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This article explores the interconnections among the single-valued neutrosophic grill, single-valued neutrosophic primal and their stratification, uncovering their fundamental characteristics and correlated findings. By introducing the notion of a single-valued neutrosophic primal, a broader framework including the fuzzy primal and intuitionistic fuzzy primal is established. Additionally, the concept of a single-valued neutrosophic open local function for a single-valued neutrosophic topological space is presented. We introduce an operator based on a single-valued neutrosophic primal, illustrating that the single-valued neutrosophic primal topology is finer than the single-valued neutrosophic topology. Lastly, the concept of single-valued neutrosophic open compatibility between the single-valued neutrosophic primal and single-valued neutrosophic topologies is introduced, along with the establishment of several equivalent conditions related to this notion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to uncertain photovoltaic (PV) power generation, analyzing the voltage stability of transmission networks with a large PV plant is challenging. The stability of PV output power is a critical factor in establishing PV penetration levels in active transmission networks when assessing loading capabilities. Therefore, this article contributes to enhancing the understanding of how a static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) could be used as part of the power system network. STATCOMs are often used to improve the static and transient voltage, maintain transmission limits, and reduce low-frequency disturbances. With the help of a STATCOM unit, a proper investigation and analysis of dynamic voltage stability in a transmission system are presented. The validity of the study is evaluated by the Saudi Arabia grid code (SAGC). The system being tested is comprised of a 300 MW PV plant in Sakaka, Saudi Arabia, integrated into a 17-bus transmission power network and a STATCOM, which is employed at one of the buses. PSAT software is used to evaluate a number of case studies to determine the transient voltage stability with and without the STATCOM and the PV plant. The simulation findings demonstrate how STATCOM functions to improve the quality of the power system in accordance with the SAGC. In addition, the analysis of voltage stability demonstrates that the power network's resilience to short circuits at the PV system's grid connection point significantly impacts the voltage's dynamic behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fuzzy soft set theory presented by Maji et al. (J Fuzzy Math 9(3):589–602, 2001) and soft set theory presented by Molodtsov (Comput Math Appl 37(3):19–31, 1999) are important ideas in decision-making problems. They can be used to model uncertainty and make decisions under uncertainty. A single-valued neutrosophic soft set (svnf-set) is a hybrid model of a single-valued neutrosophic set and fuzzy soft set that is shown in this paper. The novel concept of single-valued neutrosophic soft topology (svnft) is defined to discuss topological structure of (svnf-set). Some fundamental properties of svnft and their related results are studied. It is good to use the proposed models of svnf-sets and svnft to figure out how to deal with uncertainty in real life. Thus, svnft is a generalization of fuzzy soft topology and fuzzy intuitionistic soft topology. Moreover, after giving the definition of a single-valued neutrosophic soft base svnf-base, we also added the concept of svnft. Finally, we set up the concept of single-valued neutrosophic soft closure spaces and show that the initial single-valued neutrosophic soft closure structures are real, which is what we did. From this fact, the category SVNSC is considered as a topological category over SET. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presents an experimental investigation on composite beams (CB) to explore the effectiveness of adding external post-tensioning (EPT) force, as a strengthening technique, on the monotonic flexural performance of composite samples. Two experiments on CB were conducted under three-point loading. High-strength steel strands post-tensioned to 46% of the ultimate strength were used to apply the EPT. Moreover, a finite element (FE) model is developed to present numerical investigations on the monotonic and fatigue behaviors of the CB with and without EPT by considering the slip between the concrete slabs and steel beams as well as the fatigue deterioration in the concrete slabs. A FE parametric study is conducted using the proposed FE model to investigate the effect of steel beam grade, tendon eccentricity, span-to-depth ratio, and fatigue loading. The optimum span-to-depth ratio to obtain the maximum contribution of the EPT force in improving the CB capacities is 9.0. