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Non-forest estate (APL) such as Tawang Serimbak need to be maintained because they store various flora that is useful for human life, one of which is medicinal plants. The research objective is to identify, analyze the potential, and to know the protection status of medicinal plants found in the Tawang Serimbak forest. The method of research were making a 100x100 m (square) cluster. At the center of the square placed a circular plot within 0.1 Ha (0.5 Ha of each cluster). Four circular subplots were made in each plot consisting of 1 m radius seedling subplot, 2 m for stake subplot, pole subplot (5 m radius), and 17.8 m for tree subplot. Data of species, efficacy, and protection status (IUCN) were identified, and the potency of plants were analyzed using plants density (number of plants/Ha). Tawang Serimbak forest has been identified as having 49 species of medicinal plants. Some species have great potentials such as Galearia fulva, Shorea uliginosa, and Alseodaphne sp. A total of 9 species of medicinal plants were identified in protected status, two of which were endangered; namely, Lithocarpus maingayi, Shorea uliginosa, and one other species with Endangered (critical) status, namely Santiria rubiginosa. Protection of forests in APL by the community can maintain the biodiversity of medicinal plants. The existence of the Tawang Serimbak forest needs to be protected and turned into a forest with high conservation value (HCV).

Alseodaphne petiolaris Hook.f. is a valuable timber tree of the genus Alseodaphne Nees in the family Lauraceae. To better determine its phylogenetic location with respect to the other Alseodaphne species, the complete plastid genome of A. petiolaris was sequenced. The whole plastome is 152,986 bp in length, consisting of a pair of inverted repeat (IR) regions of 20,108 bp, one large single copy (LSC) region of 93,863 bp, and one small single copy (SSC) region of 18,907 bp. The overall GC content of the whole plastome is 39.1%. Further, maximum-likelihood phylogenetic analyse was conducted using 15 complete plastomes of the Lauraceae, which support the close relationship between A. petiolaris and the species of Machilus and Phoebe.

Alseodaphne is a genus of timber trees (ca. 40 spp.) belonging to the Persea group of the Lauraceae. It is widely distributed in tropical Asia, but is often confused with Dehaasia and Nothaphoebe, and the systematics of the genus is unclear. Here, the complete chloroplast genome sequences of A. semecarpifolia will be reported, the type species of Alseodaphne, and two China-endemic species, A. gracilis and A. huanglianshanensis. The three plastomes were 153 051 bp, 153 099 bp and 153 070 bp, respectively. Comparative genomic analyses indicate that the three Alseodaphne plastomes have similar genome size and those are very different with previously published plastomes of Lauraceae in length. The length difference is directly caused by inverted repeats expansion/contraction. Four highly variable loci including psbD-trnM, ndhF-rpl32, rpl32-trnL and ycf1 among the three Alseodaphne species were identified as useful plastid candidate barcodes for Alseodaphne and Lauraceae species. Phylogenetic analyses based on 12 complete plastomes of Lauraceae species confirm a monophyletic Persea group comprising species of Alseodaphne, Phoebe, Persea and Machilus.

Chemical composition and antioxidant activity of the essential oil of Alseodaphne velutina Chev. (Lauraceae) were investigated for the first time from Viet Nam. Leaf essential oil was hydrodistilled and analysed by GC and GC-MS that totally identified 32 terpenoid compounds (accouting for 89.18% of the total oil) with β-patchoulene (25.74%) and β-caryophyllene (12.81%) as two major sesquiterpene hydrocarbons compounds. The antioxidant potential of leaf essential oil was evaluated using DPPH, ABTS and FRAP assays, and revealed a moderate-to-high activity comparable with already known antioxidant standard Trolox.

