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Background: Lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV) is a sexually transmitted infection caused by Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) serovars L1, L2, and L3 and is endemic among men who have sex with men (MSM) in Europe. We evaluated weekly oral azithromycin 1 g for 3 weeks as a treatment for LGV proctitis., Methods: This is an open clinical trial with convenience allocation according to treating physician preferences. Adults with clinical proctitis received a single dose of 1 g of intramuscular ceftriaxone and were subsequently allocated to receive (i) doxycycline 100 mg twice daily for 21 days (Doxycycline group) or (ii) azithromycin 1 g orally once weekly for 3 weeks (Azithromycin group). LGV cure (primary endpoint) was defined as resolution of symptoms at week 6 (clinical cure, LGV-CC), with an additional supporting negative rectal polymerase chain reaction (PCR) at week 4 (microbiological cure, LGV-MC), if available., Results: One hundred and twenty-five individuals with LGV clinical proctitis were included. All were MSM, and 96% were living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Eighty-two were in the Azithromycin group, and 43 were in the Doxycycline group. LGV cure on a modified intention-to-treat analysis (primary endpoint), occurred in 80 of 82 (98%) in the Azithromycin group versus 41 of 43 (95%) in the Doxycycline group (treatment difference [95% confidence interval {CI}] 2.2% [-3.2, 13.2]). LGV-MC occurred in 70 of 72 (97%) vs 15 of 15 (100%) in the Azithromycin group and Doxycycline group, respectively (treatment difference [95% CI] -2.8% [-9.6; 17.7]). Adverse events were similar in both treatment groups., Conclusions: Our findings support extended azithromycin dosing as an alternative treatment option for symptomatic LGV proctitis and provides the rationale for future randomized trials., (© The Author(s) 2021. Published by Oxford University Press for the Infectious Diseases Society of America. All rights reserved. For permissions, e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.)

We describe a patient with nonclassical clinical and histopathological features of pemphigus with exclusively IgG antibodies against desmocollin (Dsc) 3 detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay of recombinant eukaryotic protein of Dsc1-Dsc3. The absence of antibodies against other known targets, such as desmogleins, reinforces the role of anti-Dsc antibodies in the pathophysiology of atypical pemphigus., (© 2019 The Australasian College of Dermatologists.)

Introduction and Objective: Sexually transmitted infections of the rectum and anus (STI-RA) mainly affect men who have sex with men (MSM). The incidence of STI-RA among them has increased in recent years., Material and Methods: Retrospective study in patients with diagnoses of STI-RA in an STI unit during the years 2014 and 2015. Epidemiological, clinical and microbiological data were collected., Results: We included 95 patients, all of whom were MSM; 88.42% were HIV+; 67.17% did not use a condom during their most recent sexual intercourse; 17.91% had had sex with sex workers and 72.22% had used drugs during sexual intercourse during the previous year. A percentage of 32.92 reported symptoms that had lasted longer than 30 days. Lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV) was diagnosed in 54.73% of the patients. All patients who presented with proctitis and perianal ulcers were diagnosed with LGV infection. All those who presented perianal ulcers without proctitis were diagnosed with syphilis., Conclusions: All the patients affected by STI-RA were MSM, most of them HIV+, had engaged in high-risk sexual behaviour and had suffered prolonged symptomatology. Clinical and microbiological characteristics of STI-AR could help adjust the empiric therapy., (Copyright © 2018 Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.)

Background: There are very few data available regarding risk factors associated with antibiotic resistant-Neisseria gonorrhoeae., Methods: A study was conducted on 110 samples from 101 patients with gonococcal infection, in order to describe their characteristics and compare them with the antimicrobial susceptibility profile of their samples., Results: An association was observed between resistant infections and heterosexual men, older age, concurrent sexually transmitted infection, and unsafe sexual behaviors., Conclusion: There is a need for improved data on the risk factors associated with antibiotic resistant gonococcal infection in order to identify risk groups, and to propose public health strategies to control this infection., (Copyright © 2016 Elsevier España, S.L.U. and Sociedad Española de Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología Clínica. All rights reserved.)

Background and Objective: In the last decade, the incidence of syphilis has increased in our health area. Our objective is to describe the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of patients diagnosed with syphilis at our centre and their relationship with HIV., Patients and Methods: The clinical and epidemiological variables of patients diagnosed with syphilis in a third-level hospital over a period of 4.5 years, as well as their HIV status, were analysed through a descriptive study., Results: There was a significant increase in the incidence of syphilis in the period 2011-2015. We included 220 patients, 98% men (94% MSM). 62% were HIV+ and 89% came in early/infectious stages of the disease. 7% were concomitantly diagnosed with HIV. There was a high number of sexual partners and frequent use of drugs associated with sexual activity (46%)., Conclusions: The incidence of syphilis has increased in our centre in the last 2 years. The most affected group is MSM, with high HIV prevalence and risk behaviours for STI acquisition., (Copyright © 2017 Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.)