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the rising global population and an increasing demand for enhanced built environments, the construction industry faces a critical challenge with rising greenhouse gas emissions, particularly carbon dioxide. Approaching a tipping point, these emissions could contribute to irreversible climate change, surpassing the Earth's capacity to neutralize them through the natural carbon cycle. In response, the imperative adoption of technologies capable of capturing and sequestering CO 2 becomes crucial, especially in industries like construction and building. This urgency is essential to significantly reduce the carbon footprint of cement-based material production and induce positive climate change. This review emphasizes consolidating information from recent studies on biochar derived from agro-sources used as an admixture in cement-based applications. It delves into the origins of biomass and the methods employed in its production while highlighting the advantageous impacts of biochar on carbon capture for various properties of cementitious applications. Moreover, biochar, valued for its inexpensive, carbon-efficient, and sustainability gains, has increasingly been applied in cementitious materials. This study provides an exhaustive review of the impact of engineered biochar in the development and performance of carbon-negative cement-based composites, focusing on durability, mechanical, fresh, and microstructural characteristics, as well as carbon-sequestration capacity. Notably, biochar enhances hardened biochar-cement composites' physical, durability, and microstructural characteristics, with an optimal cement replacement of 1–2% wt. Adding biochar further improves endurance against permeability, shrinkage, sulfate attacks, and chloride-induced corrosion. Biochar's potential to reduce concrete permeability is consistent across different pyrolysis temperatures. Positive effects on durability (up to 5% by wt.) are ascribed to Improved hydration and enhanced physical filling, leading to a more compact microstructure, which hinders the penetration of ions and water. • Performance of concrete can vary due to the source of biowaste. • Adding high amount of biochar in concrete leads to low mechanical strength. • Method used to produce biochar can have effect on the resultant composite. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, we are interested in studying the asymptotic behavior of fourth-order neutral differential equations. Despite the growing interest in studying the oscillatory behavior of delay differential equations of second-order, fourth-order equations have received less attention. We get more than one criterion to check the oscillation by the generalized Riccati method and the integral average technique. Our results are an extension and complement to some results published in the literature. Examples are given to prove the significance of new theorems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the current paper, particular acheivments of single-valued neutrosophic continuity on a singlevalued neutrosophic topological space (𝔗 ̃, 𝜏̃𝛾̃, 𝜏̃𝜂̃, 𝜏̃𝜇̃) are introduced. Some necessary implications between them are illustrated. The theories of r-single-valued neutrosophic compact, r-single-valued neutrosophic ideal compact, r-single-valued neutrosophic quasi H-closed and r-single-valued neutrosophic compact modulo an single-valued neutrosophic ideal I~ are presented and investigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to introduce various types of r-single-valued neutrosophic open sets based on the single-valued neutrosophic ideals in Decomposition of Š ostak Sense. Different mappings of single-valued continuity and ideal continuity based on the r-single-valued neutrosophic ideal openness are defined and many implications between them are investigated with counterexamples illustrated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a new class of fuzzy ideal sets, namely the r - (τ i , τ j) - θ -generalized fuzzy ideal closed sets, is introduced for fuzzy bitopological spaces in Šostak sense. This class falls strictly in between the class of r - (τ i , τ j) - θ -fuzzy ideal closed sets and the class of r - (τ i , τ j) -generalized fuzzy ideal closed sets. Furthermore, by using the class of r - (τ i , τ j) - θ -generalized fuzzy ideal closed sets we establish a new fuzzy closure operator which generates fuzzy bitopological spaces in Šostak sense. Finally, the (i , j) strongly- θ -fuzzy ideal continuous, (i , j) - θ -generalized fuzzy ideal continuous and (i , j) - θ -generalized fuzzy ideal irresolute mappings are introduced, and we show the (i , j) - θ -generalized fuzzy ideal continuous properly fuzzy ideal bitopological spaces in Šostak sense (for short, fibtss) in between (j , i) strongly- θ -fuzzy ideal continuous and (i , j) -generalized fuzzy continuous mappings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the prime orbit theorem and Mertens' orbit theorem are proved for a shift dynamical system of infinite type called the Motzkin shift. Instead of using the zeta function approach to find the asymptotic formulas, different and more direct methods are used in the proof without any complicated theoretical discussion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A two-node beam element formulation with eight degrees of freedom was developed and implemented into MATLAB to simulate the nonlinear behavior of the composite. The beam element includes the reinforced concrete slab, the concrete reinforcement, the steel beam, and the shear connectors. One dimension-softening model was used to simulate the concrete, the bilinear isotropic plastic model was used to simulate the steel, and a multi-linear spring was used to simulate the partial shear connectivity. Experimental results were used to validate the numerical model, which was able to closely predict the experimental response by a 2% difference. The model was able to simulate several material nonlinearities such as the plasticity of the steel beam and cracking and crushing of concrete slab. A parametric study was performed to investigate the effects of strength of shear connector, concrete slab thickness, steel beam depth, and the concrete compressive strength on the overall response of steel–concrete