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As COVID-19 Pandemic and related data is very recent. COVID-19 infected most of the population from entire globe with different impact. It disclosed the limitation of access of health and care resources. Various parameters like different symptoms, different existing health conditions, different age, diagnosis level and great uncertainties made the condition vaguer. Fuzzy can handle such vagueness and uncertainty of such voluminous data of patients and can support to medical stakeholders, experts, hospitals, pharmaceuticals etc. Fuzzy Logic is widely used to address so many uncertainties, incompleteness or imprecision. The current experiment implements Fuzzy Inference System for pattern identification and classification by applying fuzzy approach with Fuzzy Logic in R for performance improvement. This focuses on designing Fuzzy Rule base, Model and inference for COVID 19 data analysis.

Objective: Comparative evaluation of antibacterial and anti-adherent properties of surface-modified stainless steel (SS) orthodontic brackets against Streptococcus mutans ( S. mutans). Materials and Methods: The study was conducted on 120 SS orthodontic McLaughlin, Bennett, Trevisi (MBT) 0.022″ slot by Leone, Italy. Orthodontic brackets that constituted the sample size were divided into 6 groups, consisting of 20 samples each in two control (non-surface coated) and four experimental groups. The experimental group’s surface coatings were photocatalytic zinc oxide (ZnO) and photocatalytic titanium oxide (TiO2), which were carried out by radiofrequency (RF) magnetron sputtering method for surface modification. Brackets were subjected to microbiological tests against S. mutans. For anti-adherence, weight change, pre- and postexposure, was evaluated to gauge the adherence of bacteria and colony-forming units/milliliter (CFU/mL) count measuring the survival rate of bacterial cells for antibacterial activity. Results: The TiO2-coated group showed statistically significant anti-adherence ( P-value < .05) against S. mutans than control and ZnO groups. The CFU count of TiO2 group was lower than control as well as ZnO group. Conclusion: TiO2 is superior to ZnO and should be continued to be considered for surface modification of orthodontic brackets against White Spot Lesions (WSLs) and gingivitis.

Increasing attention is directed on identifying aspects of football participation for targeted policy change that reduces concussion risk. Prior work evaluated concussion risk during the pre- and regular-seasons, leaving the spring season largely unexplored. This nationally representative observational investigation of 19 Division I collegiate football programs evaluated concussion rates and head impact exposure during the pre-season, regular season, and spring practices from 2014-2019. All participating programs recorded incidence concussions and a subset (n=6) also measured head impact exposure. Analyses by time of year and session type indicated concussion rates and head impact exposure during all practice sessions and contact only practices were significantly higher in the spring and pre-season compared to the regular season (p's0.05). Concussion rates during the spring season and pre-season were statistically similar. This investigation identified comparable concussion risk between the spring and pre-seasons, highlighting the need for targeted policy intervention to protect athlete health and safety.

Supercritical carbon dioxide (sCO2) can be utilized as a working fluid in various thermal systems including large scale power cycles; portable power production units, centralized coolant systems and standalone cooling devices. However,the lack of accurate prediction tools such as heat transfer coefficient correlations, and insufficient research studies about the mechanisms controlling heat transfer processes, are hindering its practical realization for key energy and cooling systems. The overall objective of this study is to extend fundamental knowledge about heat transfer and fluid dynamic processes in conduits pertinent to sCO2 with an emphasis on flow inclination and directional effects. This paper present the a study on effects of gravity, buoyancy on sCO2 flow at temperature near and away from the pseudocritical temperature. The experimental setup consists of a high temperature and pressure sCO2 heat transfer loop and flow testing facility. Recently researched sCO2 heat exchangers can have tubes oriented at different angles such as 45° or 90° to horizontal. For optimized design of efficient and cost-effective turbo-machinery components utilizing sCO2 as the heat transfer fluid, an understanding of convective heat transfer inside a tube/pipe is equally as important as external heat transfer. This paper presents an experimental and numerical study on sCO2 heat transfer at various inclinations with angles ranging from 0° (horizontal) to 90° (vertical) along with upward and downward flow direction with different inlet temperature. Thermocouple based temperature measurement is utilized at multiple locations within the test section axially and circumferentially to study the temperature distributions on the tube surface. Computational Fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations have been performed using ANSYS Fluent to complement experimental data. The CFD and experiment have been analysed against known Gnielinski nusselt number correlation.

Unilateral scissor bite condition is less prevalent and is often accompanied by cant of occlusion and varying degrees of facial asymmetry. Such discrepancy when accompanied with skeletal etiological factor is difficult to treat. This article presents two case reports to demonstrate simple, efficient and non-invasive camouflage technique to correct unilateral scissor bite of adult patients.

