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1. A combination of conserved and diverged responses underlies Theobroma cacao’s defense response to Phytophthora palmivora

Author

Winters, Noah P., Wafula, Eric K., Knollenberg, Benjamin J., Hämälä, Tuomas, Timilsena, Prakash R., Perryman, Melanie, Zhang, Dapeng, Sheaffer, Lena L., Praul, Craig A., Ralph, Paula E., Prewitt, Sarah, Leandro-Muñoz, Mariela E., Delgadillo-Duran, Diego A., Altman, Naomi S., Tiffin, Peter, Maximova, Siela N., dePamphilis, Claude W., Marden, James H., and Guiltinan, Mark J.

Published
2024
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6. Risk versus reward: host dependent parasite mortality rates and phenotypes in the facultative generalist Triphysaria versicolor

Author

Honaas, Loren A, Jones, Sam, Farrell, Nina, Kamerow, William, Zhang, Huiting, Vescio, Kathryn, Altman, Naomi S, Yoder, John I, and dePamphilis, Claude W

Subjects
Plant Biology, Biological Sciences, Infectious Diseases, Arabidopsis, Host-Parasite Interactions, Magnoliopsida, Medicago, Orobanchaceae, Oryza, Solanum, Zea mays, Microbiology, Crop and Pasture Production, Plant Biology & Botany, Crop and pasture production, Plant biology
Abstract

BackgroundParasitic plants engage in a complex molecular dialog with potential host plants to identify a host and overcome host defenses to initiate development of the parasitic feeding organ, the haustorium, invade host tissues, and withdraw water and nutrients. While one of two critical signaling events in the parasitic plant life cycle (germination via stimulant chemicals) has been relatively well-studied, the signaling event that triggers haustorium formation remains elusive. Elucidation of this poorly understood molecular dialogue will shed light on plant-plant communication, parasitic plant physiology, and the evolution of parasitism in plants.ResultsHere we present an experimental framework that develops easily quantifiable contrasts for the facultative generalist parasitic plant, Triphysaria, as it feeds across a broad range of diverse flowering plants. The contrasts, including variable parasite growth form and mortality when grown with different hosts, suggest a dynamic and host-dependent molecular dialogue between the parasite and host. Finally, by comparing transcriptome datasets from attached versus unattached parasites we gain insight into some of the physiological processes that are altered during parasitic behavior including shifts in photosynthesis-related and stress response genes.ConclusionsThis work sheds light on Triphysaria's parasitic life habit and is an important step towards understanding the mechanisms of haustorium initiation factor perception, a unique form of plant-plant communication.

Published
2019

10. Understanding p -values and significance.

Author

Altman, Naomi and Krzywinski, Martin

Subjects
*HYPOTHESIS
Abstract

P- values combined with estimates of effect size are used to assess the importance of experimental results. However, their interpretation can be invalidated by selection bias when testing multiple hypotheses, fitting multiple models or even informally selecting results that seem interesting after observing the data. We offer an introduction to principled uses of p -values (targeted at the non-specialist) and identify questionable practices to be avoided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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11. Depicting variability and uncertainty using intervals and error bars.

Author

Altman, Naomi and Krzywinski, Martin

Subjects
*PARAMETERS (Statistics), *BIOLOGICAL systems, *STATISTICS
Abstract

Variability is inherent in most biological systems due to differences among members of the population. Two types of variation are commonly observed in studies: differences among samples and the "error" in estimating a population parameter (e.g. mean) from a sample. While these concepts are fundamentally very different, the associated variation is often expressed using similar notation—an interval that represents a range of values with a lower and upper bound. In this article we discuss how common intervals are used (and misused). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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13. Horizontal gene transfer is more frequent with increased heterotrophy and contributes to parasite adaptation

Author

Yang, Zhenzhen, Zhang, Yeting, Wafula, Eric K, Honaas, Loren A, Ralph, Paula E, Jones, Sam, Clarke, Christopher R, Liu, Siming, Su, Chun, Zhang, Huiting, Altman, Naomi S, Schuster, Stephan C, Timko, Michael P, Yoder, John I, Westwood, James H, and dePamphilis, Claude W