This study was designed to investigate the antioxidant and anticholinesterase activities of the essential oils from Alseodaphne peduncularis Meisn. GC and GC/MS analysis of the leaves oil showed thirty one components representing 72.6% of the oil. The most abundant components were β-caryophyllene (24.0%), δ-cadinene (15.9%) and germacrene B (12.2%). The antioxidant activity was determined by DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging and total phenolic content assays, while anticholinesterase activity assessed by measuring inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) enzymes. The essential oil showed weak activity in the DPPH radical scavenging (IC50 of 253.2 µg/mL) and phenolic content (32.5 mg GA/g), while moderate inhibition activity against AChE (I: 45.2%) and BChE (I: 48.6%)

Primary natural forests generally have higher biodiversity and biomass compared to secondary forests . Th is study aimed to analyze the species composition, forest structure, biomass and carbon stock in the Old Secondary Forest (HST), Young Secondary Forest (HSM), and Old Shrub Forest (HBT) in Peat land Protect ion Area, Musi Banyuasin Regency, South Sumatera Province. Forest inventory was conducted in measurement plots of 100 m x 100 m in the HST, HSM, and HBT . The results recorded 39 species of 20 famil ies and 565 standing trees with a diameter of ≥ 10 in the HST, 48 species of 20 famil ies and 430 standing trees in the HSM, and 2 species of 1 family and 4 standing trees in the HBT . Vegetation a t the tree level in the HST was dominated by Eugenia sp., Alseodaphne insignis, and Adenanthera pavonina , while t he HSM was dominated by Macaranga maingayi , Koompassia malaccensis , and Alseodaphne insignis , and the HBT was dominated by Acacia mangium and Acacia crassicarpa . The b iomass and carbon stock of standing tree s in the HST were 1 81 ,6 1 t/ha and 90 , 79 t C/ha , respectively; in the HSM were 117 , 04 t/ha and 58 , 51 t C/ha ; while in the HBT were 1 , 33 t/ha and 0 , 66 t C/ha. The results revealed that carbon stock in the HST was higher than that in the HSM and HST. Keywords: carbon stocks, carbon uptake, Musi Banyuasin , peat lands, vegetation structure

Alseodaphne petiolaris Hook.f. is a valuable timber tree of the genus Alseodaphne Nees in the family Lauraceae. To better determine its phylogenetic location with respect to the other Alseodaphne s...

A new aporphine alkaloid, demethoxyglauvine (1), along with seven known isoquinoline alkaloids, was isolated from the alkaloid crude extract of the leaves of Alseodaphne corneri. Their structures were determined by extensive spectroscopic analysis including 1D and 2D NMR (1H–1H COSY, HSQC, and HMBC), mass spectrometry, and by comparing with the published data. A possible biogenetic pathway for the formation of 1 was proposed.

An investigation of a questionable species of the genus Alseodaphne led to the discovery of a new genus Alseodaphnopsis H. W. Li & J. Li, gen. nov., separated from Alseodaphne Nees, and a new species Alseodaphnopsis ximengensis H. W. Li & J. Li, sp. nov., endemic to Yunnan province, China. This new species is characterized by having big, axillary, paniculate inflorescences, as well as large, subglobose fruits. Based on DNA sequence data from two gene regions (nuclear ribosomal ITS and LEAFY intron II), we investigate its phylogenetic position within the Persea group. Phylogenies using maximum parsimony (MP) and Bayesian inference (BI) support the recognition of Alseodaphnopsis as a distinct genus but do not resolve well its relationship within the Persea group. The new genus is circumscribed, eight new combinations for its species are made, and a description and illustration of the new species are provided.

Lauraceae is among the largest and floristically most important woody plant families in subtropical and tropical zones. However, the Cenozoic fossil records of Lauraceae are mostly from mid-latitude regions. Here we described eight lauraceous species from the Oligocene of Ningming, Guangxi, South China on the basis of leaf compressions with cuticular structure, providing new evidence for high diversity of Lauraceae in the low latitude region of the northern hemisphere during the late Paleogene. The extant genera to which the Ningming Oligocene fossils are possibly closely related include Cinnamomum , Neolitsea , Litsea , Alseodaphne , Laurus , and Beilschmiedia . All of these extant genera except Laurus still exist in Guangxi today, whereas Laurus is currently distributed in the Mediterranean and adjacent regions. A cladistic analysis based on leaf architectural and leaf cuticular characters for Paleogene Lauraceae species in the world indicated a possible relationship between European and East Asian Paleogene species.