Introduction and Objectives: A 5% risk of reactivation of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection has been reported in patients with diseases other than psoriasis treated with tumor necrosis factor inhibitors. The aim of this study was to investigate the risk of HBV reactivation in patients with a past history of HBV infection who were receiving biologic therapy for psoriasis., Material and Methods: This was a multicenter study of 20 patients with psoriasis who were treated with at least 1 biologic agent. All the patients had serologic evidence of past HBV infection (positive total hepatitis B core antibody and negative hepatitis B surface antibody). We analyzed the clinical, serological, and liver function variables recorded before, during, and at the end of follow-up. The viral load at the end of follow-up was also analyzed for all patients., Results: None of the patients fulfilled the criteria for HBV reactivation at the end of a median follow-up period of 40 months. Combining our data with data from other studies of psoriasis patients with a past history of HBV infection who were treated with a biologic, we calculated a maximum estimated risk of HBV reactivation for a mean follow-up period of 30 months of 2.7 reactivations per 100 patients., Conclusions: Biologic therapy did not cause HBV reactivation in our series of patients. Nonetheless, because of the potentially serious complications associated with HBV reactivation, it is important to measure viral load in patients with a history of HBV infection prior to initiation of biologic therapy to rule out occult carriage. These patients should also be monitored regularly in conjunction with a hepatologist., (Copyright © 2014 Elsevier España, S.L.U. and AEDV. All rights reserved.)

A therapeutic endpoint is a very important tool to evaluate response in clinical trials. In 2005, a consensus statement identified two late endpoints of disease activity in pemphigus: complete remission off therapy and complete remission on therapy, both definitions applying to patients without lesions for at least 2 months. The same period of time was considered for partial remission off/on therapy. These definitions were later applied to bullous pemphigoid and are considered in most studies on autoimmune bullous disease. These endpoints were established for different adjuvant agents, but at that moment, rituximab was not considered. Rituximab is known for the long duration of its effect, and in most studies relapses have been reported later than 6 months after treatment. In our opinion, time to remission after rituximab treatment should be redefined., (© 2015 S. Karger AG, Basel.)

Psoriatic lesions affecting the scalp, nails, palms, and the soles of the feet are described as difficult-to-treat psoriasis and require specific management. Involvement of these sites often has a significant physical and emotional impact on the patient and the lesions are difficult to control with topical treatments owing to inadequate penetration of active ingredients and the poor cosmetic characteristics of the vehicles used. Consequently, when difficult-to-treat sites are involved, psoriasis can be considered severe even though the lesions are not extensive. Scant information is available about the use of biologic therapy in this setting, and published data generally comes from clinical trials of patients who also had moderate to severe extensive lesions or from small case series and isolated case reports. In this article we review the quality of the scientific evidence for the 4 biologic agents currently available in Spain (infliximab, etanercept, adalimumab, and ustekinumab) and report level i evidence for the use of biologics to treat nail psoriasis (level of recommendation A) and a somewhat lower level of evidence in the case of scalp involvement and palmoplantar psoriasis., (Copyright © 2013 Elsevier España, S.L.U. y AEDV. All rights reserved.)

Importance: Variability in genes encoding proteins involved in the immunological pathways of biological therapy may account for the differences observed in outcomes of anti–tumor necrosis factor (TNF) treatment of psoriasis., Objective: To assess the role of 2 Fcγ receptor (FcγR) polymorphisms in the response to anti-TNF therapy in psoriasis., Design: Retrospective series of patients with psoriasis who received anti-TNF therapy(infliximab, adalimumab, or etanercept) from January 1, 2007, through December 31, 2010. Patients were followed up for 12 weeks., Setting: Two psoriasis referral centers., Participants: Seventy treatment-naive patients with moderate to severe psoriasis who received anti-TNF agents., Intervention: Patients underwent FcγRIIA-H131R and FcγRIIIA-V158F polymorphism genotyping., Main Outcomes and Measures: The Psoriasis Area and Severity Index and the body surface area were assessed at baseline and at treatment weeks 6 to 8 and 12. The polymorphism genotypes were correlated with the treatment outcomes., Results: Bivariate analysis showed a nonsignificant association between FcγR low-affinity genotypes and greater improvement in the Psoriasis Area and Severity Index and body surface area at the end of treatment. Conversely, patients harboring high-affinity alleles presented a greater reduction in body surface area at the intermediate point, which remained independent in the multivariate analysis. We also detected an additive effect of both polymorphisms in the multivariate analysis. High-affinity alleles may contribute to a quicker response owing to a more efficient removal of relevant cells expressing TNF., Conclusions and Relevance: Preliminary results of this pilot study on the pharmacogenetics of FcγR and biological therapy in psoriasis suggest a role with clinical implications for FcγRIIA-H131R and FcγRIIIA-V158F polymorphisms in the outcome of anti-TNF treatment of psoriasis. These results might help dermatologists in guiding therapeutic decisions, especially in very severe cases where a quick response is needed.