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Pressure, temperature, conductivity, and derived salinity data with their associated quality flags from the Vigo section of the monitoring program "Oceanography Time Series in Northern Spain" (RADIALES; https://www.seriestemporales-ieo.net/), carried out by the Instituto Español de Oceanografía. Data were collected biweekly to monthly from August 1987 to September 2020 in the interior of the Ría de Vigo and its adjacent shelf, at four stations with depths ranging from 29 m to 148 m. Data were acquired using MARK III, Sea-Bird Scientific 19 SeaCAT, SBE 9 Plus and SBE 25 Sealogger CTD (conductivity, temperature, depth) profilers. They were processed using Sea-Bird Scientific's Seasoft software package, and subsequently, quality controlled with both ctdcheck (https://github.com/PabloOtero/CTDChecker) and Ocean Data View software.

The Galician rías and their adjacent continental shelf form part of the northern boundary of the Canary Current upwelling system (CanCUS), one of the world's major eastern boundary upwelling ecosystems (EBUEs). During summer, prevailing northerly winds export surface water offshore, allowing deeper, cooler, nutrient-rich water to rise, creating a fertilizing effect on coastal waters that support valuable fisheries and aquaculture economy. This data article describes a time series of hydrographic data collected on a biweekly to monthly frequency from August 1987 to September 2020 in the interior of the Ría de Vigo (one of the aforementioned Galician rías) and its adjacent shelf. This monitoring effort results in the longest sampling series in the area up to 2020, providing high value for understanding the connectivity processes between the coastal embayment and the adjacent shelf, changes in ocean climate, as well as ecosystem structure and functioning. Data were collected with vertical pressure, temperature and conductivity profilers, varying the profiler instrument over time (MARK III, SBE 9 Plus, SBE 19, SBE 25). Data were collected at four stations with depths ranging from 29 m to 148 m, although only two of these stations cover the full temporal range of the monitoring program. Due to the temporal extent of the sampling, the data have been processed with different techniques and by different technicians throughout the duration of the monitoring program. To ensure data consistency and increase data reusability, all data have been now reprocessed under the same criteria, quality-controlled, and unified in this dataset. The dataset in both MedAtlas SeaDataNet ASCII and CF-compliant netcdf formats are available via SEANOE repository at: https://www.seanoe.org/data/00828/94008/.

28118 Directional wave spectra obtained from ADCP currents between June 2013 and August 2014 in the Ría de Vigo (NW Iberia, Atlantic Ocean), STRAMIX project. First, last and mean spectra were included separately. Waves Monitor Software (RDI) was used to obtain the 28118 individual wave spectra. Criteria applied to compute parameters were: 20 minutes bursts with tilt and current correction every 10 minutes, maximum wave period of 28.6 s, sea-swell transition period of 7.3 s, 256 frequency bands, and 180 angles

Two designs of lagrangian low-cost drifting buoys have been developed in order to monitor the ocean surface dynamics in the North-west Iberian Peninsula and provide ground-truth observations that can be used to assess the performance of High Frequency (HF) Radars of RAIA observatory from 2020 to 2022. Since regression model type I, which is typically used in buoy-HF radar antennas validations, does not consider the presence of errors in the observations from both instruments, regression model type II was proposed to instrument intercomparison. Furthermore, a new metric was developed to better assess both model types regressions in lagrangian validations

Two designs of lagrangian low-cost drifting buoys have been developed in order to monitor the ocean surface dynamics in the North-west Iberian Peninsula and provide ground-truth observations that can be used to assess the performance of High Frequency (HF) Radars of RAIA observatory from 2020 to 2022. Since regression model type I, which is typically used in buoy-HF radar antennas validations, does not consider the presence of errors in the observations from both instruments, regression model type II was proposed to instrument intercomparison. Furthermore, a new metric was developed to better assess both model types regressions in lagrangian validations., Peer Reviewed