Utilization of rattan waste and gemor bark (Alseodaphne spp) distillation for particle board had been carried out. The aim of this research was to know physical mechanical particle board from rattan waste mixed with gemor bark distillation. The raw materials used were cut-rattan waste of 2 cm and gemor bark distillation mashed in 16 mesh. The adhesive used were starch and PVAC. Composition variety of the mixture of rattan waste and gemor bark distillation particle were 50%: 50%, 60%: 40%, 70%: 30% and 5% adhesive. The results showed that highest average of modulus of rupture (26,62 kg/cm2) was obtained in 60% : 40% comparison of rattan waste and gemor bark distillation with starch adhesive (a2b1) and the density was 0.75 gr/cm3. The highest average of modulus of elasticity (633,76 kg/cm2) was in composition of 60%: 40% with PVAc adhesive (a2b2) and the density was 0,71 gr/cm3. The highest average of tensile strength (3,15 kg/cm2) was obtained in composition of 60%: 40% with starch adhesive (a2b1) and the density was 0.75 gr/cm3.Keywords: rattan waste, gemor bark distillation, particle board

The potential of higher plants as a source of new drugs is still largely unexplored. Among the estimated 2.5-5 lakh plant species, only a small percentage has been investigated phytochemically and the fraction submitted to biological or pharmacological screening is even smaller. Cumulative studies have revealed that lauraceous plants, particularly those of the Litsea, Neolitsea, Phoebe, Cryptocarya, and Dehaasia genera contain various types of isoquinoline alkaloids. Besides this, other components such as lactonic compounds and flavonoid glycosides were reported in certain lauraceous species. To further clarify the application of chemotaxonomy in this family, a more thorough investigation on other genera is required, especially for those rarely studied ones, such as Alseodaphne. The genus Alseodaphne is a member of family Lauraceae. It is distributed in tropical belt of India, Cambodia, China, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar and Philippines. Although, efforts have been made by researchers to explore this genus, but, very less number of the species have been explored. The genus contains a wide class of alkaloids and lactones, some of which could be of great biological importance. The present review is an attempt to highlight various phytochemical and pharmacological reports on the genus Alseodaphne, to draw the attention of the researchers towards versatility of the genus.

Non-timber forest products (NTFPs) such as the root of Akar Wangi (Vetiveria zizainoides), Durian’s bark (Durio zibethinus Murr), Jaringau (Acorus Calamus L.), Liligundi (Vitex trifolia), Gemor bark (Alseodaphne spp.), and Neem seeds (Azadirachta indica A. Juss.) have good potential as a natural insecticide. They can be used for anti-mosquito materials that can be prevent the development of vector-borne Dengue Haemorrhagic Fever (DHF). Disruptive effects of the plants to the insects come from the odor which produces from the plant. Judging from the compounds that contained in non-timber forest products (NTFPs), beside used as anti-mosquito repellent, it can also used as other pests repellant such as bugs, termites, ants, etc. The end product also can be diversed as insect repellent burns, topical / lotion, spray, and others.Keywords : akar wangi, durian bark, jariangau, liligundi, gemor bark, mimba, natural insecticide

The research about the utilization of gemor stem skin oil (Alseodaphne spp) as an alternative natural repellent mat has been done. This research aim to obtain essential oils from the bark using distillation and extraction method and used as repellent active ingredient. The result showed that the product is efficient and biodegradable proven by a test activity against the mosquito (Aedes aegypti). Varying the concentrations used are 10%, 20%, and 30% with the time observations to 02, 04, 06 and 08 hours after treatment. The results showed that anti-mosquito activity tends to increase with higer concentration. The use of 30% doses of Gemor bark essential oil is effective. The Effectiveness of the product against the mosquito (Aedes aegypti) and the economid value were compared with the innovator product containing DEET (N, N-diethyl-m-toluamid). Keywords: alseodaphne spp, repellent, concentration, Aedes aegypti, essential oils.

This is the first report on the occurrence of bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloids in Alseodaphne corneri which belongs to the family of Lauraceae. Chemical studies on the roots of this species have yielded four bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloids; (-)-gyrolidine 1, norstephasubine 2, (+)-2-norlimacusine 3 and (+)-stephasubine 4. The isolation was achieved by chromatographic techniques and the structural elucidation was performed via spectral methods; namely ID and 2D NMR, IR, UV and MS, and in comparison with published literature.

