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The base of the Quaternary was formally redefined in 2009 by the International Commision on Stratigraphy at 2.6 Ma by shifting a 800 ka, formerly part of the Pliocene epoch, into the Pleistocene. It has made tremendous impression in literature. The Quaternary period is unique because of its climatic characteristics; however, it is a geochronological unit, and a redefinition of its position would affect many areas, such as the definition of neotectonic period in Turkey. The major tectonic elements of the Eastern Mediterranean region are located in there. Recent studies related to neotectonics in Turkey present a consensus on the driving mechanism and age of this tectonic period: the late Pliocene (before the formal adding of Gelasian stage into the Quaternary period) westward escape of the Anatolian plate. Following the collision of the Arabian and Eurasian plates at ~11 Ma BP, the North Anatolian Fault Zone created in the east and the escape tectonics could not occur until the propagation of the North Anatolian Fault Zone to the Aegean Arc at ~2.5 Ma BP and gaining a transform fault character with a similar slip rate as in today. The spatial distribution of active faults in Turkey also supports such an approach. The great majority of them have no relations with the pre-Quaternary formations, on the other hand are bounding the Quaternary basins. In this study, the neotectonics of Turkey discussed within the view of the redefined Quaternary. The comparison suggests the using of the term Quaternary tectonics substantially coincides with neotectonics in literature for Turkey, because the base level of this period in this region overlaps with the redefined base level of the Quaternary period.

The Cappadocia region located in the centre of Anatolia is mainly known because of its Neogene and Quaternary volcanism and related geomorphology showing spectacular erosional landscapes. However, in contrast to its relatively well-studied volcanic and geomorphic history, studies on its sedimentary deposits together with its environmental and climatic history are still few. In this study, we outline the paleoenvironments of the Cappadocia region through sedimentological and paleontological data. We interpreted five Neogene and Quaternary depositional environments based on 29 lithofacies described in this study, and mammal and pollen fossil contents described by previous studies in the study area. Three terrestrial packages in these periods mainly represented by fluvial and lacustrine environments were elaborated through facies descriptions. Lithofacies variations in each of these successions indicate deposition in highly dynamic environments. The middle Miocene succession is mostly represented by braided river deposits expressing deposition in a relatively high energetic environment, whereas the late Miocene–Pliocene units similarly indicate a braided river system, but was dominated by lacustrine and floodplain facies intercalated with large amount of volcanic products. Quaternary sediments in the region deposited in similar environments mainly filling the large sedimentary basins bounded by active faults and around the recent riverbeds. As pointed out by palynological data, the northern part of the Cappadocia region was dominated by arboreal taxa during the middle Miocene relative to following periods, and there is a general trend of increase in steppic herbs since the early late Miocene consistent with paleoenvironmental and paleoclimatic data collected from the entire Eastern Mediterranean region. Mammal fossil content of the sedimentary and volcanoclastic units in the study area, which are correlative with stratigraphic levels where palynological studies were carried out, also indicates an herb-dominated relatively arid ecosystem since the late Miocene. Faunal data in this time coincide with a dramatic diversification in Anatolia caused by regional tectonics driven by continental collision between the Eurasian and Arabian plates in the east. While the neotectonics and climatic conditions shaped the current landscape of Anatolia mainly during the early–middle Pleistocene, insufficient mammal and pollen data from this time interval still make the early Quaternary evolution of the Cappadocia region a debate. On the other hand, detailed and robustly dated palynological data from the late Pleistocene–Holocene of the region establish a gradual increase of arboreal taxa during the early Holocene, while it is characterized by an increase in steppic herbs in the late Holocene. In addition, as a result of its very rich cultural history, anthropogenic factors should have influenced this environmental change during this period, as evidenced in several locations throughout Anatolia.

WOS: 000477003100001 This study presents the late Quaternary evolution of the southern Marmara region in northwestern Turkey and discusses the suitability of the area for settlements. It is based on interpretation of sediment analyses together with radiometric dates obtained from drilling cores. As three-fourths of the southern Marmara region (ca. 30,000 km(2)) is covered by the Susurluk Drainage Basin (SDB), the study focuses on this basin. The SDB has a concave surface morphology dipping northward, with highlands in the south (ca. 1300-1700 m a.s.l.) and lowlands in the north (ca. 0-250 a.s.l.). Lake Manyas, Lake Ulubat, and south-north flowing rivers, together with deep gorges and large valleys, are basic elements of the landscape. Quaternary deposits are largely confined to the late Pleistocene and Holocene time interval. Results suggest that, as a whole, the Southern Marmara region has been subjected to intense erosion up to the Late Pleistocene. During the Late Pleistocene and Holocene, depositional dynamics and channel migrations are recorded in river valleys, where sediments evidence occurrences of flooding and backswamps. Landscape analyses show that the SDB was not attractive for human settlements in the Late Holocene, with the exception of the Daskyleion and Appolonia sites, in opposition to other parts of western Anatolia, which have been densely occupied since the Chalcolithic Age. According to our results, the location of Daskyleion on a hill near Lake Manyas was likely chosen for security reasons. Lake water and large permanently wet areas (swamps) may have indeed provided a natural contribution to the defense of this Phrygian town. Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK)Turkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Arastirma Kurumu (TUBITAK) [109K363]; Mugla Sitki Kocman University Funds (BAP)Mugla Sitki Kocman University; Ministry of Culture and Tourism; Ankara University Scientific Research FundsAnkara University [12B4343002] This study was a part of the geological survey of Project 109K363 supported by the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK), coordinated by Kaan Iren. This project also provided the material of the MSc thesis of Zeynep Ergun. Cores SK1-SK7 were extracted graciously by the Balikesir Branch of the DSI in 2011 under the supervision of Dr Nazif Demir. For its generous logistic and financial support, Kaan Iren also thanks the Mugla Sitki Kocman University Funds (BAP) and the Ministry of Culture and Tourism. Mehmet Tarik Ozcan gave great support both in the field and laboratory. Dr Kiymet Deniz helped in performing geochemical analyses. Dr Esra Gurbuz made some topographical analyses and drafted Figure 2. Three additional dating results were obtained thanks to the financial contribution of the Ankara University Scientific Research Funds (Grant No: 12B4343002). Three anonymous reviewers of the journal improved the manuscript significantly. The authors are grateful for all the support and contributions.