composite beams. It was found that the variation in shear connector strength significantly affects the response of the composite beams. In addition, the composite beam stiffness and strength increased with the increase of the steel beam depth, significantly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we get crucial estimates of fundamental sums that involve the number of closed orbits of the Dyck shift. These estimates are given as the prime orbit theorem, Mertens' orbit theorem, Meissel's orbit theorem and Dirichlet series. Different and more direct methods are used in the proofs without any complicated theoretical discussions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The demand for cement-free concrete is increasing worldwide to make the construction industry closer to being sustainable. The current research’s main objective was to develop self-compacting fiber-reinforced geopolymer concrete using waste/recycled materials. Steel wire from an old discarded tire was cut to make steel fibers. Wheat straw ash, an agricultural waste material, was utilized as the primary binder, and alkali-activated solutions were used as the precursors. Further, nano-silica (NS) was added from 0.5 to 3.0%, and waste tire steel fibers (WTSF) were added from 1 to 3.5% by binder content in different mixes. To evaluate the characteristics of different concrete, tests were performed, such as compressive, split tensile, and flexural strength for mechanical properties and sorptivity, rapid chloride penetration (RCP), and drying shrinkage tests for durability properties. It was noted that at 2.5% NS and 3.0% WTSF, the strength increases as 71.5, 6.5, and 8.2 MPa strength was achieved at 90 days for compressive, split tensile and flexural strength. For the RCP test, all samples were categorized as “low” in electrical conductance, micro-strains for drying shrinkage all came in an acceptable range for all samples, and sorptivity values were higher in earlier curing phases than in later phases of concrete. To understand the phase analysis of concrete, x-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis was performed, and it was revealed that the M5 mix (2.5% NS + 3.0% WTSF) had the highest peaks of C-S-H, N-A-S-H, and C-A-S-H, which demonstrates the densified microstructure of concrete with addition of nano-silica. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The prime orbit theorem and Mertens' theorem are proved for a shift dynamical system of infinite type called the Dyck shift. Different and more direct methods are used in the proof without any complicated theoretical discussion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this work is to examine the dynamics of a fractional-order susceptible-infectious-recovered (SIR) model that simulate epidemiological diseases such as childhood diseases. An effective numerical scheme based on Grünwald–Letnikov fractional derivative is suggested to solve the considered model. A stability analysis is performed to qualitatively examine the dynamics of the SIR model. The reliability and robustness of the proposed scheme is demonstrated by comparing obtained results with results obtained from a fourth order Runge–Kutta built-in Maple syntax when considering derivatives of integer order. Graphical illustrations of the numerical results are given. The inaccuracy of some results presented in two studies exist in the literature have been clearly explained. Generalizing of the cases examined in another study, by considering a model with fraction-order derivatives, is another objective of this work as well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The behavior of post-tensioned steel–concrete composite girders is numerically studied. • Finite element model was developed and validated using experimental and analytical results. • A parametric study was conducted to study the effects of several factors. • The model helped better understand the effects of these parameters on the monotonic behavior of the tested beams. The monotonic behavior of externally post-tensioned steel–concrete composite girders was numerically studied in this paper. A three-dimensional numerical model was developed and validated using experimental test results that were conducted by the authors and using an existing analytical model. A parametric study using this validated numerical model was performed to investigate the effects of various parameters on the monotonic performance of composite girders strengthened with external post-tensioned tendons. The parameters investigated include variations in the degree of shear connection, layout and diameter of shear connectors, the initial post-tensioning force, the depth of the steel beam, the eccentricity of the tendons, the compressive strength of concrete, and the shear capacity of the studs. The numerical model provided a better understanding of the effect of these parameters on the behavior of the strengthened beams. The results of the parametric study show that as the degree of shear connection decreased, the stud strains increased and the slippage between the concrete deck and steel beam increased. As the full degree of shear connection was reduced to 80%, 60%, and 40%, the stud strains were increased by 20%, 46%, and 94%, respectively. Also, as the shear connection degree decreases, its effect on the slippage behavior increases. As the degree of shear connection was reduced to 80%, 60%, and 40%, the slippage values were increased by 23%, 48%, and 102%, respectively. The study also shows that, for the same degree of shear connection, beams with one row of shear studs