, and is designed for use when spatial relationships are of primary relevance.” The efficiency of decision-making processes using maps has always been significantly influenced by their quality. Quality prepared and up-to-date maps enable to get detailed information about the area of activity that is necessary for making optimal decisions. For the needs of decision-making processes, there are maps published that correspond to the given needs, e.g. units of integrated rescue systems or armed forces, and they are usually produced by state organizations that guarantee its constant quality and regular updating.

The content of this paper refers to the modelling of the geographic environment impact on the off-road vehicles movement in raster format. The common influences of relief slope, micro-relief forms, soils, vegetation, hydrology, built-up areas, meteorological factors, etc. on the vehicle speed deceleration are calculated. To determine the impact of various geographic environment types on the vehicle movement, many field tests and laboratory analysis were provided using military and rescue vehicles. Modelling principle of cross-country vehicle mobility in raster format is based on the idea that each geographic factor "F" located at given elementary terrain area and affecting vehicle speed has its own value of deceleration coefficient Ci. The value of this coefficient expresses the fact of how many times (or percent) a certain geographic factor will decelerate the vehicle speed. The final vehicle deceleration is calculated using synthesis of corresponding raster cells in elementary terrain area in which the influences of geographic factors on vehicle speed are constant. The ArcGIS software suite was used for building the cross-country movement (CCM) database and constructing the CCM map. The database, which has been developed for selected vehicles by the Military Geographical Service of the Czech Armed Forces, should serve as a military geographical support tool during the military and civil operations to improve vehicle navigation. Obsah tohoto příspěvku se týká modelování vlivu geografického prostředí na pohyb terénních vozidel v rastrovém formátu. Jsou vypočítány společné vlivy reliéfního svahu, mikroreliéfních forem, půd, vegetace, hydrologie, zastavěných ploch, meteorologických faktorû apod. na zpomalení rychlosti vozidla. K určení dopadu různých geografických typů prostředí na pohyb vozidel bylo provedeno mnoho terénních zkoušek a laboratorní analýzy pomocí vojenských a záchranných vozidel. Princip modelování mobility mobilních vozidel v rastru je založen na myšlence, že každý geografický faktor "F", který se nachází v dané oblasti a ovlivňuje rychlost vozidla, má svou vlastní hodnotu zpomalovacího koeficientu Ci. Hodnota tohoto koeficientu vyjadřuje, kolikrát (nebo procentuálně) určitý geografický faktor zpomaluje rychlost vozidla. Konečné zpomalení vozidla se vypočte pomocí syntézy odpovídajících rastrových buněk v základní ploše terénu, ve které jsou vlivy geografických faktorů na rychlost vozidla konstantní. Softwarová sada ArcGIS byla použita pro vytváření databáze průchodnosti - cross-country movement (CCM) a pro sestavení mapy CCM. Databáze, která byla vyvinutá pro vybraná vozidla Vojenskou geografickou službou Armády ČR, by měla sloužit jako nástroj vojenské geografické podpory během vojenských a civilních operací s cílem zlepšit navigaci vozidel. The content of this paper refers to the modelling of the geographic environment impact on the off-road vehicles movement in raster format. The common influences of relief slope, micro-relief forms, soils, vegetation, hydrology, built-up areas, meteorological factors, etc. on the vehicle speed deceleration are calculated. To determine the impact of various geographic environment types on the vehicle movement, many field tests and laboratory analysis were provided using military and rescue vehicles. Modelling principle of cross-country vehicle mobility in raster format is based on the idea that each geographic factor "F" located at given elementary terrain area and affecting vehicle speed has its own value of deceleration coefficient Ci. The value of this coefficient expresses the fact of how many times (or percent) a certain geographic factor will decelerate the vehicle speed. The final vehicle deceleration is calculated using synthesis of corresponding raster cells in elementary terrain area in which the influences of geographic factors on vehicle speed are constant. The ArcGIS software suite was used for building the cross-country movement (CCM) database and constructing the CCM map. The database, which has been developed for selected vehicles by the Military Geographical Service of the Czech Armed Forces, should serve as a military geographical support tool during the military and civil operations to improve vehicle navigation.

