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With the increasing number of connected devices in the Internet of Things (IoT) era, the number of intrusions is also increasing. An intrusion detection system (IDS) is a secondary intelligent system for monitoring, detecting and alerting against malicious activity. IDS is important in developing advanced security models. This study reviews the importance of various techniques, tools, andmethods used in IoT detection and/or prevention systems. Specifically, it focuses on machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) techniques for IDS. This paper proposes an accurate intrusion detection model to detect traditional and new attacks on the Internet of Vehicles. To speed up the detection of recent attacks, the proposed network architecture developed at the data processing layer is incorporated with a convolutional neural network (CNN), which performs better than a support vector machine (SVM). Processing data are enhanced using the synthetic minority oversampling technique to ensure learning accuracy. The nearest class mean classifier is applied during the testing phase to identify new attacks. Experimental results using the AWID dataset, which is one of the most common open intrusion detection datasets, revealed a higher detection accuracy (94%) compared to SVM and random forest methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intelligent transportation systems (ITSs) are becoming increasingly popular as they support efficient coordinated transport. ITSs aim to improve the safety, efficiency and reliability of road transportation through integrated approaches to the exchange of relevant information. Mobile adhoc networks (MANETs) and vehicle ad-hoc networks (VANETs) are integral components of ITS. The VANET is composed of interconnected vehicles with sensitivity capabilities to exchange traffic, positioning, weather and emergency information. One of the main challenges in VANET is the reliable and timely dissemination of information between vehicular nodes to improve decision-making processes. This paper illustrates challenges in VANET and reviews possible solutions to improve road safety control and management using V2V and V2I communications. This paper also summarizes existing rules-based and optimized-based solutions, including reducing the effect of mixed environments, obstacles, malfunctions and short wireless ranges on transportation efficiency and reducing false messages that cause unintended vehicle actions and unreliable transportation systems. Additionally, an event simulation algorithm was designed to maximize the benefits of exchangeable messages among vehicles. Furthermore, simulatedVANETenvironmentswere developed to demonstrate how the algorithm can be used for transformable messages. Experimental results show that coupling of both V2V and V2I messages yielded better results in terms of end-to-end delay and average time. Future research directions were highlighted to be taken into account in the development of ITS and intelligent routing mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a pathogenic bacteria involved in a wide spectrum of human diseases. Many virulence factors promote this widespread propagation. One important factor is acquiring antibiotic resistance genes, which leads to a reduction in the availability and efficacy of therapy options. Recently, research has suggested that the remarkable antimicrobial effect of antioxidants against superbugs such as MRSA shows synergistic effects when accompanied by antimicrobial therapy. This paper aims to examine the synergistic effects of ascorbic acid and nicotinamide with a panel of antibiotics used in antimicrobial therapy against MRSA. Material and Methods. Two SCC mec type IV MRSA reference strains (EMRSA-15 and USA300) and 10 MRSA clinical isolates feature in this paper. SCC mec typing was conducted on the 10 clinical isolates via multiplex PCR after identification. Synergy experiments on antioxidants and antibiotics were evaluated via checkerboard assay. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of each agent was determined in accordance with the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) M100 guidelines through twofold microdilution assay. Results and Discussion. Synergy (FIC <0.5) was demonstrated for ascorbic acid (1/2 to 1/4 MIC) with rifampicin (1/2 to 1/8 MIC), and also ascorbic acid (1/2 to 1/16 MIC) when associated with vancomycin (1/2 MIC). Similarly, nicotinamide (1/2 to 1/16 MIC) showed a synergistic effect when paired with low concentrations of rifampicin (1/2 to 1/16 MIC), and also (at 1/4 to 1/16 MIC) with vancomycin (1/2 MIC). All reduced MICs due to synergistic combinations demonstrated statistical significance ( P <0.05). Conclusion. The synergistic activity demonstrated in associating antioxidants with antibiotics shows promise in managing superbugs. However, more research is required to better understand the mechanism of the synergy and for utilization in clinical care., Competing Interests: The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest., (© 2023 The Authors.)