*Gürbüz, Esra ( Aksaray, Yazar ), Central-west Turkey is a transition zone both tectonically and climatically between the quite different central and western regions of Anatolia. Central Anatolia represents the seismically quiet part of the otherwise highly active Turkey. On the other hand, this region has some of the lowest precipitation and highest evaporation ratios of Turkey. Conversely, west Anatolia is one of the most rapidly extending regions of the world and seismically very active. The climate is very different from the central part of Turkey and more humid. The zone between these two regions is also known geologically as the Isparta Angle. This reverse-V-shaped fold and thrust belt has several lake basins today, which have archived the geological and geomorphological history of this tectonic and climatic transition zone. The Beysehir-Sugla basin is located on the eastern part of this zone. This NW-SE trending basin includes the largest natural freshwater lake of the Mediterranean region: Lake Beysehir. Lakes Beysehir and Sugla are located in this tectonic depression that discharge into an incised river gorge opening to the Konya closed basin. In order to shed light on the development of the Beysehir-Sugla basin, our study was mainly conducted within the Neogene and Quaternary units of the region. Our structural results indicate that the depression was probably formed by a transtensional regime in the middle Miocene, which is controlled by extensional tectonics since the early Quaternary. Also, the current depression has mainly embodied the structures that are the products of these tectonic phases. According to our sedimentary data and palaeoecological interpretation of available palaeontological data, the Beysehir-Sugla basin was developed initially under a humid and warm climate in the middle Miocene; then since the late Miocene-Pliocene it was controlled by a relatively more arid and, at times, humid climate more like the central Anatolian basins. Although the Beysehir-Sugla basin is hydrologically connected to the Konya closed basin in central Anatolia, it was protected from arid climatic conditions for over millions of years as evidenced by the lack of evaporites in the studied basin and surrounding basins located in the interior part of the Isparta Angle. While the regional climate seems to have changed consistently with the geomorphic response to large-scale tectonics (i.e. orographic barrier development), the Beysehir-Sugla basin seems to be protected from hydrological closure by the existence of karstic features in the surrounding carbonate basement rocks.

The study area (40-40.45°N and 30-32.15° E) exhibits a high topography (1200-1800 m elevation) and bounded by the Galatean Massif at east, Pontide Mountain Range to the north, the Central Anatolian Plateau to the south and the Marmara Sea to the west. The region is actively been deformed and dissected by the active branches of the dextral strike slip North Anatolian Fault Zone (NAFZ) and the Sakarya River (SR) system. We have investigated the depositional terraces formed along the main course and the major tributaries of the SR to reveal the dynamics of the terrace formation by climate, sea level changes and also to quantify the variations in rate of vertical deformation within the current geodynamics of the NW Anatolian Block. The geometry of the main river (1) and its tributaries (4) allow us to determine the spatio-temporal variations in four vertical (100 km) and three along fault sections (200 km) since the last ~150 ka.Up to date, we have mapped 23 distinct evenly scattered multi-step terrace staircases along the main river course and its 6 major tributaries. Mapping is aided with high precision rtk-GPS profiling and SfM photogrammetry using UAV. The dating is carried by luminescence geochronology (OSL and p-IRIR) to constrain the timing of the formation and also abandonment of each depositional terrace step.The results show that the focus region is under control of vertical deformation at a rate of 0.6-0.7 mm/year regardless from the distance to the main strand of the NAFZ. There is also evidence that this rate has been decelerated from ~1.0-1.1 mm/year since the last 100 ka. The distinct variations in the calculated uplift rates along the profiles reveal apperant southwards tilting in between the active branches of the NAFZ and also within the block.This study is funded by TUBITAK 117Y426 project grant.

*Gürbüz, Esra ( Aksaray, Yazar ), History of mining in Anatolia goes back to the pre-pottery Neolithic in parallel to history of ancient civilizations in the region. Based on archaeological findings, native copper was the first metal used by humans, and right after, it was mined in central Anatolia. The mining of copper seemed to cause both the birth of metallurgy and powerful civilizations (e.g. Hittites, Assyrians, Lydians, Phrygians). Long-time mining of copper, lead, tin, gold and silver formed and left rich and valuable scientific and cultural heritages in Anatolia. They have been used efficiently in archaeological studies; however, miners’ towns need sustainable development now and the mining heritage could be a potential on it. In this study, potential of the mining geoheritages and some relevant geosites have been presented.