had up to 10% higher flexural capacity than beams with two rows of studs. A 100% increase in the stud diameter caused a 28% reduction in the ultimate load capacity and a 160% increase in the maximum slippage. The higher the post-tensioning force, the higher the ultimate load capacity and the lower the tensile strains in the steel beam. A 118% increase in the post-tensioning force resulted in a 9% increase in the ultimate load capacity and a 13% reduction in the tensile strains. Increasing the depth of the steel beam by 40% resulted in a reduction in the tensile strains at midspan by 20%. The lowest midspan tensile strains were obtained from the combination of increasing the depth of the steel beam and tendon eccentricity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The small size and clever design of nanoparticles can result in large surface areas. This gives nanoparticles enhanced properties such as greater sensitivity, strength, surface area, responsiveness, and stability. This research delves into the phenomenon of a nanobeam vibrating under the influence of a time-varying heat flow. The nanobeam is hypothesized to have material properties that vary throughout its thickness according to a unique exponential distribution law based on the volume fractions of metal and ceramic components. The top of the FG nanobeam is made entirely of ceramic, while the bottom is made of metal. To address this issue, we employ a nonlocal modified thermoelasticity theory based on a Moore–Gibson–Thompson (MGT) thermoelastic framework. By combining the Euler–Bernoulli beam idea with nonlocal Eringen's theory, the fundamental equations that govern the proposed model have been constructed based on the extended variation principle. The fractional integral form, utilizing Atangana–Baleanu fractional operators, is also used to formulate the heat transfer equation in the suggested model. The strength of a thermoelastic nanobeam is improved by performing detailed parametric studies to determine the effect of many physical factors, such as the fractional order, the small-scale parameter, the volume fraction indicator, and the periodic frequency of the heat flow. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, the main concept of the homotopy perturbation method (HPM) was outlined and convergence theorems of the HPM for solving some classes of nonlinear integral, integro-differential and differential equations were proved. A theorem for estimating the error in the approximate solution was proved as well. The proposed HPM convergence theorems were confirmed and the efficiency of the technique was explored by applying the HPM for solving several classes of nonlinear integral/integro-differential equations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to mark out new terms of single-valued neutrosophic notions in a Šostak sense called single-valued neutrosophic semi-closure spaces. To achieve this, notions such as β £ -closure operators and β £ -interior operators are first defined. More precisely, these proposed contributions involve different terms of single-valued neutrosophic continuous mappings called single-valued neutrosophic (almost β £ , faintly β £ , weakly β £ ) and β £ -continuous. Finally, for the purpose of symmetry, we define the single-valued neutrosophic upper, single-valued neutrosophic lower and single-valued neutrosophic boundary sets of a rough single-valued neutrosophic set α n in a single-valued neutrosophic approximation space (F ˜ , δ) . Based on α n and δ , we also introduce the single-valued neutrosophic approximation interior operator int α n δ and the single-valued neutrosophic approximation closure operator Cl α n δ . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main objective of this work is to study the homogeneous thermoelastic interactions in an isotropic hollow thin cylinder immersed in an electric–magnetic field using the linear Moore–Gibson–Thompson theory of thermoelasticity, taking into account the generalized Ohm's law. The MGT system of thermoelastic equations for the new model is created by incorporating a relaxation period in the Green–Naghdi type III framework. In addition, the Maxwell equations that investigate the effect of the electromagnetic field are presented. While the outer surface of the hollow cylinder is thermally insulated and free of traction, the interior surface is both free of traction and subject to thermal shock. To convert the problem to the space domain only, the Laplace transform methodology is used to solve the governing equations generated in the transformed domain. The theoretical results are computed dynamically and are graphically displayed for a transversely isotropic material using the Honig and Hirdes approach. A comparison of findings based on different (classical and generalized) thermoelastic theories is provided, followed by a discussion on the impact of the applied electromagnetic field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article aims to mark out new conditions for oscillation of the even-order Emden–Fowler neutral delay differential equations with neutral term β 1 ı Φ α [ ζ r − 1 ı ] ′ + β 3 ı Φ α [ ς ξ ı ] = 0. The obtained results extend, and simplify known conditions in the literature. The results are illustrated with examples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study of the effect of the microstructure is important and is most evident in elastic vibrations of high frequency and short-wave duration. In addition to deformation caused by temperature and acting forces, the theory of micropolar thermoelasticity is applied to investigate