Repetitive subconcussive head impact exposure has been associated with clinical and MRI changes in some non-concussed contact sport athletes over the course of a season. However, analysis of human tolerance for repeated head impacts is complicated by concussion and head impact exposure history, genetics, and other personal factors. Therefore, the objective of the current study was to develop a rodent model for repetitive subconcussive head impact exposure that can be used to understand injury mechanisms and tolerance in the human. This study incorporated the Medical College of Wisconsin Rotational Injury Model to expose rats to multiple low-level head accelerations per day over a 4-week period. The peak magnitude of head accelerations were scaled from our prior human studies of contact sport athletes and the number of exposures per day were based on the median (moderate exposure) and 95th percentile (high exposure) number of exposures per day across the human sample. Following the exposure protocol, rats were assessed for cognitive deficits, emotional changes, blood serum levels of axonal injury biomarkers, and histopathological evidence of injury. High exposure rats demonstrated cognitive deficits and evidence of anxiety-like behaviors relative to shams. Moderate exposure rats did not demonstrate either of those behaviors. Similarly, high exposure rats had histopathological evidence of gliosis [i.e., elevated Iba1 intensity and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) volume relative to shams] in the basolateral amygdala and other areas. Blood serum levels of neurofilament light (NFL) demonstrated a dose response relationship with increasing numbers of low-level head acceleration exposures with a higher week-to-week rate of NFL increase for the high exposure group compared to the moderate exposure group. These findings demonstrate a cumulative effect of repeated low-level head accelerations and provide a model that can be used in future studies to better understand mechanisms and tolerance for brain injury resulting from repeated low-level head accelerations, with scalable biomechanics between the rat and human.

Concussion tolerance and head impact exposure are highly variable among football players. Recent findings highlight that head impact data analyses need to be performed at the subject level. In this paper, we describe a method of characterizing concussion risk between individuals using a new survival analysis technique developed with real-world head impact data in mind. Our approach addresses the limitations and challenges seen in previous risk analyses of football head impact data. Specifically, this demonstrative analysis appropriately models risk for a combination of left-censored recurrent events (concussions) and right-censored recurrent non-events (head impacts without concussion). Furthermore, the analysis accounts for uneven impact sampling between players. In brief, we propose using the Consistent Threshold method to develop subject-specific risk curves and then determine average risk point estimates between subjects at injurious magnitude values. We describe an approach for selecting an optimal cumulative distribution function to model risk between subjects by minimizing injury prediction error. We illustrate that small differences in distribution fit can result in large predictive errors. Given the vast amounts of on-field data researchers are collecting across sports, this approach can be applied to develop population-specific risk curves that can ultimately inform interventions that reduce concussion incidence.

A female patient aged 35 years reported with mutilated occlusion with mid line shift, aggravation of skeletal Cl II with posterior cross bite on patient's right side. This was a case of Skeletal Class II Div 1 malocclusion which had been treated previously by other operator with extraction of all 1st premolars except in upper right quadrant. Multidisciplinary approach was taken to resolve all the problems as follows: mid line shift & cross bite were corrected by the orthodontist with application of “FORSUS: Fatigue Resistant Device”, the odontome was eliminated by the oral surgeon, reconstruction of a premolar crown was done by the specialist in esthetic conservative dentistry & gingival grafting on a canine was done by the Periodontist. The objective of this presentation is to demonstrate the satisfactory outcome of the multidisciplinary approach in a mutiliated occlusion. 1 , 2

A formulation for the development of a crispy texture of crust in vegetable snack after freezing and frying was standardized using different flours such as whole-wheat flour (WWF), refined wheat flour (RWF), rice flour (RF) and semolina (S). Formulation with 60% WWF, 20% RWF, 10% RF and 10% S was selected based on sensory characteristics (overall acceptability >7.8). Incorporation of RF significantly (P

The effect of hydrocolloid pre-treatment, i.e., pectin, carboxy methyl cellulose, xanthan gum and sodium alginate on textural properties, drip losses and sensory quality as well as on glass transition temperature (Tg′′′) of the frozen-thawed pre-cut carrots was studied. Untreated frozen samples showed detrimental effects in texture and also excessive drip losses while the carrot tissue integrity was well retained in the hydrocolloid pre-treated samples. As the concentration of the hydrocolloid increased, hardness and fracturability were also found to increase. However, adhesiveness was observed to follow a reverse trend. Xanthan gum (0.4%) resulted in higher texture retention than other hydrocolloids used as well as than the control samples. Hydrocolloids imparted lightness and higher red and yellowness to the carrot samples due to reduced solute mobility and moisture conditioning effects. Overall acceptability of the hydrocolloid pre-treated samples was found to be more than the experimental control samp...