The delimitation of genera within the Persea group (Lauraceae) has always been controversial. In an attempt to resolve the phylogenetic lines within this group, we analyzed ITS sequences of 61 species of the Persea group (Lauraceae) and 30 other species of Lauraceae. Several of the traditional genera or subgenera form well-supported groups, viz., Persea subg. Eriodaphne, Machilus, Persea subg. Persea, and Alseodaphne including Dehaasia. The included species of Phoebe form two clades that are unresolved with respect to Alseodaphne. However, Persea subg. Eriodaphne (together with the Macaronesian Apollonias barbujana) forms one of the clades of an unresolved basal trichotomy within the Persea group, whereas Persea subg. Persea is well supported as member of an otherwise Asian clade including Alseodaphne and Phoebe. This indicates that Persea, as currently circumscribed, is not monophyletic. The affinities of the Macaronesian Persea indica are clearly American rather than Asian.

Alseodaphne, Dehaasia and Nothaphoebe are, morphologically, three closely related genera belonging to the Persea subgroup of the Lauraceae. A total of 214 binomials of the three genera have been published by various authors (International Plant Names Index, March 2007), of which 44 have been attributed to species occurring in Borneo. In revising the Lauraceae for the Tree Flora of Sabah and Sarawak Project, we recognize 40 distinct species (i.e., Alseodaphne 11; Dehaasia 16; and Nothaphoebe 13) for Sabah and Sarawak. These include 34 previously known and 6 undescribed species. Despite many attempts by various authors (Rohwer 1993, 2000, Van der Werff & Richter 1996, Van der Werff 2001) to clarify the generic delimitation between these three genera, to date there remains to be no satisfactory solution. In the absence of a well-accepted generic delimitation and classification within the Lauraceae as a whole, and for the purpose of preparing revision of the Lauraceae for the Tree Flora of Sabah and Sarawak, we have opted for recognising Alseodaphne, Dehaasia and Nothaphoebe as distinct genera. The distinguishing morphological characters of these three genera, based on specimens from Borneo (Sabah and Sarawak, in particular) are presented.

Alseodaphne changchangensis sp. nov. (Lauraceae), with a perfectly preserved fossil leaf, was found in the Eocene Changchang Formation from the Changchang Basin of Hainan Island, China. This represents the earliest occurrence at the lowest latitude for the genus Alseodaphne, and offers important fossil evidence for further investigation of the origin and evolution of this genus and the paleoclimate of Hainan Island in the Eocene. Based on leaf morphology and cuticle characteristics, our fossil specimen is closest to the living species A. hainanensis Merrill, which is distributed mainly in tropical lowland rain forests, tropical montane rain forests, and subtropical montane evergreen broad-leafed forests on Hainan Island, and also found on the Wanshan Islands of Zhuhai of Guangdong Province and in northern parts of Vietnam. In the above areas, the climate factors are similar, i.e., the mean annual temperature is 20–22.6°C, the mean annual range of temperature 12–12.6°C and the mean annual precipitation 1784–2500 mm. Based on the nearest living species analysis, we conclude that the climate of the Changchang Basin on Hainan Island during the Eocene was close to that of the distribution areas of the living A. hainanensis.

Genus of Alseodaphne has been known as a source of apoprhine alkaloid that displayed potent cytotoxic activities against selected cell lines. Two aporphine alkaloids, Corydine 1 and norlirioferine 2 were isolated from leaves of Alseodaphne peduncularis (Wall. Ex. Ness) Meissn. (Lauraceae). Phytochemical study involved extraction, separation and purification by using various chromatography methods and structural elucidation by using spectoscopic techniques such as UV, IR LC-MS and 1D and 2D NMR. These compounds were then assayed for cytotoxicity against human uteric cervical tumor (heLa) and compare for safety with normal mouse fibroblast (NIH/3T3) cell lines by using the MTT assay. Compound 2 displayed potent cytotoxic activities against heLa cell, but compound 1 showed as inactive. Both compounds have no significant effect against NIH/3T3 cell lines indicated good for cancer agent treatment.

