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The recent results of the Education First English Proficiency Index (EF EPI) showed that the country placed seven spots lower compared to the past ranking. The purpose of this study is to determine the level of competence of students in grammar and academic writing and to find out if a significant relationship existed between the variables. This research paper utilized the Descriptive-Correlational research design to determine the level of grammatical and academic writing competence and to determine possible associations between them. The ninety (90) respondents were from the Grade 10 students enrolled in Special Science Class selected using a stratified sampling technique. The researcher-made questionnaire was given to the students through an online platform that has gone through validity and reliability testing. The statistical tools used were the mean and standard deviation to determine the levels of competence, and the Spearman Rank Order coefficient ? was used to determine the relationship between grammar and academic writing competence. The results in the grammar (M=28.29, SD=3.92) and academic writing tests (M=20.37, SD=3.25) revealed that the students are moving towards mastery, likewise, it showed that there is no significant relationship between the grammatical competence and the students' academic writing competence (p-value = 0.3121). Several variables are also measured to determine the influence of these factors, such as sex and parents' educational attainment. This study revealed that the students' sex has no significant difference in the students' level of competence in grammar and academic writing, while the students' parents' highest educational attainment has a significant difference with the students' academic writing competence, especially with parents' that has a post-graduate degree. It can be concluded that the proficiency of the students in grammar does not correlate with their academic writing skills of the students.

This brief report shows the academic performance in General Mathematics which Grade 11 students take during their first semester. Results show that the overall academic performance of Grade 11 students in General Mathematics is Mean=86.49, SD=6.53. This brief report also reveals the academic performance and descriptives of Grade 11 students when grouped according to Sex, Strand, and School Year attended. It also shows that there exists significant differences in the academic performance of Grade 11 students when grouped according to Sex, Strand, and School Year attended.

The article examines the problem of the fixation of analytical jurisprudence on conceptual analysis of legal concepts. The first part of the work is devoted to the consideration of the latter as a heterogeneous method of analytical jurisprudence, in contrast to its limited understanding that prevails in current jurisprudence. The second and third parts trace the genesis of analytical jurisprudence from analytic philosophy. Based on the thoughts of Dagfinn Follesdal, an analogy is drawn between the paths of analytical jurisprudence and analytic philosophy. It is concluded that analytical jurisprudence in the doctrinal sense will go through a path of separation from conceptual analysis, which analytic philosophy has already passed. The fourth part of the article examines the foundations of analytical jurisprudence in the form of the legal theory of Herbert Hart, who, being the founder of analytical jurisprudence, defined the entire subsequent analytic tradition in jurisprudence in such a way that its focus is not limited only to issues of legal language. Based on this, it is concluded that initially in analytical jurisprudence it was not strict conceptual analysis that prevailed, but conceptual logic, which made it possible to develop legal teaching in a practical way and only later gave rise to linguistic studies of law. The thesis is brought up for discussion that analytical jurisprudence, like analytic philosophy in general, does without strict conceptual analysis for its constitution. It is enough for her to have more general ideas about proving and justifying her theses. In addition, in the fifth part of the article, parallels are drawn between conceptual analysis as a method of analytic philosophy and the concept of the hermeneutic circle, traditionally inherent in continental philosophy. The main thesis of the article submitted for discussion is the assertion that the methodological fixation of analytical jurisprudence, which has become established as a relevant research tradition, must be overcome, since it is justified exclusively discursively, and not on the basis of sound reflection.

This study aimed to determine the effect of localized lesson plans to the interest and performance in mathematics. The respondents were grade 6 pupils of Odiong Elementary School, Philippines in the school year 2019-2020. The experimental grouped was exposed to instruction using localized lesson plans while the control grouped was exposed to ready-made lesson plans. The results showed that the pupils' level of interests before and after using localized and ready-made lesson are both highly interested; level of performance before using localized was fairly satisfactory, and after using it show it was very satisfactory. Moreover, there is a significant difference between the pupils' interest and academic performance after using localized lesson plans. It indicates that pupils' performance in mathematics under localized lesson plans instruction is much higher than pupils' under ready-made lesson plans instruction. Thus, it is recommended to use localized lesson plans in teaching any subject.