Subjects
Infectious Diseases, Genetics, HGT, phylogenomics, validation pipeline, genomic transfer, parasitism
Abstract

Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) is the transfer of genetic material across species boundaries and has been a driving force in prokaryotic evolution. HGT involving eukaryotes appears to be much less frequent, and the functional implications of HGT in eukaryotes are poorly understood. We test the hypothesis that parasitic plants, because of their intimate feeding contacts with host plant tissues, are especially prone to horizontal gene acquisition. We sought evidence of HGTs in transcriptomes of three parasitic members of Orobanchaceae, a plant family containing species spanning the full spectrum of parasitic capabilities, plus the free-living Lindenbergia Following initial phylogenetic detection and an extensive validation procedure, 52 high-confidence horizontal transfer events were detected, often from lineages of known host plants and with an increasing number of HGT events in species with the greatest parasitic dependence. Analyses of intron sequences in putative donor and recipient lineages provide evidence for integration of genomic fragments far more often than retro-processed RNA sequences. Purifying selection predominates in functionally transferred sequences, with a small fraction of adaptively evolving sites. HGT-acquired genes are preferentially expressed in the haustorium-the organ of parasitic plants-and are strongly biased in predicted gene functions, suggesting that expression products of horizontally acquired genes are contributing to the unique adaptive feeding structure of parasitic plants.

Published
2016

16. Comparative Transcriptome Analyses Reveal Core Parasitism Genes and Suggest Gene Duplication and Repurposing as Sources of Structural Novelty

Author

Yang, Zhenzhen, Wafula, Eric K, Honaas, Loren A, Zhang, Huiting, Das, Malay, Fernandez-Aparicio, Monica, Huang, Kan, Bandaranayake, Pradeepa CG, Wu, Biao, Der, Joshua P, Clarke, Christopher R, Ralph, Paula E, Landherr, Lena, Altman, Naomi S, Timko, Michael P, Yoder, John I, Westwood, James H, and dePamphilis, Claude W

Subjects
Biotechnology, Human Genome, Genetics, Cluster Analysis, Evolution, Molecular, Gene Duplication, Gene Expression Profiling, Genes, Plant, Mimulus, Orobanchaceae, Transcriptome, novel traits, transcriptome, protease, parasitism, gene duplication, Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Evolutionary Biology
Abstract

The origin of novel traits is recognized as an important process underlying many major evolutionary radiations. We studied the genetic basis for the evolution of haustoria, the novel feeding organs of parasitic flowering plants, using comparative transcriptome sequencing in three species of Orobanchaceae. Around 180 genes are upregulated during haustorial development following host attachment in at least two species, and these are enriched in proteases, cell wall modifying enzymes, and extracellular secretion proteins. Additionally, about 100 shared genes are upregulated in response to haustorium inducing factors prior to host attachment. Collectively, we refer to these newly identified genes as putative "parasitism genes." Most of these parasitism genes are derived from gene duplications in a common ancestor of Orobanchaceae and Mimulus guttatus, a related nonparasitic plant. Additionally, the signature of relaxed purifying selection and/or adaptive evolution at specific sites was detected in many haustorial genes, and may play an important role in parasite evolution. Comparative analysis of gene expression patterns in parasitic and nonparasitic angiosperms suggests that parasitism genes are derived primarily from root and floral tissues, but with some genes co-opted from other tissues. Gene duplication, often taking place in a nonparasitic ancestor of Orobanchaceae, followed by regulatory neofunctionalization, was an important process in the origin of parasitic haustoria.

Published
2015

18. On dimension folding of matrix- or array-valued statistical objects

Author

Li, Bing, Kim, Min Kyung, and Altman, Naomi

Subjects
Mathematics - Statistics Theory, 62H12, 62G08, 62-09 (Primary)
Abstract

We consider dimension reduction for regression or classification in which the predictors are matrix- or array-valued. This type of predictor arises when measurements are obtained for each combination of two or more underlying variables--for example, the voltage measured at different channels and times in electroencephalography data. For these applications, it is desirable to preserve the array structure of the reduced predictor (e.g., time versus channel), but this cannot be achieved within the conventional dimension reduction formulation. In this paper, we introduce a dimension reduction method, to be called dimension folding, for matrix- and array-valued predictors that preserves the array structure. In an application of dimension folding to an electroencephalography data set, we correctly classify 97 out of 122 subjects as alcoholic or nonalcoholic based on their electroencephalography in a cross-validation sample., Comment: Published in at http://dx.doi.org/10.1214/09-AOS737 the Annals of Statistics (http://www.imstat.org/aos/) by the Institute of Mathematical Statistics (http://www.imstat.org)