A leaf of Alseodaphne cf. hainanensis Merrill was discovered in diatomitic sediments of middle Pliocene age at Shengzhou, Zhejiang Province, China. The fossil and modern leaves have the same elliptic shape and brochidodromous venation. The cuticle of the fossil leaf was intact. There are some anatomical differences such as the amount of wax, the position of subsidiary cells and the density of trichomes/trichome bases between the fossil and modern leaves. However, these characters could not be used as taxonomic criteria to distinguish the fossil leaf from the modern species. The restricted distribution of A. hainanensis suggests that this tree is stenoecious. The presence of A. cf. hainanensis indicates that the mid-Pliocene climate was much warmer than today and had a higher level of precipitation than eastern China at the present day. Based on the fossil records and the modern distribution it is suggested that the trees of A. hainanensis have retreated southwards since the middle Pliocene.

Three new taxa with clear affinity to extant Lauraceae are described from the Santonian/Campanian ( c. 83 Myr, Late Cretaceous) Neuse River locality in North Carolina, U.S.A. A new lauraceous genus, Neusenia , is established to accommodate an excellently preserved flower with tetrasporangiate anthers and psilate pollen grains. Two additional lauraceous taxa are described but not named due to incomplete preservation. The fossil taxa described in this paper represent a variety of evolutionary lineages within Lauraceae with respect to inflorescence structure and anther morphology, including both distinctly pedicellate flowers and sessile, closely crowded flowers, as well as tetrasporangiate and disporangiate anthers. In light of the co-occurrence of both tetrasporangiate and disporangiate anthers in the Neuse River flora, the plesiomorphic state of lauraceous anthers is discussed. Mapped on a recent cladogram of Laurales, tetrasporangiate anthers appear to be primitive within Lauraceae. Thus, disporangiate 2-valvate anthers must have evolved independently at least three times in Laurales (in Lauraceae, Hernandiaceae, and Atherospermataceae/Gomortegaceae). In Hernandiaceae and Atherospermataceae/Gomortegaceae such anthers are interpreted to have originated from tetrasporangiate 2-valvate anthers through reduction of the septum in each theca, while in Lauraceae they may have originated in the same way and/or from reduction of two pollen sacs in a tetrasporangiate 4-valvate anther.

A study on the structure and composition of trees species was carried out in Cikepuh Game Reserve. The informations and data on forest ecosystems of Cikepuh Game Reserve was still very limited. Method of study used point centered quarter. The results of study recorded total species number was 55 species of trees consisted of 35 genera and 26 families, while saplings (Belta) recorded was 51 species consisted of 34 genera and 23 families.The common species of trees in the area were Vitex pinnata (Important Value = 53.37%), Alseodaphne cunneata (IV = 44.12%), Aporosa microcalyx (IV =25.88%) and Helicia robusta (IV = 24.38% ), while saplings were Vitex pinnata (IV =27.82%), Dillenia aurea (IV = 27.11%), Microcos tomentosa (IV = 25.72%), Aporosa microcalyx (IV = 23.10%) and Phyllanthus emblica (IV = 21.62%).Key words : structure, composition, trees species, Cikepuh Game Reserve

A new bisbenzylisoquinoline, 3',4'-dihydronorstephasubine (1) together with two known alkaloids, norstephasubine (2) and gyrolidine (3) were isolated from the stem bark of Alseodaphne corneri (Lauraceae). The 13 C-NMR data for norstephasubine (2) and gyrolidine (3) were also reported. Structural elucidation of 1 was performed by spectral methods such as 1D- and 2D- NMR, IR, UV, and HRMS. 3',4'-Dihydronorstephasubine (1) and gyrolidine (3) showed moderate vasorelaxant effect on rat aorta.