WOS: 000377882700006, Lake Neor is the largest lacustrine basin in the high mountains of the Middle East, at 2500 m altitude in the Alborz belt. This lake of Holocene age is a shallow, fresh water body of glacial origin with ca 4 km(2) surface area and a 40 km(2) drainage area. Its sedimentary sequence comprised of peat and gyttja consists of >10 m infill, which is fairly thick for such a lake. Autochthonous organic matter is limited in and around the lake except for small areas at the northern and southern ends. Inorganic constituents of the infill sediment include a significant amount of fine-grained calcite, dolomite and mica particles that are exotic to the catchment. They do not occur in the source rocks, as the drainage area of the lake is composed of only andesites and trachyandesites of Eocene age. In addition, the uppermost part of the infill includes abundant fine-grained charcoal particles derived from large forest fires perhaps derived as far as the Mediterranean region. As shown by the present meteorological records, the sediment of Lake Neor is under aeolian control during dust storms; this is leading to a considerable amount of deposition air-borne particles. The infill of some lakes, particularly those in highlands, may have contain an important aeolian component and thus they cannot be used directly for the interpretation of the evolution of the palaeogeography without taking into consideration the role of dust storms on deposition. Crown Copyright (C) 2015 Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved., Ankara University [12B434002]; [1227], The study has been supported by a research project of Ankara University (no 12B434002). Figures were drawn by Yasar Suludere. Water analyses of the lake were provided by the Ardabil Directorate for Environment Protection of Iran. Stephen Kershaw and Lorna Anguilano from Brunel University London critically read the original version. Mike Turner (Brunel University London) has kindly revised the English of the manuscript. Authors are grateful for all support. The publication is a contribution to the INQUA QuickLakeH project (No 1227).

The Turkish–Iranian Plateau has an active tectonic deformation pattern including various tectonic structures (i.e., faults, thrusts, fissures) in various orientations. Regarding the origin of deformation in the plateau region, a roughly north–south directed shortening resulting from collision between the Arabian and Eurasian plates and their following convergence has suggested. However, statistical distributions of the structures according to their geometric and kinematic features indicate that dominant structural elements in the region are represented by northwest-trending right-lateral faults. This study mostly focuses on the geometric, geomorphic, and structural features of right-lateral faults located in eastern Turkey, Armenia, Azerbaijan, and northwestern Iran and discusses the spatial variation of shearing in the plateau caused by oblique convergence between the Arabian and Eurasian plates. In addition, Quaternary basin development processes in most of the region are mainly related to geometric irregularities along the right-lateral faults in the region and/or kinematic interactions among them.

As part of the Alpine–Himalayan orogenic system, the Zagros Orogen represents a mountainous region along ∼1500 km with an extensive active crustal deformation and intense seismic activity in a northwest–southeast direction. The orogen is divided into various tectonic zones longitudinally according to their structural patterns and stratigraphic successions. There are also transversely defined morphotectonic subzones in the orogen distinguishable from their structural and geomorphic patterns. Our goal is to differentiate the variations among the mentioned morphotectonic subzones by geomorphic and geomorphometric approaches. We used some well-known methods (i.e., hypsometric and swath profile analyses) proved to be useful in studying large orogens to understand both the endogenic and exogenic factors that could be effective for the topography of the Zagros Orogen on a large-scale. We also compared our results with current structural, seismotectonic, and global positioning satellite–derived data (i.e., strain axes, zonation of strain rates, and vorticity directions) to discuss their possible relations. Our results indicate a tectonically highly active landscape in the middle part of the Zagros Orogen in Iran related to right-lateral shearing between the Izeh and Sabz–Pushan fault zones that could be evaluated as a transfer zone accommodating the shortening difference between the southeastern and northwestern parts of the orogen. However, the southeastern half of the Fars subzone and the entire Lurestan subzone represent relatively more stable or monotonic landscape features. In addition to such tectonic controls on the large-scale geomorphology, our analyses indicate the imprints of climate and related erosion to be effective on the orogeny scale.

Tuz Gölü (Salt Lake) is a large salt lake located in the heart of Anatolia. Long-term morphological development of the lake is controlled by the Tuz Gölü Fault Zone and the İnönü-Eskişehir Fault System. The Central Black Sea Mountains in the north and the Taurus Mountain Belt in the south are major climatic barriers generating a precipitation shadow effect on the Anatolian Plateau that worsens the continental climatic conditions characterized here by cold winter, hot summer and relative dryness. Climate, together with active tectonics, let Tuz Gölü to preserve a water depth of maximum 1.5 m. Besides the natural beauty of the outstanding landscapes provided by this shining white lake, numerous salt farms are spread over the lake and neighbouring small lakes. Archaeological data evidence that salt exploitation and trade centres around Tuz Gölü were established since prehistoric and during ancient historic times. This natural and cultural heritage is now threatened by anthropogenic and climatic factors that might lead to its disappearance in a foreseeable future. © 2019, Springer Nature Switzerland AG.