Published
2010
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20. The Amborella Genome and the Evolution of Flowering Plants

Author

Albert, Victor A, Barbazuk, W Bradley, dePamphilis, Claude W, Der, Joshua P, Leebens-Mack, James, Ma, Hong, Palmer, Jeffrey D, Rounsley, Steve, Sankoff, David, Schuster, Stephan C, Soltis, Douglas E, Soltis, Pamela S, Wessler, Susan R, Wing, Rod A, Ammiraju, Jetty SS, Chamala, Srikar, Chanderbali, Andre S, Determann, Ronald, Ralph, Paula, Talag, Jason, Tomsho, Lynn, Walts, Brandon, Wanke, Stefan, Chang, Tien-Hao, Lan, Tianying, Arikit, Siwaret, Axtell, Michael J, Ayyampalayam, Saravanaraj, Burnette, James M, De Paoli, Emanuele, Estill, James C, Farrell, Nina P, Harkess, Alex, Jiao, Yuannian, Liu, Kun, Mei, Wenbin, Meyers, Blake C, Shahid, Saima, Wafula, Eric, Zhai, Jixian, Zhang, Xiaoyu, Carretero-Paulet, Lorenzo, Lyons, Eric, Tang, Haibao, Zheng, Chunfang, Altman, Naomi S, Chen, Feng, Chen, Jian-Qun, and Chiang, Vincent

Subjects
Human Genome, Genetics, Biotechnology, Conservation of Natural Resources, Contig Mapping, Evolution, Molecular, Flowers, Gene Duplication, Genetic Variation, Genome, Plant, Metagenomics, Molecular Sequence Annotation, Multigene Family, New Caledonia, Phylogeny, Sequence Analysis, DNA, Tracheophyta, Amborella Genome Project, General Science & Technology
Abstract

Amborella trichopoda is strongly supported as the single living species of the sister lineage to all other extant flowering plants, providing a unique reference for inferring the genome content and structure of the most recent common ancestor (MRCA) of living angiosperms. Sequencing the Amborella genome, we identified an ancient genome duplication predating angiosperm diversification, without evidence of subsequent, lineage-specific genome duplications. Comparisons between Amborella and other angiosperms facilitated reconstruction of the ancestral angiosperm gene content and gene order in the MRCA of core eudicots. We identify new gene families, gene duplications, and floral protein-protein interactions that first appeared in the ancestral angiosperm. Transposable elements in Amborella are ancient and highly divergent, with no recent transposon radiations. Population genomic analysis across Amborella's native range in New Caledonia reveals a recent genetic bottleneck and geographic structure with conservation implications.

Published
2013

22. Functional genomics of a generalist parasitic plant: Laser microdissection of host-parasite interface reveals host-specific patterns of parasite gene expression

Author

Honaas, Loren A, Wafula, Eric K, Yang, Zhenzhen, Der, Joshua P, Wickett, Norman J, Altman, Naomi S, Taylor, Christopher G, Yoder, John I, Timko, Michael P, Westwood, James H, and dePamphilis, Claude W