Thermohaline time series are crucial for detecting and quantifying abiotic changes in the marine environment, and even more so in the present global change scenario. This is particularly relevant for the Ría the Vigo and its adjacent shelf, a highly productive ecosystem at the northern limit of the Canary Current Upwelling System (CanCUS). This study analyses a 34-year time series (1987-2020) of Conductivity-Temperature-Depth (CTD) casts, the longest series available to date in the region. Long-term trends, shifts, and seasonal variability of temperature and salinity were assessed and investigated in relation to regional meteorological variability and basin-scale atmospheric teleconnection indices. Generalized Additive Models (GAM) allowed us to determine that monthly thermohaline variability can be largely explained by regional meteo-climatic variability, mainly upwelling index and river discharge. Trends and shifts in some teleconnection patterns, especially the East Atlantic (EA) pattern, may also be related to both the shift in salinity in 2013 and its long-term decrease below 50 m depth. Despite the current global warming context, no statistically significant trend was observed for either the upwelling index or temperature. The spatial analysis of sea surface temperature trends suggests that our study area has been responding to climate change differently from other surrounding near-shore areas, as the Finisterre Cape or the southern Bay of Biscay. Overall, this study highlights the importance of long-term observations to elucidate the impact of climate change in the northern limit of the CanCUS and encourages caution when extrapolating conclusions from ecosystem studies on a regional scale.

Average directional wave spectrum from 28118 wave spectra obtained from ADCP currents between june 2013 and August 2014 in the Ría de Vigo (NW Iberia, Atlantic Ocean), STRAMIX project. Waves Monitor Software (RDI) was used to obtain the 28118 individual wave spectra. Criteria applied to compute parameters were: 20 minutes bursts with tilt and current correction every 10 minutes, maximum wave period of 28.6 s, sea-swell transition period of 7.3 s, 256 frequency bands, and 180 angles

En este manual se detalla el protocolo de muestreo de microplásticos en agua superficial que utiliza el IEO-Vigo en las campañas de ESMARES6-C8.

Este manual describe de manera pormenorizada los pasos a seguir para la toma de muestras para sedimento mediante draga Box-Corer. Se detalla como recoger la muestra en cubierta, como manipularla en el laboratorio húmeda y como conservarla. Además, se dan indicaciones para controlar la posible contaminación ambiental al manipular las muestras.

After adding the Leça de Palmeira (13.5 MHz) HF Radar antenna to the Galician (5 MHz) HF Radar system the project RADAR_ON_RAIA has established an international cross-border (Spain-Portugal) HF Radar network consisting in 5 sites, from Leça de Palmeira to Cabo Prior [1]. This network (Leça, Silleiro, Fisterra, Prior and Vilán) estimates the currents in the first 2 meters of the water column on shelf overlapping areas. In addition, there is another HF Radar system in the Ría de Vigo, formed by two sites (Toralla and Cíes) that works at 42.6MHz, providing high-spatial resolution observations of surface velocities in the first 0.5m of the water column. In order to correct the signals received at each station, the antennas are routinely calibrated with transponders, obtaining the Antenna Pattern Measurement (APM) used in the corrections [2]. However, to assess the quality of the data gathered by the antennas an external validation with other independent sources of velocity observations is advisable. One of the best options to undertake such a task is the use of drifting buoys [3]. To validate de data obtained by the antennas, a comparison between the surface current velocity given by the radial and total vectors with the velocity of the buoys at certain positions is done. The comparisons are based on metrics such as the root mean square error (RMSE) and the statistics derived from the linear regressions (slope, intercept, coefficient of determination and probability of rejection). In the comparisons, the standard deviations (variances) of both the data from the buoys and the HF Radar are taken into account to increase or decrease the number of data, and their quality, which enters into the comparisons

Bottom boundary layer (BBL) hydrodynamics and its effects on the settling of organic matter were studied during four contrasting seasons in two locations of the upwelling-driven Ría de Vigo (NW Iberia). One site was located in an inner-ria mussel raft area, affected by an intense supply of organic matter due to sinking mussel faeces, and the other was a more external and more wave-exposed site. Shear stress computed based on ADCP currents and wave model results were analysed and compared with ADCP backscatter signal and total mass fluxes recovered by a moored sediment trap. Shear stress in both locations was mainly modulated by the coupling of tidal currents and waves. This wave-current coupling was stronger under downwelling conditions (more frequent during autumn and winter) when southerly waves from the shelf entered into the ria and a negative residual circulation pattern was developed. The resuspension affects not only to aggregates but also the mussel faeces and cohesive sediments. This finding jointly with the fact that dispersion of mussel faeces during sinking was always higher than 30% point to a significant reduction of the particulate material arriving at the seabed. We conclude that these resuspension and dispersion processes mitigate the intense loading of potentially oxidized organic material onto the seafloor sediments, in spite of the lower energetic conditions at the raft site. Our results evidence a large temporal and spatial variability in the BBL energetic conditions along the ria and show how it can affect the final fate of faeces production by mussels. Given the increasing importance of these processes for the ria ecosystem services, BBL dynamics should be considered in the decision-making of mussel raft management

