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Introduction. The article discusses the place, functions and significance of marketplaces in urban space. Goals. So, the paper particularly aims to consider the place, functions and significance of the marketplace in the public space of Elista. Materials. The study employs the structural-functional method and that of participant observation. Results. The Central Cossack Bazaar is an important resource for the shaping of Elista’s market economy — small and medium-sized businesses. The marketplace has changed essentially through the stages of its existence within boundaries of the urban landscape, and would prove a most suitable place for trade and supply of the population in certain historical periods. Its place in public life formed the function of a common territory and shaped the structure of traffic flows.

Introduction The article examines oral narratives about construction endeavors across Elista in the 1950s and early 1960s. Goals. The work analyzes narratives of earliest builders as a source to highlight somewhat universal features inherent to accounts of everyday life, feelings and moods associated with the restoration of the city on a specific example of stories narrating about the construction of Elista. This makes it possible to highlight universal elements and emphasize specifics of construction-related oral narratives, such as atypical plots in stories of residential building, features of architecture as a cultural factor, efficiency of use of local construction materials, as well as plans of the Soviet government. For this purpose, microurbanism is used both as a method of the city’s reconstruction and a way of describing its language. Materials. The study investigates field data collected in 2021–2022 in Elista. Results. Insights into oral narratives yield an opportunity, on the one hand, to examine the way of life of earliest builders, their active consumption and (re)construction of urban space marked by certain construction nuances, urban features and local contexts, and, on the other hand, to show the development of oral narrative about the city’s expansion in the 1950s–1960s — its universal and unique properties for microurbanism, and how these specificities are manifested (in what plots and topics).

Introduction. The article deals with street youth gangs in Elista, the capital of Kalmykia. In the process of their development, such organized criminal groups have transformed into a special subculture with its own hierarchies, spheres of influence, lifestyles, language, and practices. The author aims to show the development of this phenomenon as a subculture in the youth milieu, describing the norms of behavior, values, and life orientations of members of particular gangs operating in Elista. Data and methods. The main research sources are field materials collected by the author by way of interviewing members of such informal groups. The analysis involved the structural-functional method, participatory observation method, method of content-analysis and interviewing. Results. There is a history to the growth of modern informal groupings in the town: in fact, they proliferated during the period of restoration of the Kalmyk ASSR with its center in Elista. Under new conditions, within urban environment informal street gangs were formed on the principle of shared territories, which was in fact the most typical kind of such groupings in the country at large. For the younger generation, the street served as a space of masculine brotherly unity based on bodily practices, as well as on similar ideas, views, and concepts. In the period between 2000 and 2010, some of the informal units represented qualitatively new forms of organized criminal youth groupings; these were characterized by dominance practices, power relations, and age hierarchy. Although the youth (patsan) companies were not part of the criminal thieves’ subculture, they maintained to a degree this connection and found ways for organized criminal activity.

Introduction. The article deals with the k-pop cover dance direction as one of the movements globalizing the youth environment. Nowadays, the K-pop youth subculture has reached a significant number of teenage schoolchildren with its popularity. Currently, belonging to the K-pop subculture and its dance practices are becoming integral to creating new global identities for young people. Goals. The study aims to examine the richness of K-pop components through dance culture, especially popular among school-age teenagers. Materials. The work primarily analyzes the author’s field materials with the aid of the structural/functional method, that of included observation, as well as interviews (narrative, semi-structured) with respondents. Results and Conclusions. The paper concludes that Kalmyk K-pop fans form a bi-ethnic identity in which a combination of features of both — their own and other ethnic cultures — is equally manifested. At the same time, K-pop cover dance proves the most accessible way to get socialized and develop imagination (i.e., a leisure-time activity) in present-day youth culture.