Abstract

Abstract Background Orobanchaceae is the only plant family with members representing the full range of parasitic lifestyles plus a free-living lineage sister to all parasitic lineages, Lindenbergia. A generalist member of this family, and an important parasitic plant model, Triphysaria versicolor regularly feeds upon a wide range of host plants. Here, we compare de novo assembled transcriptomes generated from laser micro-dissected tissues at the host-parasite interface to uncover details of the largely uncharacterized interaction between parasitic plants and their hosts. Results The interaction of Triphysaria with the distantly related hosts Zea mays and Medicago truncatula reveals dramatic host-specific gene expression patterns. Relative to above ground tissues, gene families are disproportionally represented at the interface including enrichment for transcription factors and genes of unknown function. Quantitative Real-Time PCR of a T. versicolor β-expansin shows strong differential (120x) upregulation in response to the monocot host Z. mays; a result that is concordant with our read count estimates. Pathogenesis-related proteins, other cell wall modifying enzymes, and orthologs of genes with unknown function (annotated as such in sequenced plant genomes) are among the parasite genes highly expressed by T. versicolor at the parasite-host interface. Conclusions Laser capture microdissection makes it possible to sample the small region of cells at the epicenter of parasite host interactions. The results of our analysis suggest that T. versicolor’s generalist strategy involves a reliance on overlapping but distinct gene sets, depending upon the host plant it is parasitizing. The massive upregulation of a T. versicolor β-expansin is suggestive of a mechanism for parasite success on grass hosts. In this preliminary study of the interface transcriptomes, we have shown that T. versicolor, and the Orobanchaceae in general, provide excellent opportunities for the characterization of plant genes with unknown functions.

Published
2013

25. Evaluating Stacked Methylation Markers for Blood-Based Multicancer Detection

Author

Funderburk, Karen, primary, Bang-Christensen, Sara R., additional, Miller, Brendan F., additional, Tan, Hua, additional, Margolin, Gennady, additional, Petrykowska, Hanna M., additional, Baugher, Catherine, additional, Farney, S. Katie, additional, Grimm, Sara A., additional, Jameel, Nader, additional, Holland, David O., additional, Altman, Naomi S., additional, and Elnitski, Laura, additional

Published
2023
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28. Generation of LexA enhancer-trap lines in Drosophila by an international scholastic network