the microstructure of materials when the vibration of their atoms or molecules is increased. This paper addresses a two-dimensional problem involving a thermoelastic micro-polar half-space with a traction-free surface and a known conductive temperature at the medium surface. The problem is treated in the framework of the concept of two-temperature thermoelasticity with a higher-order time derivative and phase delays, which takes into consideration the impact of microscopic structures in non-simple materials. The normal mode technique was applied to find the analytical formulas for thermal stresses, displacements, micro-rotation, temperature changes, and coupled stress. The numerical results are graphed, and the effect of the discrepancy indicator and higher-order temporal derivatives is examined. There are also some exceptional cases that are covered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to mark out new concepts of r-single valued neutrosophic sets, called r-single valued neutrosophic £-closed and £-open sets. The definition of £-single valued neutrosophic irresolute mapping is provided and its characteristic properties are discussed. Moreover, the concepts of £-single valued neutrosophic extremally disconnected and £-single valued neutrosophic normal spaces are established. As a result, a useful implication diagram between the r-single valued neutrosophic ideal open sets is obtained. Finally, some kinds of separation axioms, namely r-single valued neutrosophic ideal- R i (r- S V N I R i , for short), where i = { 0 , 1 , 2 , 3 } , and r-single valued neutrosophic ideal- T j (r- S V N I T j , for short), where j = { 1 , 2 , 2 1 2 , 3 , 4 } , are introduced. Some of their characterizations, fundamental properties, and the relations between these notions have been studied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to introduce the notion of r-single-valued neutrosophic connected sets in single-valued neutrosophic topological spaces, which is considered as a generalization of r-connected sets in Šostak's sense and r-connected sets in intuitionistic fuzzy topological spaces. In addition, it introduces the concept of r-single-valued neutrosophic separated and obtains some of its basic properties. It also tries to show that every r-single-valued neutrosophic component in single-valued neutrosophic topological spaces is an r-single-valued neutrosophic component in the stratification of it. Finally, for the purpose of symmetry, it defines the so-called single-valued neutrosophic relations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neutrosophy is a recent section of philosophy. It was initiated in 1980 by Smarandache. It was presented as the study of origin, nature, and scope of neutralities, as well as their interactions with different ideational spectra. In this paper, we introduce the notion of single-valued neutrosophic ideals sets in Šostak's sense, which is considered as a generalization of fuzzy ideals in Šostak's sense and intuitionistic fuzzy ideals. The concept of single-valued neutrosophic ideal open local function is also introduced for a single-valued neutrosophic topological space. The basic structure, especially a basis for such generated single-valued neutrosophic topologies and several relations between different single-valued neutrosophic ideals and single-valued neutrosophic topologies, are also studied here. Finally, for the purpose of symmetry, we also define the so-called single-valued neutrosophic relations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The unique physical and chemical properties of silica fume enhance the compressive strength and water resistance of cement mortar. The study aims to investigate the effect of silica fume in cement mixes in terms of strength-gaining characteristics and water-resistance attributes. The silica fume was added in amounts of 0%, 10%, 20%, and 25% as a partial cement replacement for the production of mortar. A total of 120 mortar cubes were prepared with steel molds of 50 × 50 × 50 mm dimensions. Two water-cement ratios (w/c) of 0.4 and 0.5 were utilized to investigate the water-resistance properties. A water-resistant property was calculated using the compressive strength ratio in the saturated surface dry (SSD) state to the oven-dry condition. The compressive strength ratios in SSD and the oven-dry state were measured after curing in water for 3, 7, 28, 45, and 90 days. After 90 days of curing, the sample with a water-cement ratio of 0.4 exhibited the greatest compressive strength and the highest ratio of SSD to the oven-dry state. The higher SSD to oven-dry strength ratio shows the silica fume possesses superior water resistance. This study concludes that silica fume possesses great pozzolanic activity and excellent resistance to water. The incorporation of silica fume creates a concrete composition that enables the construction of durable concrete structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, we develop an efficient numerical scheme based on the method of lines (MOL) to investigate the interesting phenomenon of collisions and reflections of optical solitons. The established scheme is of second order in space and of fourth order in time with an explicit nature. We deduce stability restrictions using the von Neumann stability analysis. We consider a (2 + 1) -dimensional system of a coupled nonlinear Schrödinger equation as a general model of nonlinear Schrödinger-type equations. We consider several numerical experiments to demonstrate the robustness of the scheme in capturing many scenarios of collisions and reflections of