To present the significant findings of the paper of Alova (2019), this study shows that Value of Mathematics, which is one of the factors of the attitudes toward Mathematics as taken from the Attitudes Toward Mathematics Inventory (ATMI), an instrument developed by Tapia and Marsh (2004), is one salient factor in the students' attitude and perception in the Mathematics subject.

Abstract Melanoma is one of the most aggressive and lethal form of cancer. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a clinically approved technique for cancer treatment, including non-melanoma skin cancer. However, the most of conventional photosensitizers are of low efficacy against melanoma due to the possible dark toxicity at high drug concentrations, melanin pigmentation, and induction of anti-oxidant defense mechanisms. In the current research we propose non-toxic flavin mononucleotide (FMN), which is a water-soluble form of riboflavin (vitamin B2) as a promising agent for photodynamic therapy of melanoma. We demonstrated selective accumulation of FMN in melanoma cells in vivo and in vitro in comparison with keratinocytes and fibroblasts. Blue light irradiation with dose 5 J/cm2 of melanoma cells pre-incubated with FMN led to cell death through apoptosis. Thus, the IC50 values of human melanoma A375, Mel IL, and Mel Z cells were in a range of FMN concentration 10–30 µM that can be achieved in tumor tissue under systemic administration. The efficiency of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation under FMN blue light irradiation was measured in single melanoma cells by a label-free technique using an electrochemical nanoprobe in a real-time control manner. Melanoma xenograft regression in mice was observed as a result of intravenous injection of FMN followed by blue-light irradiation of tumor site. The inhibition of tumor growth was 85–90% within 50 days after PDT treatment.

Abstract Iron oxide nanoparticles have attracted a great deal of research interest and have been widely used in bioscience and clinical research including as contrast agents for magnetic resonance imaging, hyperthermia and magnetic field assisted radionuclide therapy. It is therefore important to develop methods, which can provide high-throughput screening of biological responses that can predict toxicity. The use of nanoelectrodes for single cell analysis can play a vital role in this process by providing relatively fast, comprehensive, and cost-effective assessment of cellular responses. We have developed a new method for in vitro study of the toxicity of magnetic nanoparticles (NP) based on the measurement of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) by a novel nanoelectrode. Previous studies have suggested that ROS generation is frequently observed with NP toxicity. We have developed a stable probe for measuring intracellular ROS using platinized carbon nanoelectrodes with a cavity on the tip integrated into a micromanipulator on an upright microscope. Our results show a significant difference for intracellular levels of ROS measured in HEK293 and LNCaP cancer cells before and after exposure to 10 nm size iron oxide NP. These results are markedly different from ROS measured after cell incubation with the same concentration of NP using standard methods where no differences have been detected. In summary we have developed a label-free method for assessing nanoparticle toxicity using the rapid (less than 30 minutes) measurement of ROS with a novel nanoelectrode.

Inflammatory eye diseases remain the most common clinical problem in ophthalmology. The secondary processes associated with inflammation, such as overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and exhaustion of the endogenous antioxidant system, frequently lead to tissue degeneration, vision blurring, and even blindness. Antioxidant enzymes, such as copper–zinc superoxide dismutase (SOD1), could serve as potent scavengers of ROS. However, their delivery into the eye compartments represents a major challenge due to the limited ocular penetration. This work presents a new therapeutic modality specifically formulated for the eye on the basis of multilayer polyion complex nanoparticles of SOD1 (Nano-SOD1), which is characterized by appropriate storage stability and pronounced therapeutic effect without side reactions such as eye irritation; acute, chronic, and reproductive toxicity; allergenicity; immunogenicity; mutagenicity even at high doses. The ability of Nano-SOD1 to reduce inflammatory processes in the eye was examined in vivo in rabbits with a model immunogenic uveitis—the inflammation of the inner vascular tract of the eye. It was shown during preclinical studies that topical instillations of Nano-SOD1 were much more effective compared to the free enzyme in decreasing uveitis manifestations. In particular, we noted statistically significant differences in such inflammatory signs in the eye as corneal and conjunctival edema, iris hyperemia, and fibrin clots. Moreover, Nano-SOD1 penetrates into interior eye structures more effectively than SOD itself and retains enzyme activity in the eye for a much longer period of time, decreasing inflammation and restoring antioxidant activity in the eye. Thus, the presented Nano-SOD1 can be considered as a potentially useful therapeutic agent for the treatment of ocular inflammatory disorders.