Author

Kim, Ella S, primary, Rajan, Arjun, additional, Chang, Kathleen, additional, Govindarajan, Sanath, additional, Gulick, Clara, additional, English, Eva, additional, Rodriguez, Bianca, additional, Bloomfield, Orion, additional, Nakada, Stella, additional, Beard, Charlotte, additional, O’Connor, Sarah, additional, Mastroianni, Sophia, additional, Downey, Emma, additional, Feigenbaum, Matthew, additional, Tolentino, Caitlin, additional, Pace, Abigail, additional, Khan, Marina, additional, Moon, Soyoun, additional, DiPrima, Jordan, additional, Syed, Amber, additional, Lin, Flora, additional, Abukhadra, Yasmina, additional, Bacon, Isabella, additional, Beckerle, John, additional, Cho, Sophia, additional, Donkor, Nana Esi, additional, Garberg, Lucy, additional, Harrington, Ava, additional, Hoang, Mai, additional, Lawani, Nosa, additional, Noori, Ayush, additional, Park, Euwie, additional, Parsons, Ella, additional, Oravitan, Philip, additional, Chen, Matthew, additional, Molina, Cristian, additional, Richmond, Caleb, additional, Reddi, Adith, additional, Huang, Jason, additional, Shugrue, Cooper, additional, Coviello, Rose, additional, Unver, Selma, additional, Indelicarto, Matthew, additional, Islamovic, Emir, additional, McIlroy, Rosemary, additional, Yang, Alana, additional, Hamad, Mahdi, additional, Griffin, Elizabeth, additional, Ahmed, Zara, additional, Alla, Asha, additional, Fitzgerald, Patricia, additional, Choi, Audrey, additional, Das, Tanya, additional, Cheng, Yuchen, additional, Yu, Joshua, additional, Roderiques, Tabor, additional, Lee, Ethan, additional, Liu, Longchao, additional, Harper, Jaekeb, additional, Wang, Jason, additional, Suhr, Chris, additional, Tan, Max, additional, Luque, Jacqueline, additional, Tam, A Russell, additional, Chen, Emma, additional, Triff, Max, additional, Zimmermann, Lyric, additional, Zhang, Eric, additional, Wood, Jackie, additional, Clark, Kaitlin, additional, Kpodonu, Nat, additional, Dey, Antar, additional, Ecker, Alexander, additional, Chuang, Maximilian, additional, López, Ramón Kodi Suzuki, additional, Sun, Harry, additional, Wei, Zijing, additional, Stone, Henry, additional, Chi, Chia Yu Joy, additional, Silvestri, Aiden, additional, Orloff, Petra, additional, Nedumaran, Neha, additional, Zou, Aletheia, additional, Ünver, Leyla, additional, Page, Oscair, additional, Kim, Minseo, additional, Chan, Terence Yan Tao, additional, Tulloch, Akili, additional, Hernandez, Andrea, additional, Pillai, Aruli, additional, Chen, Caitlyn, additional, Chowdhury, Neil, additional, Huang, Lina, additional, Mudide, Anish, additional, Paik, Garrett, additional, Wingate, Alexandra, additional, Quinn, Lily, additional, Conybere, Chris, additional, Baumgardt, Luca Laiza, additional, Buckley, Rollo, additional, Kolberg, Zara, additional, Pattison, Ruth, additional, Shazli, Ashlyn Ahmad, additional, Ganske, Pia, additional, Sfragara, Luca, additional, Strub, Annina, additional, Collier, Barney, additional, Tamana, Hari, additional, Ravindran, Dylan, additional, Howden, James, additional, Stewart, Madeleine, additional, Shimizu, Sakura, additional, Braniff, Julia, additional, Fong, Melanie, additional, Gutman, Lucy, additional, Irvine, Danny, additional, Malholtra, Sahil, additional, Medina, Jillian, additional, Park, John, additional, Yin, Alicia, additional, Abromavage, Harrison, additional, Barrett, Breanna, additional, Chen, Jacqueline, additional, Cho, Rachelle, additional, Dilatush, Mac, additional, Gaw, Gabriel, additional, Gu, Caitlin, additional, Huang, Jupiter, additional, Kilby, Houston, additional, Markel, Ethan, additional, McClure, Katie, additional, Phillips, William, additional, Polaski, Benjamin, additional, Roselli, Amelia, additional, Saint-Cyr, Soleil, additional, Shin, Ellie, additional, Tatum, Kylan, additional, Tumpunyawat, Tai, additional, Wetherill, Lucia, additional, Ptaszynska, Sara, additional, Zeleznik, Maddie, additional, Pesendorfer, Alexander, additional, Nolan, Anna, additional, Tao, Jeffrey, additional, Sammeta, Divya, additional, Nicholson, Laney, additional, Dinh, Giao Vu, additional, Foltz, Merrin, additional, Vo, An, additional, Ross, Maggie, additional, Tokarski, Andrew, additional, Hariharan, Samika, additional, Wang, Elaine, additional, Baziuk, Martha, additional, Tay, Ashley, additional, Wong, Yuk Hung