Ondokuzuncu yüzyılın ortalarına doğru yerbilimciler arasında, özellikle Kuzey Avrasya ve Kuzey Amerika'da oldukça geniş alanlar kaplayan ve çoğunlukla pekişmemiş halde gözlenen kırıntılı çökeller başlıca tartışma konusuna dönüşmüştür. 'Kuvaterner' teriminin bir zaman dilimi olarak ortaya atılması her ne kadar bu dönemlere rastlasa da, bu zaman dilimine ait birimler haritalarda çoğunlukla 'dilüvyon-alüvyon' ya da 'eski/yeni alüvyon' başlıkları altında gösterilmiştir. Kuvaterner yaşlı bu birimlerin kökenlerinin anlamlandırılmaları oldukça hararetli tartışmalar eşliğinde sürmüş, fakat önemlerini en baştan beri hissettirmişlerdir. Zaman içerisinde daha yaşlı jeolojik birimlerin haritalanmasında büyük aşamalar kaydedilmiş, ancak Neojen ve Kuvaterner birimlerinin uzun yıllar detaylandırılmadığı ve genelde birer yaş birimi olarak kabaca haritalanmış oldukları görülmektedir.Dünya genelinde yerleşim yerlerinin çok büyük bir kısmı, düzlük alanlara tekabül etmeleri ve su kaynaklarıyla etkileşimli olmaları gibi taşıdıkları coğrafi cazibelerden ötürü, Kuvaterner yaşlı çökellerce kaplanmış olan ova alanlarda konumlanmaktadır. Hızla artan insan nüfusu ve buna koşut gelişen şehirleşmeler neticesinde, bu devre ait birimlerin 'alüvyon' nitelemesinin ötesinde detaylı olarak haritalanmalarına duyulan ihtiyaç her geçen gün artmaktadır. Yirminci yüzyılın başlarından itibaren, özellikle Kuvaterner birimlerinin Avrupa ölçeğinde haritalanmasına dönük girişimler olmuş, ancak İkinci Dünya Savaşı'ndan ötürü bu girişimler askıya alınmıştır. Kuvaterner birimlerinin haritalamalarında, ilk başlarda yalnızca jeomorfolojik ve litolojik özellikler dikkate alınarak işlenmiş olsalarda günümüzde birçok ülke esas itibariyle bu özelliklerinin ön planına birimlerin yaşları ve depolanma ortamlarını almışlardır. Bu ölçütün yanı sıra bazı ülkelerde; tane boyu, tane ve mineral bileşeni, eski kıyı ve buzul izleri, hatta mühendislik özellikleri de Kuvaterner haritalarında dikkate alınan diğer parametrelerdir.Ülkemizde, özellikle 1999 depremlerinin ardından yerleşim yerlerinin üzerinde hızla geliştiği Kuvaterner birimlerinin haritalanması en başta mühendislik amaçlı olarak ihtiyaç haline dönüşmüştür. Aynı zamanda iklim ve aktif tektonik gibi konularda taşıdıkları büyük bilimsel değerleri açısından da önem taşımaları bu birimlerin haritalanmalarına olan ihtiyacı arttırmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, Kuvaterner Jeolojisi haritalarının hazırlanmasında izlenen yaklaşımlar ve karşılaşılan başlıca sorunlara dair mevcut durum değerlendirmesi, dünyanın çeşitli bölgelerinden ve ülkemizden örnekler temelinde yapılmıştır, Towards the mid-nineteenth century, the unconsolidated deposits, which are mostly occupy quite large areas particularly in North Eurasia and North America, have become the main argument among the geoscientists. Although the term ‘Quaternary’ has been suggested as a time unit in that century, this period had often been shown in the maps under the headings of ‘diluvium-alluvium’ or ‘old/new alluvium’. While the origins of these Quaternary aged units had been discussed under hot debate, these units have felt their importance from the beginning. However, during the mapping studies, the Neogene and Quaternary units have not been elaborated for many years on geological maps and are generally seen to be roughly mapped only as age units.A large part of the settlements around the world are located in plain areas that covered by the Quaternary deposits because of the attraction of geographical conditions, such as transportation suitability and interaction with water resources. Due to the rapidly increasing human population and urbanization, there is a growing need for detailed mapping of these units beyond their characterization as only ‘alluvium’. From the beginning of the twentieth century, attempts have been made to map the Quaternary units, particularly on the European scale, but these attempts have not resulted because of the Second World War. Although the lithology was considered firstly in the early Quaternary geological maps, it is observed that the ages and depositional environments of the units are taken into account in the world generally. In addition to this criterion, grain size, grain and mineral composition, coastal and glacial lines, and engineering characteristics are also considered in the geological mapping of Quaternary in some countries.In Turkey, the mapping of Quaternary plains, where the settlements developed rapidly on, has become a necessity firstly for engineering purposes, especially after the 1999 earthquakes. At the same time, in terms of their great scientific value for climate and active tectonics researches, their importance also increases the need for mapping of these units. In this study, the evaluation of current approaches in the preparation of Quaternary geological maps and encountered major problems have been made on the basis of examples from various parts of the world and from Turkey

WOS: 000408337400001, The Ivriz detachment fault has been determined on the southern border of the Ulukisla basin separating the metamorphic Bolkar Group of the Taurus Mountains and the Paleocene-Lower Eocene Halkapinar formation of basin deposits. The fault dips towards the north and has kinematic indicators (asymmetric grain/grain aggregate porphyroclasts, oblique foliation, and S-C fabrics), suggesting a top-to-the-N-NE sense of shearing. The clastic material originating from the Bolkar Group in the sedimentary units of the Ulukisla basin demonstrates that the detachment fault could have been be active during Latest Cretaceous-Eocene times. The Ivriz detachment may have initiated as part of a high-angle breakaway fault (the Aydos main breakaway fault) in the south of the Ulukisla basin. The breakaway fault then rotated to a low-angle normal fault and its northern continuation played an important role in the exhumation of the Central Anatolian Crystalline Complex. This implies that the Upper Cretaceous-Eocene sedimentary basins in central Anatolia were supradetachment basins rather than collision- or arc-related basins as previously suggested., ASUBAP (Aksaray University, Scientific Research Projects) [201371]; Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey [TUBITAK BIDEB 2211-A], This study was partly supported by ASUBAP (Aksaray University, Scientific Research Projects, Grant No: 201371). The authors are grateful to A Yildiz (ASU), N Kazanci, and E Sirel (AU) for their contributions and fruitful discussions, and the three reviewers for their criticisms that improved the manuscript significantly. EG acknowledges support from the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK BIDEB 2211-A).