This dataset contains information about the hydrographic cruises carried out off Cape Silleiro (NW Iberia, Atlantic Ocean) between July 2010 and June 2012. These cruises sampled CALIBERIA station, located at 42º05´ N, 9º23´ W (~350 m depth). A CTD (Seabird 911) equipped with fluorescence and oxygen sensors was used for these hydrographic cruises

From November 2008 to April 2010, an upward-looking Sontek 500 ADP (configured for 3 m cell size and 5 minute sampling interval) was moored on the seabed in 75 m water depth at 42.083°N and 8.933ºW (RAIA station) near Cape Silleiro (NW Iberia, Atlantic Ocean). Each of the 25 current-velocity vertical levels were averaged every 10 minutes

From January to November 2009, 4 hydrographic cruises were carried out along a 42.1°N across-shelf section, near Cape Silleiro (NW Iberia, Atlantic Ocean). These cruises sampled along seven equally spaced stations from the position of the coastal Silleiro buoy at 8.93 °W (75 m depth) to a station located at 9.44°W (~580 m depth, Figure 1). A CTD (Seabird 25) equipped with fluorescence, turbidity and transmittance sensors was used for these hydrographic cruises. The cruises started at the shallow station between 08:00 to 11:00, and ended at the deepest station between 12:00 to 15:00

Organic carbon mineralization and nutrient cycling in benthic environments are critically important for their biogeochemical functioning, but are poorly understood in coastal up - welling systems. The main objective of this study was to determine benthic oxygen fluxes in a muddy sediment in the Ria de Vigo (NW Iberian coastal upwelling), by applying the aquatic eddy covariance (AEC) technique during 2 campaigns in different seasons (June and October 2017). The main drivers of benthic fluxes were studied and compared among days in each season and between seasons. The 2 campaigns were characterized by an upwelling-relaxation period followed by a downwelling event, the last of which was due to the extratropical cyclone Ophelia in October. The mean (±SD) seasonal benthic oxygen fluxes were not significantly different for the 2 campaigns despite differences in hydrodynamic and biogeochemical conditions (June: -20.9 ± 7.1 mmol m-2d-1vs. October: -26.5 ± 3.1 mmol m-2d-1). Benthic fluxes were controlled by different drivers depending on the season. June was characterized by sinking labile organic material, which enhanced benthic fluxes in the downwelling event, whereas October had a significantly higher bottom velocity that stimulated the benthic fluxes. Finally, a comparison with a large benthic chamber (0.50 m2) was made during October. Despite methodological differences between AEC and chamber measurements, concurrent fluxes agreed within an acceptable margin (AEC:benthic chamber ratio = 0.78 ± 0.13; mean ± SD). Bottle incubations of water sampled from the chamber interior indicated that mineralization could explain this difference. These results show the importance of using non-invasive techniques such as AEC to resolve benthic flux dynamics

The Ría de Vigo is a semi-enclosed bay in which tidal residual currents are associated with coastal upwelling events. Both upwelling and downwelling favourable winds generate a bidirectional exchange flow with the shelf – a two-layer circulation with surface waters leaving (entering) the ria and a compensating inflow (outflow) through the bottom layer under upwelling (downwelling) conditions. This vertical circulation changes the vertical density structure inside the ria. In the ria, the tide is mainly semidiurnal (M2, S2 and K2), with some energy in the diurnal band (K1). Our velocity observations show that the vertical structure of the tidal currents in the ria do not exhibit a classic barotropic profile with a bottom boundary layer beneath uniform “free-stream” flow as the tidal bottom boundary layer is affected by stratification. This links tidal circulation to the wind-driven residual circulation, since the latter also greatly helps to control the stratification. We quantify this effect by fitting tidal ellipses to observed velocities through the water column. In addition to this indirect coupling through stratification, there is a direct interaction in which velocities in the upper and bottom layers are best correlated with winds while the mid-water velocities are best correlated with tides. These wind-tide interactions are expected to play a key role in the resuspension and transport of nutrients and phytoplankton in the Ria.