Maximus, additional, Floyd, Jax, additional, Cui, Aileen, additional, Pierre, Kieran, additional, Coppisetti, Nikita, additional, Kutam, Matthew, additional, Khurjekar, Dhruv, additional, Gadzi, Anthony, additional, Gubbay, Ben, additional, Pedretti, Sophia, additional, Belovich, Sofiya, additional, Yeung, Tiffany, additional, Fey, Mercy, additional, Shaffer, Layla, additional, Li, Arthur, additional, Beritela, Giancarlo, additional, Huyghue, Kyle, additional, Foster, Greg, additional, Durso-Finley, Garrett, additional, Thierfelder, Quinn, additional, Kiernan, Holly, additional, Lenkowsky, Andrew, additional, Thomas, Tesia, additional, Cheng, Nicole, additional, Chao, Olivia, additional, L’Etoile-Goga, Pia, additional, King, Alexa, additional, McKinley, Paris, additional, Read, Nicole, additional, Milberg, David, additional, Lin, Leila, additional, Wong, Melinda, additional, Gilman, Io, additional, Brown, Samantha, additional, Chen, Lila, additional, Kosai, Jordyn, additional, Verbinsky, Mark, additional, Belshaw-Hood, Alice, additional, Lee, Honon, additional, Zhou, Cathy, additional, Lobo, Maya, additional, Tse, Asia, additional, Tran, Kyle, additional, Lewis, Kira, additional, Sonawane, Pratmesh, additional, Ngo, Jonathan, additional, Zuzga, Sophia, additional, Chow, Lillian, additional, Huynh, Vianne, additional, Yang, Wenyi, additional, Lim, Samantha, additional, Stites, Brandon, additional, Chang, Shannon, additional, Cruz-Balleza, Raenalyn, additional, Pelta, Michaela, additional, Kujawski, Stella, additional, Yuan, Christopher, additional, Standen-Bloom, Elio, additional, Witt, Oliver, additional, Anders, Karina, additional, Duane, Audrey, additional, Huynh, Nancy, additional, Lester, Benjamin, additional, Fung-Lee, Samantha, additional, Fung, Melanie, additional, Situ, Mandy, additional, Canigiula, Paolo, additional, Dijkgraaf, Matijs, additional, Romero, Wilbert, additional, Baula, Samantha Karmela, additional, Wong, Kimberly, additional, Xu, Ivana, additional, Martinez, Benjamin, additional, Nuygen, Reena, additional, Norris, Lucy, additional, Nijensohn, Noah, additional, Altman, Naomi, additional, Maajid, Elise, additional, Burkhardt, Olivia, additional, Chanda, Jullian, additional, Doscher, Catherine, additional, Gopal, Alex, additional, Good, Aaron, additional, Good, Jonah, additional, Herrera, Nate, additional, Lanting, Lucas, additional, Liem, Sophia, additional, Marks, Anila, additional, McLaughlin, Emma, additional, Lee, Audrey, additional, Mohr, Collin, additional, Patton, Emma, additional, Pyarali, Naima, additional, Oczon, Claire, additional, Richards, Daniel, additional, Good, Nathan, additional, Goss, Spencer, additional, Khan, Adeeb, additional, Madonia, Reagan, additional, Mitchell, Vivian, additional, Sun, Natasha, additional, Vranka, Tarik, additional, Garcia, Diogo, additional, Arroyo, Frida, additional, Morales, Eric, additional, Camey, Steven, additional, Cano, Giovanni, additional, Bernabe, Angelica, additional, Arroyo, Jennifer, additional, Lopez, Yadira, additional, Gonzalez, Emily, additional, Zumba, Bryan, additional, Garcia, Josue, additional, Vargas, Esmeralda, additional, Trinidad, Allen, additional, Candelaria, Noel, additional, Valdez, Vanessa, additional, Campuzano, Faith, additional, Pereznegron, Emily, additional, Medrano, Jenifer, additional, Gutierrez, Jonathan, additional, Gutierrez, Evelyn, additional, Abrego, Ericka Taboada, additional, Gutierrez, Dayanara, additional, Ortiz, Cristian, additional, Barnes, Angelica, additional, Arms, Eleanor, additional, Mitchell, Leo, additional, Balanzá, Ciara, additional, Bradford, Jake, additional, Detroy, Harrison, additional, Ferguson, Devin, additional, Guillermo, Ethel, additional, Manapragada, Anusha, additional, Nanula, Daniella, additional, Serna, Brigitte, additional, Singh, Khushi, additional, Sramaty, Emily, additional, Wells, Brian, additional, Wiggins, Matthew, additional, Dowling, Melissa, additional, Schmadeke, Geraldine, additional, Cafferky, Samantha, additional, Good, Stephanie, additional, Reese, Margaret, additional, Fleig, Miranda, additional, Gannett, Alex, additional, Cain, Cory, additional, Lee, Melody, additional, Oberto, Paul, additional, Rinehart, Jennifer, additional, Pan, Elaine, additional, Mathis, Sallie Anne, additional, Joiner, Jessica, additional, Barr, Leslie, additional, Evans, Cory J, additional, Baena-Lopez, Alberto, additional, Beatty, Andrea, additional, Collette, Jeanette, additional, Smullen, Robert, additional, Suttie, Jeanne, additional, Chisholm, Townley, additional, Rotondo, Cheryl, additional, Lewis, Gareth, additional, Turner, Victoria, additional, Stark, Lloyd, additional, Fox, Elizabeth, additional, Amirapu, Anjana, additional, Park, Sangbin, additional, Lantz, Nicole, additional, Rankin, Anne E, additional, Kim, Seung K, additional, and Kockel, Lutz, additional