WOS: 000325804900007, Southwestern Turkey experienced a transition from crustal shortening to extension during Late Cenozoic, and evidence of this was recorded in four distinct basin types in the Mugla-Gokova Gulf region. During the Oligocene-Early Miocene, the upper slices of the southerly moving Lycian Nappes turned into north-dipping normal faults due to the acceleration of gravity. The Kale-Tavas Basin developed as a piggyback basin along the fault plane on hanging wall blocks of these normal faults. During Middle Miocene, a shift had occurred from local extension to N-S compression/transpression, during which sediments in the Eskihisar-TA +/- naz Basins were deposited in pull-apart regions of the Menderes Massif cover units, where nappe slices were already eroded. During the Late Miocene-Pliocene, a hiatus occurred from previous compressional/transpressional tectonism along intermountain basins and Yatagan Basin fills were deposited on Menderes Massif, Lycian Nappes, and on top of Oligo-Miocene sediments. Plio-Quaternary marked the activation of N-S extension and the development of the E-W-trending Mugla-Gokova Grabens, co-genetic equivalents of which are common throughout western Anatolia. Thus, the tectonic evolution of the western Anotolia during late Cenozoic was shifting from compressional to extensional with a relaxation period, suggesting a non-uniform evolution., Scientific and Technical Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK) [CAYDAG-108Y277], The study is supported by The Scientific and Technical Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK) (CAYDAG-108Y277). The authors are thankful to Dr. Efem ALTINOK and Dr. Aziz OZYAVAS for critical reading of the manuscript. The authors gratefully acknowledge the assistance of Mr. H. Tanzer AYDEMIR of the South Aegean Lignite Establishment (GELI.). Reviews of the manuscript by Dr. Ali Elmas and an anonymous reviewer are greatly appreciated. We thank Dr. Wolf-Christian Dullo for his constructive review and editorial comments.

Coronary artery aneurysms are rare entities most commonly detected during coronary angiography incidentally. The incidence has increased during the recent years due to widespread use of drug eluting stents. Stasis with the aneurysm may lead to thrombosis and occurrence of myocardial ischemic symptoms. Percutaneous intervention strategies and surgical options are available. Here, we report a case with distal left main coronary artery aneurysm presented with acute coronary syndrome and treated successfully with surgery.

Western Turkey is characterized mainly by E–W, NW–SE, and NE–SW-trending grabens. The reverse V-shaped geometry of the Baklan–Dinar graben is formed by coupling of the NE–SW-trending Baklan and the NW–SE-trending Dinar grabens, and is critical to an understanding of the structural evolution of the Aegean region. Its geometry indicates biaxial extension in the region, as proposed in the current literature (e.g. Temiz et al. 1997; Cihan et al. 2003). The Acigol and Burdur grabens parallel the axis of the Baklan graben in the south, and these three basins terminate against the Dinar fault. The Baklan Basin is bounded along both margins by the Baklan and Cal left-lateral oblique faults. Basin-fill deposits of the Baklan Basin thicken towards the Dinar fault, and the basin floor dips northeastward. In addition, geomorphological characteristics of the Baklan–Dinar graben indicate that the Dinar fault is relatively more active than the faults of the Baklan Basin. All available morphologic, structural, borehole, ...

Pull-apart basins are depressions bounded on their sides by two or more strike-slip faults and on their ends by diagonal transfer faults. As proposed by theoretical, experimental, and numerical studies in the literature, there are angular and scale relationships between these faults. Here, I compiled the major results on geometries of pull-apart basins of previous workers and then examined the geometric characteristics of pull-apart basins along the North Anatolian fault zone for a comparison of current data in two and three dimensions. According to the results of my compilation from the literature and measurements of pull-apart examples from northern Turkey, the acute angles of this type of strike-slip basin are clustered at 30°–35°. In metric scale, the consistency in their two-dimensional (2-D) geometry is well known as an aspect ratio of 3:1 between length and width. Basin length is a function of stretching associated with strike-slip displacement, and increased displacement causes the width of the fault zone to increase, resulting in wider pull-apart basins. However, the depth of a pull-apart basin is a function of stretching associated with strike-slip displacement. In this study, comparison of data related to pull-apart basin scales from the literature suggests that the depth is related to the length and width.

High-resolution palynological analysis of a 38-cm long core collected from Lake Sapanca, northwest Turkey, reveals large earthquakes that occurred during the second half of the 20th century along the North Anatolian Fault Zone. Four events have disturbed the lacustrine sedimentary sequence. Three of the four events are historical earthquakes in 1999 in Izmit, 1967 in Mudurnu and 1957 in Abant. These events are recorded in the core by turbiditic deposits and reworked sediment and by low overall palynomorph concentrations but high values of thick-exined pollen, fern spores and fungal spores. Palynomorphs in the event beds have been grouped based on their associations in modern moss, river and lake samples. The inferred mechanisms of transport and sources for the palynomorphs are: 1- lake sediment displaced by slump, 2- collapsed shoreline sediment owing to seiche, waves and sudden lake level changes, 3- subsidence of deltas and 4- river-transported soil and sediment from upland areas. The 1999 Izmit earthquake is only weakly recorded by palynomorphs, probably due to recent engineering control on the rivers. The 1967 Mudurnu earthquake had the strongest effect on the lake, introducing successive packages of sediment to the centre of the lake from underwater slopes, the lakeshore and rivers.