Optimization of pretreatments – blanching and additives was carried out for frozen pineapple slices using response surface methodology (RSM). The effect of pre-treatments viz. blanching medium (10–20° Brix sucrose solution), calcium chloride (1000–2000 ppm) and ascorbic acid (200–400 ppm) was studied on hardness (N), colour ( L *), syneresis (%) and sensory attributes (colour, aroma, taste, overall acceptability) of the frozen slices after thawing. A Central Composite Rotatable Design (CCRD) was used with six experiments at the central point. The data obtained were analysed employing multiple regression technique to generate suitable mathematical models. Quadratic models were found to fit well ( R 2 , 96.72–99.99%) in describing the effect of variables on the responses studied. Optimization of the pretreatments was carried out by maximizing the hardness, L * and sensory responses while keeping the syneresis at minimum level. Compromised optimum values for blanching medium, calcium chloride and ascorbic acid levels were found to be 17° Brix, 1493 ppm and 300 ppm; respectively. The experimental and predicted values showed high correlation coefficients. The optimized pretreatment was found to be helpful in maintaining the quality of frozen pineapple slices in terms of texture, colour and syneresis.

The agri-food market the world over has increased biological, chemical and physical threats to food products, triggering a bigger consumer demand on process control, quality and safety of these products. Bio-sensors can play a vital role in the agricultural and food sectors to control production processes and ensure greater food quality and safety by reliable, fast and cost effective monitoring procedures. Bio-sensors are promising alternatives to conventional analytical tools since they offer advantages in size, cost, specificity, rapid response, precision and sensitivity. Each step in the agricultural and food production chain is susceptible to myriad threats in terms of loss of quality and transmission of diseases. These biological, chemical and / or physical threats can emanate from environmental contamination or failures during food handling, processing, packaging and distribution. Bio-sensors can detect, analyse and quantify molecules of different biological origins and throw light on the quality of food or agri-material in terms of their spiking with pesticides, fertilizers and dioxins residues, in addition to providing information on contaminated water and soil residues, genetically modified organisms, pathogenic microorganisms and their toxins, and food components such as antinutrients, allergens, drugs, additives, and hydrocarbons. Biosensors are also useful for the evaluation of food composition that undergo transformation during post-harvest operations and processing. Biosensors enable real time monitoring of variables such as pH, temperature, pressure, oxygen, flow and volatile substances. Biosensors can also play a useful role in the implementation of hazard analysis and critical control points (HACCP) plans by detection of food borne pathogens and chemical contaminants. Suitably developed and designed biosensors can effectively screen air, water, soil, food, fresh and waste plant and animal agro-material for mitigation of bio-threat paradigm also by rapid detection of pathogenic microbes. Biosensors enable capturing of genetic signatures of various bio-pathogens and their toxic metabolites, that can pose a potential threat to human health and well being during outbreak of any unfortunate biological warfare (BW).

Maxillary central incisors have the least incidence of congenital absence. When it does happen, the patient may present with over retained deciduous centrals or the contralateral central may have drifted into the available space presenting as generalised anterior spacing with loss of midline. In such cases a multi-disciplinary approach may be required with orthodontic treatment to re-organise the space available in order to rehabilitate the patient with a fixed prosthesis. This case report presents the treatment of a patient with congenitally missing maxillary left central incisor using dental implant with angulated abutment after orthodontic correction and stabilization of the remaining maxillary anteriors.

In orthognathic correction of skeletal discrepancy, different treatment options should be considered to give optimum results to the patient with minimal postoperative problems caused by extensive bi-jaw surgery. In a case of severe vertical dysplasia with a large open bite, the orthodontist with the help of advanced diagnostic tools such as imaging software had planned bi-jaw surgery. However, there was a difference in opinion with the oral surgeon who considered only single jaw surgery to get adequate results. The possibility of only maxillary Le Fort I surgery creating autorotation of the mandible was considered, as 0.5° of autorotation results with 1° of maxillary posterior segment clockwise rotation thus avoiding bi-jaw surgery. After performing the Le Fort I superior repositioning of maxilla, the mandibular autorotation was not adequate, so a mandibular bilateral sagittal split osteotomy (BSSO) for mandibular advancement had to be performed to achieve favourable results.

When the hand is affected by polio the thumb is often flail except for flexor pollicis longus function.’ Tendons for transfer to improve function are often not available. In the severely paralyzed hand (particularly in the patient who is dependent on walking aids for mobility) the thumb metacarpal can be arthrodesed to the index metacarpal in a position of abduction. This thumb position helps the patient with activities of daily living. We report the results of this procedure in seven patients.

Sickle cell disease sometimes presents with knee arthropathy secondary to osteonecrosis. We report our experience with 9 total knee arthroplasties in 5 patients. The joint fluid, synovium, capsule, and excised bones were sent for culture. Tissue cultures from 5 knees grew organisms. The outcome was: 6 excellent, 1 good, 1 satisfactory, and 1 poor. Infection in 1 case led to removal of the prosthesis and subsequent arthrodesis. 1 patient had persistent peroneal nerve palsy. There were no hematological complications. We suggest that osteonecrosis in sickle cell disease should be considered septic.