Published
2023
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49. An international scholastic network to generate LexA enhancer-trap lines forDrosophila

Author

Kim, Ella S., primary, Rajan, Arjun, additional, Chang, Kathleen, additional, Gulick, Clara, additional, English, Eva, additional, Nakada, Stella, additional, Beard, Charlotte, additional, O’Connor, Sarah, additional, Mastroianni, Sophia, additional, Downey, Emma, additional, Feigenbaum, Matthew, additional, Tolentino, Caitlin, additional, Pace, Abigail, additional, Khan, Marina, additional, Moon, Soyoun, additional, DiPrima, Jordan, additional, Syed, Amber, additional, Lin, Flora, additional, Govindarajan, Sanath, additional, Abukhadra, Yasmina, additional, Bacon, Isabella, additional, Beckerle, John, additional, Bloomfield, Orion, additional, Cho, Sophia, additional, Donkor, Nana Esi, additional, Garberg, Lucy, additional, Harrington, Ava, additional, Hoang, Mai, additional, Lawani, Nosa, additional, Noori, Ayush, additional, Park, Euwie, additional, Parsons, Ella, additional, Oravitan, Philip, additional, Chen, Matthew, additional, Molina, Cristian, additional, Richmond, Caleb, additional, Reddi, Adith, additional, Huang, Jason, additional, Shugrue, Cooper, additional, Coviello, Rose, additional, Unver, Selma, additional, Indelicarto, Matthew, additional, Islamovic, Emir, additional, McIlroy, Rosemary, additional, Yang, Alana, additional, Hamad, Mahdi, additional, Griffin, Elizabeth, additional, Ahmed, Zara, additional, Alla, Asha, additional, Fitzgerald, Patricia, additional, Choi, Audrey, additional, Das, Tanya, additional, Cheng, Yuchen, additional, Yu, Joshua, additional, Roderiques, Tabor, additional, Lee, Ethan, additional, Liu, Longchao, additional, Harper, Jaekeb, additional, Wang, Jason, additional, Suhr, Chris, additional, Tan, Max, additional, Luque, Jacqueline, additional, Tam, A. Russell, additional, Chen, Emma, additional, Triff, Max, additional, Zimmermann, Lyric, additional, Zhang, Eric, additional, Wood, Jackie, additional, Clark, Kaitlin, additional, Kpodonu, Nat, additional, Dey, Antar, additional, Ecker, Alexander, additional, Chuang, Maximilian, additional, Kodi, Ramón, additional, López, Suzuki, additional, Sun, Harry, additional, Wei, Zijing, additional, Stone, Henry, additional, Mudide, Anish, additional, Chi, Chia Yu Joy, additional, Silvestri, Aiden, additional, Orloff, Petra, additional, Nedumaran, Neha, additional, Zou, Aletheia, additional, Ünver, Leyla, additional, Page, Oscair, additional, Kim, Minseo, additional, Chan, Terence Yan Tao, additional, Tulloch, Akili, additional, Hernandez, Andrea, additional, Pillai, Aruli, additional, Quinn, Lily, additional, Conybere, Chris, additional, Baumgardt, Luca Laiza, additional, Buckley, Rollo, additional, Kolberg, Zara, additional, Pattison, Ruth, additional, Shazli, Ashlyn Ahmad, additional, Ganske, Pia, additional, Sfragara, Luca, additional, Strub, Annina, additional, Collier, Barney, additional, Tamana, Hari, additional, Ravindran, Dylan, additional, Howden, James, additional, Stewart, Madeleine, additional, Shimizu, Sakura, additional, Braniff, Julia, additional, Fong, Melanie, additional, Gutman, Lucy, additional, Irvine, Danny, additional, Malholtra, Sahil, additional, Medina, Jillian, additional, Park, John, additional, Yin, Alicia, additional, Abromavage, Harrison, additional, Barrett, Breanna, additional, Chen, Jacqueline, additional, Cho, Rachelle, additional, Dilatush, Mac, additional, Gaw, Gabriel, additional, Gu, Caitlin, additional, Huang, Jupiter, additional, Kilby, Houston, additional, Markel, Ethan, additional, McClure, Katie, additional, Phillips, William, additional, Polaski, Benjamin, additional, Roselli, Amelia, additional, Saint-Cyr, Soleil, additional, Shin, Ellie, additional, Tatum, Kylan, additional, Tumpunyawat, Tai, additional, Wetherill, Lucia, additional, Ptaszynska, Sara, additional, Zeleznik, Maddie, additional, Pesendorfer, Alexander, additional, Nolan, Anna, additional, Tao, Jeffrey, additional, Sammeta, Divya, additional, Nicholson, Laney, additional, Dinh, Giao