The existence of an alternative strait between the Black and Marmara Seas, east of today's Istanbul Strait, on the route of Izmit Gulf-Lake Sapanca-Lower Sakarya Valley, was already claimed at the end of the 19th century and has also been considered in several recent studies. Firstly, in historical documents over the last 2500 years, some natural and artificial waterways between the Marmara Sea and Lake Sapanca have been reported. Secondly, according to the present geomor- phological research between the Izmit Gulf and Lake Sapanca, the gutter-like morphology, which was formed by the tectonics of the North Anatolian Fault in the centre of the plain, is suggested as a suitable geomorphic feature for a possible waterway between the gulf and the lake. Thirdly, the Izmit Plain that lies between the Izmit Gulf and Lake Sapanca is studied in this paper through its sedimentology. The facies associations of the basin-fill deposits are examined here through the lithological descriptions and fossil assemblages in nine cores drilled in the plain. All these data suggest that the shoreline in the Quaternary did not lie much further landward from its current position, that the inner part of the plain was covered by a lagoon/coastal-swamp environment and that a connection may have existed at an unknown time (perhaps for the last time during the Middle/Late Pleistocene) with perhaps only partial reuse during the last millennia in the course of catastrophic seismic movements and consecutive floods. Copyright # 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Due to northward subduction of Neotethys, the Istanbul zone collided with the Sakarya zone in northwest Turkey during the early Eocene. Subsequently, this region was subjected to compressional forces during the late Eocene–early Miocene period. Folds, thrusts and reverse faults developed approximately parallel to long axes of the Istanbul zone. NNW–SSE oriented conjugate strike‐slip faults developed with continued contraction. In addition to the orientations of palaeotectonic features, the morphotectonic, stratigraphic and seismic characteristics expose differences between the northeastern Marmara peneplain and the southern Black Sea highland. This study reports causes of this diversity reflecting the neotectonic evolution of the Istanbul zone. The diversity is related to the clockwise rotation of the Kocaeli peninsula between two dextral zone‐bounding faults and two sinistral block‐bounding faults. The principle factors of this process were the development of the North Anatolian fault zone (NAFZ) and the...

Numerous basins that present in northern Turkey formed in Plio-Quaternary period by the strike-slip tectonics of the North Anatolian Fault Zone. These pull-apart basins isolated from their surrounding topographies by major scarps of faults along their margins that mapped as active faults. But the mapped recent traces in the pull-apart basins are in disagreement about these marginal faults and commonly characterized by the faults that pass through basin floors in the cases of surface rupturings in great earthquakes during the last century. These faults have migrated from the basin rims to the center of the basins in agreement with the extinction model of pull-apart basins. Here we review observations about numerous basins along the North Anatolian Fault Zone to show that the migration of these faults in Middle Pleistocene related with the maturity of basins through their evolution.

In this study the spatial variations of the Plio-Quaternary tectonic activity and deformation of different fault segments of the North Anatolian Fault Zone (NAFZ) in the eastern Marmara region around Lake Sapanca, are assessed using geomorphic, morphometric and bathymetric approaches. Lake Sapanca is an E-W-trending structure located in the Izmit-Sapanca Corridor. This region is bounded to the north and to the south by the series of mountain ranges. Geomorphic and morphometric data provide evidence for variations between the two mountain front faults regarding levels of tectonic activity. These studies suggest a relatively high degree of tectonic activity along the Sapanca front in the south, in contrast with a low degree of tectonic activity along the E me front in the north of the study area. This pattern is also consistent with field evidence and seismic data of the study area. Bathymetric profiles of the lake show that the lake basin consists of different fault segments that slipped in the 1999 Kocaeli earthquake. All these data suggest that the Izmit-Sapanca Corridor is an asymmetric pull-apart basin associated with displacement along the NAFZ in the Late Pliocene. Lake Sapanca also occurs as a pull-apart basin created by the cross-basin fault of the asymmetric pull-apart basin in the Middle Pleistocene.

Lake Sapanca in NW Turkey is a fault originated freshwater basin fed by seasonally variable flows of 15 streams. Considerations of lake–river interaction, supported by statistical measures of 47 bottom samples, suggest that sediment transport and deposition within the lake is controlled by two types of human constructed structures in addition to natural factors: (1) the dykes constructed in the front of streams, which feed the lake by strong flows, to prevent the filling of lakebed by coarse-grained sediments; (2) the constructed regulator on the outflowing Carksuyu stream results in a higher sedimentation rate of clay-sized material on the NE corner of the lake, which is extraordinary in the shelf environment.