the optical solitons related to nonlinear Schrödinger-type equations. We verify the scheme accuracy through computing the conserved invariants and comparing the present results with some existing ones in the literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• E-waste elimination. • Mechanical properties concrete incorporating E-waste. • Artificial Intelligence (AI) • ANN. • Environmental hazard. The appropriate disposal of electronic waste (E-waste) is becoming a serious concern on a global scale. The purpose of present work is to establish a link between the mix design factors and mechanical strength using the metaheuristic based artificial intelligence (AI) Technique known as gene-expression-programming (GEP). The developed dataset includes several input variables i.e., the percentage of e-waste partial substitute, water to cement ratio, specimen age, water absorption and specific gravities of the aggregates, while the compressive strength (CS), flexural strength (FS) and tensile strength (STS) are used as predictive outcome. The established models were assessed using the root mean square error (RMSE), mean absolute error (MAE), objective function, and performance index as well as the regression measure known as the coefficient of correlation (R2). All strength models showed a significant correlation (R2 = 0.94), with the minimum statistical errors (MAE 2.04, RMSE 2.54), (MAE 0.36, RMSE 0.47), and (MAE 0.43, RMSE 0.54) for CS, FS and STS respectively. Furthermore, the parametric and sensitivity analyses were considered for analyzing impact of particular input variables on the performance of outcome. The established machine learning based metaheuristic models can be utilized confidently to use e-waste concrete in a variety of construction purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Unreinforced masonry (URM) is one of the most popular construction materials around the world, but vulnerable during earthquakes. Due to its brittle nature, the URM structures may lead to a possible collapse of the wall of a building during earthquake events causing casualties. In the current research, an attempt is made to enhance the seismic capacity of URM structures by proposing a new innovative composite material that can improve the shear strength and deformation capacity of the URM wall systems. The results revealed that the fiber-reinforced plastic having high tensile and shear stiffness can significantly increase in-plane as well as out-of-plane bending strength of the URM wall. It was recorded that the bending moment of the prism increased up to 549.5% by increasing the bending moment from 490 N*mm to 3183 N*mm per mm deflection of prism upon using glass fibers. Moreover, the ductility ratio amplified up to 5.73 times while the stiffness ratio increased up to 4.16 times with the aid of glass fibers. Since the material used in this research work is low cost, easily available, and no need for any skilled labor, which is economically good. Therefore, the URM walls retrofitted with fiber-reinforced plastic is an economical solution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Four ensemble M−L algorithms were employed to predict the C-S of C-M after acid attack. • A dataset of 234 points with eight input parameters was used for M−L modeling. • SHAP analysis determined the significance and interaction of input features. • Accurate predictions were made for the C-S of C-M after acid attack using M−L methods. • Bagging and random forest methods yielded more accurate results than gradient boosting and AdaBoost. This research aimed to build estimation models for the compressive strength (C-S) of cement mortar containing eggshell and glass powder after the acid attack using machine learning algorithms. A lab test data comprising 234 data points with 8 input factors was utilised for modelling. Four ensemble machine learning techniques, including gradient boosting, AdaBoost, random forest, and bagging, were employed to achieve the research's goals. In addition, to examine the influence and correlation of input factors, a SHapley Additive exExplanations (SHAP) analysis was conducted. The built estimation models well agreed with the lab test results based on R2 and the variance between actual and model estimated results (errors). Random forest and bagging exhibited superior prediction performance, with R2 of 0.982 and 0.983, respectively, than gradient boosting and AdaBoost, with R2 of 0.969 and 0.977, respectively. The comparative analysis of statistical measures also indicated superior accuracy of random forest and bagging, with mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) of 2.40%, than gradient boosting and AdaBoost, with MAPE of 2.90% and 2.60%, respectively. SHAP analysis exhibited that the highly influential factor for the acid resistance of glass and eggshell-based mortar was the 90-day C-S of the sample, followed by the quantity of glass powder, eggshell powder, sand, cement, water, superplasticizer, and silica fume. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The intent of this manuscript is to present new rational symmetric ϖ − ξ -contractions and infer some fixed-points for such contractions in the setting of Θ -metric spaces. Furthermore, some related results such as Suzuki-type rational symmetric contractions, orbitally Υ -complete, and orbitally continuous mappings in Θ -metric spaces are introduced. Ultimately, the theoretical results are shared to study the existence of the solution to a fractional-order differential equation with one boundary stipulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]