Introduction. The article analyzes the formation of urban spaces as public places. Considerable attention is paid to the role of Druzhba Park of Culture and Leisure (Elista) in the city’s space. The paper suggests Druzhba Park be viewed not only as a natural zone in urban development, but also as a place for the identification of steppe people with urban environment. Goals. The article seeks to consider the place, functions and significance of the park in Elista’s public space. Methods. The study was conducted using the structural-and-functional method, and that of participant observation. Results. It is traced how changes in the political and sociocultural situations affected the visual attractiveness of the park. Urban development projects that have reconstructed the park’s space at the current stage are described. The work comes to the conclusion that the creation of Druzhba Park as a public space in the late 1930s was evidence of the spread of urban culture among the Kalmyk population.

Introduction. The article deals with the early history of Elista as a city, and makes a first attempt to anthropologically compare urban space at the initial stage of the city’s history to its current conditions. Goals. The paper examines the first and key stage in the formation and development of Elista as center of Kalmyk Autonomous Oblast. Materials. The bulk of analyzed sources are documents contained in the National Archive of the Republic of Kalmykia. Results. The work concludes that the preservation of old buildings to date is a representation of the city’s local memory. As is shown, the preservation of historical architecture proved crucial to such a representation.

Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is a highly-aggressive malignancy arising from the biliary tree, characterized by a steady increase in incidence globally and a high mortality rate. Most CCAs are diagnosed in the advanced and metastatic phases of the disease, due to the paucity of signs and symptoms in the early stages. This fact, along with the poor results of the local and systemic therapies currently employed, is responsible for the poor outcome of CCA patients and strongly supports the need for novel therapeutic agents and strategies. In recent years, the introduction of next-generation sequencing technologies has opened new horizons for a better understanding of the genetic pathophysiology of CCA and, consequently, for the identification and evaluation of new treatments tailored to the molecular features or alterations progressively elucidated. In this review article, we describe the potential targets under investigation and the current molecular therapies employed in biliary tract cancers. In addition, we summarize the main drugs against CCA under evaluation in ongoing trials and describe the preliminary data coming from these pioneering studies., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Background: District-level cancer incidence estimation is an important issue in countries without a national cancer registry. This study aims to both evaluate the validity of district-level estimations in France for 24 cancer sites, using health insurance data (ALD demands--Affection de Longue Durée) and to provide estimations when considered valid. Incidence is estimated at a district-level by applying the ratio between the number of first ALD demands and incident cases (ALD/I ratio), observed in those districts with cancer registries, to the number of first ALD demands available in all districts. These district-level estimations are valid if the ratio does not vary greatly across the districts or if variations remain moderate compared with variations in incidence rates., Methods: Validation was performed in the districts covered by cancer registries over the period 2000-2005. The district variability of the ALD/I ratio was studied, adjusted for age (mixed-effects Poisson model), and compared with the district variability in incidence rate. The epidemiological context is also considered in addition to statistical analyses., Results: District-level estimation using the ALD/I ratio was considered valid for eight cancer sites out of the 24 studied (lip-oral cavity-pharynx, oesophagus, stomach, colon-rectum, lung, breast, ovary and testis) and incidence maps were provided for these cancer sites., Conclusion: Estimating cancer incidence at a sub-national level remains a difficult task without a national registry and there are few studies on this topic. Our validation approach may be applied in other countries, using health insurance or hospital discharge data as correlate of incidence., (Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Anatomists and surgeons have described the presence of accessory biliary ducts between the liver and gallbladder. Bile leakage from accessory duct following laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) is an unusual post-operative complication. Aim of the study was to assess its incidence, the intraoperative methods helpful for notice the anatomical anomaly and the impact of endoscopic procedure as a suitable treatment. From January 1997 to September 2002, 185 patients underwent LC for symptomatic cholelithiasis in our surgical department. Post-operative bile leakage from accessory biliary duct occurred in two patients (1%): one case from the liver bed of gallbladder (duct of Luschka) and one case from an aberrant cholecystohepatic duct entering Hartmann's pouch. One patient underwent open celiotomy because of unavailability of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography. The other patient was successfully treated by endoscopic sphincterotomy and nasobiliary tube placement. By careful dissection, accessory ducts were noticed and clipped in three other patients with overall incidence of 2.7%. Meticulous laparoscopic technique aimed to careful recognize all structures during LC is the main policy to contain biliary injury within its nadir incidence. Depending of availability, endoscopic sphincterotomy and nasobiliary drainage allow diagnosis and treatment of bile leakage, preserving the effectiveness of laparoscopic procedure.