Gürbüz, Esra (Aksaray, Yazar), Bu makale morfotektonik özellikleri, sismoloji, GPS ve MT verilerini kullanarak Kuzey Anadolu Fay Zonu'nun (KAFZ) güney kol'u için alternatif bir güzergah önermektedir. Bu yeni güzergahta güney kol, KAFZ’nun ana koluna Gölpazarı çek-ayır havzası ve Mudurnu üzerinden geçerek Bolu’da bağlanmaktadır. GPS verilerinden hesaplanan KAFZ’nundaki kayma dağılımı, yeni önerilen güzergahın KAFZ'nun Marmara'daki ikinci önemli kolu olduğunu göstermektedir., This paper proposes an alternative route for the southern branch of the North Anatolian Fault Zone (NAFZ) using evidence from morphotectonic features, seismology, GPS and recently published Magnetotelluric and Transient Electromagnetic (MT) data. In this new route, the southern branch connects with the main branch of the NAFZ in Bolu via the Gölpazarı pull-apart basin and Mudurnu. The slip distribution of the NAFZ as taken from GPS data indicates that the newly hypothesized route is the second most important branch of the NAFZ.

Bu makale morfotektonik özellikleri, sismoloji, GPS ve MT verilerini kullanarak Kuzey Anadolu Fay Zonu'nun (KAFZ) güney kol'u için alternatif bir güzergah önermektedir. Bu yeni güzergahta güney kol, KAFZ'nun ana koluna Gölpazarı çek-ayır havzası ve Mudurnu üzerinden geçerek Bolu'da bağlanmaktadır. GPS verilerinden hesaplanan KAFZ'nundaki kayma dağılımı, yeni önerilen güzergahın KAFZ'nun Marmara'daki ikinci önemli kolu olduğunu göstermektedir., This paper proposes an alternative route for the southern branch of the North Anatolian Fault Zone (NAFZ) using evidence from morphotectonic features, seismology, GPS and recently published Magnetotelluric and Transient Electromagnetic (MT) data. In this new route, the southern branch connects with the main branch of the NAFZ in Bolu via the Gölpazarı pull-apart basin and Mudurnu. The slip distribution of the NAFZ as taken from GPS data indicates that the newly hypothesized route is the second most important branch of the NAFZ.

WOS: 000378177700015, The Edremit Basin and Kazdag High are the most prominent morphological features of the Biga Peninsula in northwest Anatolia. There is still no consensus on the formation of Edremit Basin and debates are on whether the basin evolved through a normal, a right-lateral or a left-lateral strike-slip faulting. In this study, the geometric, structural and kinematic characteristics of the Edremit Basin are investigated to make an analytical approach to this problem. The structural and kinematic features of the faults in the region are described according to field observations. These fault-slip data derived from the fault planes were analyzed to determine the paleostress pattern of faulting in the region. According to the performed analysis, the southern end of the Biga Peninsula is under the influence of the ENE-WSW-trending faults of the region, such as the Yenice-Gonen, the Edremit, the Pazarkoy and the Havran-Balikesir Fault Zones. The right step-over geometry and related extension caused to the development of the Edremit Basin as a transtensional pull-apart basin between the Havran-Balikesir Fault Zone and the Edremit Fault Zone. Field observations showed that the Plio-Quaternary faults at the Edremit Gulf and adjacent areas are prominently right-lateral strike-slip faults. Our paleostress analyses suggest a dominant NE-SW extension in the study area, as well as NW-SE direction. This pattern indicates the major effects of the North Anatolian Fault System and the component of Aegean Extensional System in the region. However, our kinematic analysis represents the dominant signature of the North Anatolian Fault System in basin bounding faults. The field observations and kinematic findings of this study are also consistent with the regional GPS, paleomagnetic and seismological data. This study concludes that the North Anatolian Fault System is the prominent structure in the current morphotectonic framework of the Edremit Gulf and adjacent areas. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved., Scientific and Technical Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK) [CAYDAG-111Y258], The study is supported by The Scientific and Technical Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK) with grant no: CAYDAG-111Y258. The authors are grateful to Bahadir Aktug (AU) for interpretations on the GPS derived data of the region. Constructive comments made by Uwe Ring and two anonymous reviewers greatly improved the manuscript.

WOS: 000359000300005, Central Turkey represents the only orogenic plateau in the Mediterranean region. Also, the largest closed drainage basin and the largest intracontinental basin of Turkey, the Lake Tuz Basin, is located in this region. Results from a three-dimensional (3-D) computer modeling study of the Lake Tuz Basin indicate a southward-deepening freshwater lake basin with great depth in the Mio-Pliocene, which regressed toward the north during the Plio-Quaternary into the shallow saline lake basin it is today. The spatio-temporal variations of Neogene and Quaternary deposits reflect the main effects of internal forces (isostasy>volcanism>faulting) that were caused by lithospheric slab breakoff and subsequent asthenospheric upwelling under central Turkey. Climatic change played a relatively minor role during these periods and was closely associated with the results of internal forces., AUBAP (Ankara University Scientific Research Projects) [09B4343017], We are grateful to I.O. Yilmaz, G. Seyitoglu, O.F. Gurer, B. Varol, Y.K. Kadioglu, A. Ates, F. Saroglu, and L. Royden for their contributions and fruitful discussions. The constructive reviews of E. Kirby, Y. Dilek, and T. Schildgen improved the manuscript significantly. This study was supported by the AUBAP (Ankara University Scientific Research Projects, Grant no: 09B4343017).