NISHIDA, S. & VAN DER WERFF, H. Do cuticle characters support the recognition of Alseodaphne, Nothaphoebe and Dehaasia as distinct genera? Reinwardtia 14(1): 53 – 66. ? The Asian members of the Persea group are divided among the genera Alseodaphne, Apollonias, Dehaasia, Machilus, Nothaphoebe and Phoebe. A recent phylogenetic analysis has shown that Machilus and Phoebe are supported as monophyletic genera but evidence that the closely related genera Alseodaphne, Dehaasia and Nothaphoebe are monophyletic or not was equivocal. In this study we analyzed cuticle characters of 95 collections belonging to the Asian members except for Apollonias. We anticipated two possible outcomes. If the genera were not monophyletic, we expected that the groups based on cuticle characters would consist of species belonging to different genera. If the genera were monophyletic, we expected that the groups based on cuticle characters would consist of species belonging to the same genus. We found 16 groups based on cuticles. Of these, 12 consisted of species of a single genus (one group included a single species and thus a single genus). The four mixed groups included mostly species of one genus with 1 or 2 species of a different genus. Our results support the recognition of Alseodaphne, Dehaasia, Machilus, Nothaphoebe and Phoebe as distinct genera.

The novel alkaloid N-methyl-2,3,6-trimethoxymorphinandien-7-one N-oxide {2} has been isolated as a minor constituent from Alseodaphne perakensis

Phytochemistry investigation on alkaloids from Alseodaphne pendulifolia Gamb. yielded 3 types of aporphines; Hernagine 1, N-methylhernagine 2, and Oxohernagine 3. Preliminary screening on alkaloids crude extract from this species exhibited an antiplasmodial activity (0.804μg/ml IC50) against Plasmodium falciparum, K1 isolate (resistant strain). Further investigation on isolated compound were found to possess antiplasmodial activity (0.738 1.814μg/ml IC50). This study involves extraction, separation by using various chromatography methods and structural elucidation by spectroscopic technique such as IR, NMR including 1D, 2D-NMR and MS.

A new bisbenzylisoquinoline, 3',4'-dihydronorstephasubine (1) together with two known alkaloids, norstephasubine (2) and gyrolidine (3) were isolated from the stem bark of Alseodaphne corneri (Lauraceae). The 13 C-NMR data for norstephasubine (2) and gyrolidine (3) were also reported. Structural elucidation of 1 was performed by spectral methods such as 1D- and 2D- NMR, IR, UV, and HRMS. 3',4'-Dihydronorstephasubine (1) and gyrolidine (3) showed moderate vasorelaxant effect on rat aorta.

ObjectiveTo study antiplasmodial and antioxidant activities of the isolation of alkaloids from the active dichloromethane extract of Alseodaphne corneri.MethodsPhytochemical studies of the crude extract led to the isolation of six alkaloids using recycle high performance liquid chromatography and preparative thin layer chromatography. The antiplasmodial activity of the isolated compounds was evaluated using the histidine-rich protein II assay. The isolated alkaloids were also tested for their antioxidant activity using three different assays; DPPH, ferric reducing ability of plasma and metal chelating assays.ResultsMalaria infection caused the formation of free radicals which subsequently led to oxidative stress and apoptosis. The antioxidant properties of the alkaloids under investigation revealed that in addition to the antiplasmodial activity, the alkaloids could also prevent oxidative stress. (+)-laurotetanine and (+)-norstephasubine exhibited strong antiplasmodial activities with IC50 values of 0.189 and 0.116 μM, respectively.ConclusionsInterestingly, the two most potent compounds that exhibit antiplasmodial activity also exhibit good antioxidant activities. The crude dichloromethane extract and the isolated compounds exert substantial antiplasmodial and antioxidative activities which in turn suppress oxidative stress and cause less damage to the host.

The alkaloids of Alseodaphne archboldiana (Allen) Kostermans of the family Lauraceae are 1-benzyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinolines, and they have been shown to be (-)-N-norarmepavine, (+)-reticuline, and both (+) and (-)-coclaurine. (+)-Coclaurine isolated from Xylopia papuana has been shown to be close to optical purity, and comparison with it indicates that the mixture of coclaurine optical isomers from A. archboldiana consists of (+)-coclaurine and (-)-coclaurine in the approximate ratio 3 : 1. Useful structural information can be derived from the N.M.R. spectra of N-acetyl compounds prepared from coclaurine and N-norarmepavine.