he Ría de Vigo is a semi-enclosed bay in which tidal residual currents are associated with coastal upwelling events. Both upwelling and downwelling favourable winds generate a bidirectional exchange flow with the shelf – a two-layer circulation with surface waters leaving (entering) the ria and a compensating inflow (outflow) through the bottom layer under upwelling (downwelling) conditions. This vertical circulation changes the vertical density structure inside the ria. In the ria, the tide is mainly semidiurnal (M2, S2 and K2), with some energy in the diurnal band (K1). Our velocity observations show that the vertical structure of the tidal currents in the ria do not exhibit a classic barotropic profile with a bottom boundary layer beneath uniform “free-stream” flow as the tidal bottom boundary layer is affected by stratification. This links tidal circulation to the wind-driven residual circulation, since the latter also greatly helps to control the stratification. We quantify this effect by fitting tidal ellipses to observed velocities through the water column. In addition to this indirect coupling through stratification, there is a direct interaction in which velocities in the upper and bottom layers are best correlated with winds while the mid-water velocities are best correlated with tides. These wind-tide interactions are expected to play a key role in the resuspension and transport of nutrients and phytoplankton in the Ria

Organic carbon mineralization and nutrient cycling in benthic environments are critically important for their biogeochemical functioning, but are poorly understood in coastal upwelling systems. The main objective of this study was to determine benthic oxygen fluxes in a muddy sediment in the Ria de Vigo (NW Iberian coastal upwelling), by applying the aquatic eddy covariance (AEC) technique during 2 campaigns in different seasons (June and October 2017). The main drivers of benthic fluxes were studied and compared among days in each season and between seasons. The 2 campaigns were characterized by an upwelling-relaxation period followed by a downwelling event, the last of which was due to the extratropical cyclone Ophelia in October. The mean (±SD) seasonal benthic oxygen fluxes were not significantly different for the 2 campaigns despite differences in hydrodynamic and biogeochemical conditions (June: −20.9 ± 7.1 mmol m−2 d−1 vs. October: −26.5 ± 3.1 mmol m−2 d−1). Benthic fluxes were controlled by different drivers depending on the season. June was characterized by sinking labile organic material, which enhanced benthic fluxes in the downwelling event, whereas October had a significantly higher bottom velocity that stimulated the benthic fluxes. Finally, a comparison with a large benthic chamber (0.50 m2) was made during October. Despite methodological differences between AEC and chamber measurements, concurrent fluxes agreed within an acceptable margin (AEC:benthic chamber ratio = 0.78 ± 0.13; mean ± SD). Bottle incubations of water sampled from the chamber interior indicated that mineralization could explain this difference. These results show the importance of using non-invasive techniques such as AEC to resolve benthic flux dynamics

Tidal harmonic analysis of ADCP currents from june 2013 to August 2014 in the Ría de Vigo (NW Iberia, Atlantic Ocean), STRAMIX project. Horizontal velocities were screened for errors greater than 20cm/s following Gilcoto et al., 2009. Afterwards, each of the 55 current-velocity vertical levels (75 cm bin size) were averaged every 5 minutes. Finally, the MATLAB tidal analysis package t-tide (Pawlowicz et al., 2002) was applied, level by level, to the vectorial combined horizontal velocity components. A database of ellipse parameters for the 55 levels and 53 tidal constituents (selected with a Rayleigh criteria of 1) was obtained. The length of the time series allowed us for the first time to separate S1 and K1

Average directional wave spectrum from 28118 wave spectra obtained from ADCP currents between june 2013 and August 2014 in the Ría de Vigo (NW Iberia, Atlantic Ocean), STRAMIX project. Waves Monitor Software (RDI) was used to obtain the 28118 individual wave spectra. Criteria applied to compute parameters were: 20 minutes bursts with tilt and current correction every 10 minutes, maximum wave period of 28.6 s, sea-swell transition period of 7.3 s, 256 frequency bands, and 180 angles

Organic carbon mineralization and nutrients recycling are critical for the biogeochemical functioning of the coastal regions Benthic O 2 uptake is the most common proxy used to quantify the benthic mineralization rate of organic carbon Glud 2008 The main objective of this study was to determine the magnitude of benthic O 2 fluxes in the Ría de Vigo using the Aquatic Eddy Covariance ( technique (Berg et al 2003 under different hydrodynamic conditions (June and October 2017 and identify the main forcing factors of benthic fluxes in each campaign

The GEOVIDE cruise, a collaborative project within the framework of the international GEOTRACES programme, was conducted along the French-led section in the North Atlantic Ocean (Section GA01), between 15 May and 30 June 2014. In this special issue (https://www.biogeosciences.net/special-issue900.html), results from GEOVIDE, including physical oceanography and trace element and isotope cyclings, are presented among 18 articles. Here, the scientific context, project objectives, and scientific strategy of GEOVIDE are provided, along with an overview of the main results from the articles published in the special issue.