WOS: 000360869400050, This study aims to understand the various effects of known tectonism on a fluvial network and to interpret the tectonic deformations using described, and analysed systematic anomalies in the drainage basin of the Yesilirmak River in northern Turkey at countermarch. This region, which is divided into several faulted wedges by right-lateral strike-slip faulting of the North Anatolian fault zone and its individual splays, has experienced several moderate to large earthquakes with high amounts of surface ruptures during the historical and instrumental periods. The Yesilirmak River basin includes several geomorphic imprints of such widespread and frequent strike-slip deformations. Offsets (between 750 m and 19 km), aligned drainages, and linear valleys (170 km) are expected geomorphic and tectonic responses to strike-slip faulting in the fluvial system. We used such indicators to determine the long term effects of strike-slip faulting in the Yesilirmak River drainage network. The measured stream offsets represent decreasing values toward southern splay faults consistent with published geodetic data for the region. However, some other large-scale geomorphic anomalies extracted from the drainage network are not explainable by only strike-slip tectonics. Compressional structures, i.e., anticlines, synclines, in the region are responsible for such large-scale drainage diversions (20-24 km) along the river courses. Although these diversions, the North Anatolian fault zone is the main driving force shaping present geomorphology on a regional scale. The Sungurlu-Ezinepazari fault also plays a critical role in landscape evolution. Their activities and associated block movements have resulted with tilting processes. On the other hand, the entire fluvial network should be modified by the sea level changes of the Black Sea, particularly in the late Quaternary. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved., Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey [TUBITAK-BIDEB2211-A], The authors are grateful to Omer Emre for his contributions about the structural elements of the study area, to Went Kaypak about the seismicity of the region, to Richard A. Marston and three anonymous reviewers for their constructive comments that have greatly improved the quality of the manuscript, and Mylinda Green who revised the English language of the manuscript. E.G. acknowledges support from the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK-BIDEB2211-A).

Türkiye’nin en büyük kıta içi karasal havzası konumundaki Tuz Gölü Havzası’nın Neojen öncesi gelişimine dönük birçok çalışma bulunmasına karşın, Neojen ve özellikle Kuvaterner devresi özelliklerini detaylandıran çalışmalar oldukça sınırlıdır. Hâlbuki havzanın bu dönemlerine ait araştırmalar gerek aktif tektonik gerekse de iklim değişimi gibi toplumu yakından ilgilendiren konularda doğrudan bilgi sağlayıcıdır. Bu çalışma kapsamında Tuz Gölü Havzası Kuvaterner tortullarının zaman ve mekân içerisindeki sedimanter özellikleri ile bu özellikleri denetleyen süreçleri tespit ve tayin etmek amacı ile yapılan detaylı arazi gözlemleri sunulmuştur. Bu bağlamda 17 ayrı bölgede yürütülen istif çalışmaları ışığında Kuvaterner birimleri 12 litofasiyes ve 5 fasiyes birliği altında tanımlanarak incelenmiştir. Fasiyes özellikleri dikkate alındığında havzanın Kuvaterner evriminde tektonizmanın uzaysal anlamda sınır belirleyici rolü karşısında baskın denetimin iklimsel olduğu anlaşılmaktadır.

The modified Blalock-Taussig shunt is the most commonly performed systemic to pulmonary artery shunt in children with cyanotic heart disease. Nowadays the approach has shifted from palliative procedures to earlier total correction. But modified Blalock-Taussig shunt is still a lifesaving procedure in cases with severe hypoplastic pulmonary arteries and concomittant coronary artery anomalies which disallow total correction. Here, we present a case with tetralogy of Fallot, mirror image aorta, right aortic arch and coronary artery anomaly. An intrapericardial left subclavian to left pulmonary artery shunt, which is a very rare entity, was performed with sternotomy., Modifiye Blalock-Taussig şant siyanotik kalp hastalıklarında en sık kullanılan sistemik pulmoner arter şantıdır. Günümüzde yaklaşım palyatif prosedürlerden, erken tüm düzeltmeye kaymıştır. Ancak modifiye Blalock-Taussig şant halen tüm düzeltmeye engel olan koroner arter anomalili ciddi hipoplastik arterli olgularda hayat kurtarıcı bir prosedürdür. Biz, burada Fallot tetralojili, sağ arkus aorta, ayna görüntüsü aortalı ve koroner arter anomalili bir hastayı sunuyoruz. Bu hastaya sternotomi ile nadir bir yaklaşım olan intraperikardiyal sol subklavyen-pulmoner arter şantı yapılmıştır.

The Buyuk Menderes Graben is a seismically active depositional basin in the N-S extensional tectonic region of western Anatolia, Turkey It extends in an E-W direction and is bounded by the Aegean Sea to the west. The infill of this tectonic basin comprises ca 850 m and 245 m thick clastic sequences of Neogene and Quaternary, respectively and the Quaternary part of the basin-fill is presented here by the help of seismic sections and boreholes. Results show that the studied succession was made of unconsolidated. mostly fine-grained clastic sediments of marine and continental sequences interfingered with each other. The marine counterpart forms three relatively short (approx. 30 km) and one long (approx. 100 km from modern coastline) sediment wedges representing sea transgressions onto the graben. The last one was a rapid incursion that occurred in the Middle Holocene, forming the longest estuary of the Aegean Sea in western Anatolia. The filling of this estuary caused the decline of some historical harbours and settlements in the region. While marine-based events occurred in the west of the graben. alluvial and fluvial processes produced marginal and axial deposits in the east of graben, respectively. In general, the continental succession of Quaternary is thinner than its marine equivalent, probably due to sea-level fluctuations. In addition, the sedimentation rate increased suddenly during deposition of the last marine sequence (estuarine deposits) in the Holocene. It is likely that this was the result of enlargement of the drainage area of the River Buyuk Menderes due to a river capture that occurred in the latest stages of Pleistocene. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.