Vu, additional, Foltz, Merrin, additional, Vo, An, additional, Ross, Maggie, additional, Tokarski, Andrew, additional, Hariharan, Samika, additional, Wang, Elaine, additional, Baziuk, Martha, additional, Tay, Ashley, additional, Wong, Yuk Hung Maximus, additional, Floyd, Jax, additional, Cui, Aileen, additional, Pierre, Kieran, additional, Chao, Olivia, additional, L’Etoile-Goga, Peter, additional, King, Alexa, additional, McKinley, Paris, additional, Read, Nicole, additional, Milberg, David, additional, Lin, Leila, additional, Wong, Melinda, additional, Gilman, Io, additional, Brown, Samantha, additional, Chen, Lila, additional, Kosai, Jordyn, additional, Verbinsky, Mark, additional, Belshaw-Hood, Alice, additional, Lee, Honon, additional, Zhou, Cathy, additional, Lobo, Maya, additional, Tse, Asia, additional, Tran, Kyle, additional, Lewis, Kira, additional, Sonawane, Pratmesh, additional, Ngo, Jonathan, additional, Zuzga, Sophia, additional, Chow, Lillian, additional, Huynh, Vianne, additional, Yang, Wenyi, additional, Lim, Samantha, additional, Stites, Brandon, additional, Chang, Shannon, additional, Cruz-Balleza, Raenalyn, additional, Pelta, Michaela, additional, Kujawski, Stella, additional, Yuan, Christopher, additional, Martinez, Benjamin, additional, Nuygen, Reena, additional, Norris, Lucy, additional, Nijensohn, Noah, additional, Altman, Naomi, additional, Maajid, Elise, additional, Burkhardt, Olivia, additional, Chanda, Jullian, additional, Doscher, Catherine, additional, Gopal, Alex, additional, Good, Aaron, additional, Good, Jonah, additional, Herrera, Nate, additional, Lanting, Lucas, additional, Liem, Sophia, additional, Marks, Anila, additional, McLaughlin, Emma, additional, Lee, Audrey, additional, Mohr, Collin, additional, Patton, Emma, additional, Pyarali, Naima, additional, Oczon, Claire, additional, Richards, Daniel, additional, Garcia, Diogo, additional, Arroyo, Frida, additional, Morales, Eric, additional, Camey, Steven, additional, Cano, Giovanni, additional, Rodriguez, Bianca, additional, Bernabe, Angelica, additional, Arroyo, Jennifer, additional, Lopez, Yadira, additional, Gonzalez, Emily, additional, Zumba, Bryan, additional, Garcia, Josue, additional, Vargas, Esmeralda, additional, Trinidad, Allen, additional, Candelaria, Noel, additional, Valdez, Vanessa, additional, Campuzano, Faith, additional, Pereznegron, Emily, additional, Barnes, Angelica, additional, Arms, Eleanor, additional, Dowling, Melissa, additional, Schmadeke, Geraldine, additional, Cafferky, Samantha, additional, Good, Stephanie, additional, Reese, Meg, additional, Fleig, Miranda, additional, Gannett, Alex, additional, Cain, Cory, additional, Lee, Melody, additional, Oberto, Paul, additional, Rinehart, Jennifer, additional, Pan, Elaine, additional, Mathis, Sallie Anne, additional, Joiner, Jessica, additional, Barr, Leslie, additional, Evans, Cory, additional, Baena-Lopez, Alberto, additional, Beatty, Andrea, additional, Collette, Jeanette, additional, Smullen, Robert, additional, Suttie, Jeanne, additional, Rankin, Anne E., additional, Chisholm, Townley, additional, Rotondo, Cheryl, additional, Lewis, Gareth, additional, Turner, Victoria, additional, Stark, Lloyd, additional, Fox, Elizabeth, additional, Amirapu, Anjana, additional, Park, Sangbin, additional, Lantz, Nicole, additional, and Kockel, Lutz, additional

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2022
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