The content of this article is a paper about a complex mathematical model of terrain passability which respects geographical and meteorological conditions in terrain and about its adaptation for calculation in the environment of geo-information systems (GIS). The model of terrain passability is based on measurable factors that characterize the natural environment, which is possible to calculate from the data saved in GIS databases. When calculating parameters for a complex model, it is necessary to consider data quality which influences the level of vagueness of the resulting calculations. To express this level of vagueness, a method of fuzzy functions was chosen and then it was applied when calculating the individual deceleration coefficients given by the natural factors. The method of cost map was chosen for the final evaluation of possibilities of vehicles movement. The complete procedure was debugged in the environment of ArcGIS 10.

The main activities of armed forces take place in the terrain. Knowledge of terrain impact on such activities is very substantial for their achievement. Terrain impact on chosen activities can be described using mathematical models and these can be applied in GIS. Beside the quality of mathematical models, the quality of used data, mainly their vagueness, has fundamental influence on final results of terrain analysis. When calculating parameters for complex models, it is necessary to consider data quality which influences the level of vagueness of the resulting calculations. To express this level of vagueness, a method of fuzzy logic was chosen and then fuzzy functions were used when calculating chosen tasks—model of terrain passability and model of helicopter landing sites selection. The complete procedures were applied in the environment of ArcGIS 10.

Geographic support of decision-making processes is based on various geographic products, usually in digital form, which come from various foundations and sources. Each product can be characterized by its quality or by its utility value for the given type of task or group of tasks, for which the product is used. They also usually have different characteristics and thus can very significantly influence the resulting analytical material. The aim of the paper is to contribute to the solution of the question of how it is possible to work with diverse spatial geographic information so that the user has an idea about the resulting product. The concept of fuzzy sets is used for representation of classes, whose boundaries are not clearly (not sharply) set, namely, the fuzzy approach in overlaying operations realized in ESRI ArcGIS environment. The paper is based on a research project which is being solved at the Faculty of Military Technologies of the University of Defence. The research deals with the influence of geographic and climatic factors on the activity of armed forces and the Integrated Rescue System.

The first aim of the article is to show how it is possible - thanks to the use of sophisticated analytical tools for evaluation of data quality - to better understand geospatial data. Another aim is to assess the impact of data quality on the results of space analyses that are made of them and that are the basis for such decision-making processes, in which it is necessary to take into account the impact of geographical environment.

The aim of this paper is to propose a method that would focus on data and spatial information precision and reliability evaluation. The resulting characteristics of data reliability can be applied in various command and control systems. The method to contribute to increase the quality of decision-making process is proposed. Finally, the case scenario is focused on an intervention of a fire rescue unit and presents the proposal for the use of the system in practice.

Threats of laser attacks against transport planes are increasing around the world in the last time. Common laserpointers are used for suchattacks, which emit a continuous greenlaserbeam with the wavelength of λ = 532 nm, and the power emitted is hundreds of milliwatts. This situation is dealing with laws in many countries. The goal of the paper is to contribute to a solution to these dangerous situations for air traffic. The spatial analysis is possible to create in which the configuration of the landscape surrounding the airport, the position of the landing airplane, and parameters of irradiation are considered. The results identify locations from where suchattacks are possible. Such results can aid police by increasing their efficiency in intervening against laser attackers.

One of the fundamental tactical activities is manoeuver. Reliable geospatial information enables to support decision-making of commanders including manoeuvers planning. Geographic information systems allow modelling of an influence of the individual terrain components on movement of military vehicles depending on their technical and tactical characteristics. The quality of data sources and used models is necessary to consider in such as modelling. The Department of Military Geography and Meteorology at the University of Defence in Brno is focusing its research to this domain. The paper deals with verification of complex models of the Cross-Country Movement that were created using standard digital geographic data for typical vehicles being used in the Czech Army.