The aim of this work is to define a classification for traumatic injuries to crowns of teeth that offers a simplified interpretation, which can be communicated easily. These data will help us to evaluate the future restorations (composite resins, crowns, porcelain veneers) according to the variable design and extension of initial crown fracture lines. For this reason we conducted research on a vast sample of subjects, who presented different traumatic lesions, in order to obtain a specific selection of these typologies of injuries. We reviewed the literature for a complete, brief classification of simple use, which could serve our cause. The traditional classifications (Andreasen, Ellis, OMS) did not satisfy us for different reasons. In fact, they only consider the initial lesion situation, never focusing on the shape of the lesion and therefore never giving suggestions for the best kind of material for restoration. On the contrary, our interest is to define the kind of more valid materials according to the variable design of crown fracture lines, to foresee the duration of these materials and the best time to substitute them. To simplify and make our research a more affordable one, we created a 4 classes classification (A-B-C-D) and 3 subclasses (b1-c1-d1). Class A: all the simple enamel lesions which involve a mesial or distal crown angle, or only the incisal edge; Class B: all the enamel-dentin lesions, which involve a mesial or distal crown angle and the incisal edge. When a pulpal exposure exists we define it a Subclass b1; Class C: all the enamel-dentin lesions, which involve the incisal edge and at least a third of the crown surface. When a pulp exposure exists we define it a Subclass c1. Class D: all the enamel-dentin lesions, which involve a mesial or distal crown angle and the incisal or palatal surface, with root cement involvement (crown-root fractures). When a pulpal exposure exists we define it a Subclass d1. This classification showed how different kinds of lesions (Class B, b1, C and c1, in our new classification) fall under the same definition (enamel-dentinal fractures) in traditional classifications (Andreasen, Ellis). However, they need a wholly different clinical approach, and the material involved in the treatment shows different behavior and duration. This new classification simplified the gathering of data and the communication among practitioners, thus confirming its importance in getting optimal diagnostic and therapeutic protocols. It also allowed us to identify the most frequent crown fractures (Class B, b1 and C, c1) that in our sample of patients (age range: 8-18) are typically treated with composite resins or original fragment reattachment technique. All these studies brought us to develop this new "easy to use" classification of dental crown lesions that helped us to gather data easily, to choose the right materials to improve the communication among practitioners including by electronic means,

Early cholecystectomy is the best policy in the case of acute cholecystitis. The aim of this retrospective study is to evaluate the current treatment of choice of acute calculous cholecystitis, as seen in our experience and in the literature data. Between January 1997 and July 2000, 150 patients were operated on for cholecystectomy. In the group of 30 patients (20%) with acute cholecystitis, 15 patients (50%) were managed with laparoscopic approach while 15 patients (50%) with traditional operation. At the beginning the Authors chose the open via for understand the pathologic findings of acute cholecystitis, then they always preferred the laparoscopic approach. Comparison between two groups concerned the interval between onset of symptoms and operation, postoperative mortality and morbidity rates, postoperative hospital stay and follow up. Statistical analysis was performed by the Student's t-test and the chi-square test. Both groups were homogeneous with regard to sex, age and onset of symptoms. There were no deaths and morbidity rate in the laparoscopic group was 20% versus 40% (p = ns). The average postoperative hospital stay in the laparoscopic group was 5.6 days versus 10.5 days (p = 0.046). The conversion rate into laparotomy was 6.6% (1 case). There has been one case of incisional hernia in the open group at a mean follow up of 20 month. Early laparoscopic cholecystectomy is the treatment of choice of acute cholecystitis because of a lower postoperative morbidity rate and a significant shorter hospital stay.