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This research aims to examine the effect of semantic encoding strategy instruction on students' near and far transfer performances in e-learning environments. The research was performed by experimental design. Dependent variables of the research were near and far transfer performances. Independent variable was strategy instruction on encoding. Also recalling performance was included in the research as a control variable. Research data were gathered with a transfer test containing 18 multiple-choice items. The experimental study was performed with 67 students with a medium level of recalling performance. The students were randomly assigned to experimental group I (strategy instruction+integrated content), experimental group II (strategy intruction+non-integrated content), and control group (non-integrated content). The results of this research indicated that encoding strategy instruction is essential for the transfer of learning in e-learning environments. However, it is more effective when e-learning design is integrated with encoding strategies. Therefore, it is suggested that semantic encoding strategies should be integrated into the content when designing elearning environments.

Higher education institutions consider student satisfaction to be one of the main factors in determining the quality of their online learning. The purpose of this study was to develop a reliable, valid, and practical instrument to measure online students' satisfaction as well as to explore the psychometric and theoretical concerns surrounding the construct validity of existing satisfaction scales. The study was carried out in 2017-2018 fall and spring with participants consisting of freshmen who took the online course in a state university (N[subscript fall]=1585; N[subscript spring]=1206). In this study exploratory factor analysis (EFA) (Study 1-N[subscript EFA]=921) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) (Study 1-N[subscript CFA]=664; Study 1-N[subscript CFA]=1206) were performed to assess the construct validity of the scale's measures. As proof of validity, the effect of gender on satisfaction was examined, for which independent sample t-test was performed. For the criterion validity, the relationship between computer and internet self-efficacy and satisfaction scores of the learners was examined. The finalized version of satisfaction scale, consisting of eight items, demonstrated that the scale is suitable for general use. Suggestions for future researchers and practitioners are proposed.

The purpose of this study is to explore the effects of an affective recommendation system on the developmental trajectories of prospective teachers' emotional patterns, integrated with a Simulated Virtual Classroom (SVC) platform called SimInClass. SVC exposes teachers to a range of student discourses in the form of unexpected stimuli. Fifteen prospective teachers participated in a study consisting of two practicum sessions in the SVC. Participants did not receive any affective recommendation after the first session but did receive it after the second session. Additional data were collected during both sessions in the SVC, including the physiological responses, such as electroencephalogram (EEG), galvanic skin response (GSR), and facial expressions. L metric and Lag sequential analysis were employed in determining teachers' transitional emotional patterns. The results showed that participants did not maintain disgust after receiving affective recommendations, although they maintained sadness. This result indicates that the given affective recommendation has an inherent effect on negative emotions that are felt less intensely. Different or longer-term interventions may be needed for more intense and long-lasting negative discrete emotions such as sadness. Also, participants transitioned to happiness and sadness instead of maintaining their neutral status after receiving an affective recommendation. This result demonstrates that affective recommendations encourage participants to use the cognitive reappraisal necessary for emotion regulation. When the participants' emotional patterns are examined on the basis of student discourse, the results are more complex and the emotional patterns differ according to the function of the discourse triggered by virtual students.

The purpose of this study is to investigate and conceptualize the ranks of importance of social cognitive variables on university students' computer programming performances. Spatial ability, working memory, self-efficacy, gender, prior knowledge and the universities students attend were taken as variables to be analyzed. The study has been conducted with 129 2nd year undergraduate students, who have taken Programming Languages-I course from three universities. Spatial ability has been measured through mental rotation and spatial visualization tests; working memory has been attained through the measurement of two sub-dimensions; visual-spatial and verbal working memory. Data were analyzed through Boosted Regression Trees and Random Forests, which are non-parametric predictive data mining techniques. The analyses yielded a user model that would predict students' computer programming performance based on various social and cognitive variables. The results yielded that the variables, which contributed to the programming performance prediction significantly, were spatial orientation skill, spatial memory, mental orientation, self-efficacy perception and verbal memory with equal importance weights. Yet, the effect of prior knowledge and gender on programming performance has not been found to be significant. The importance of ranks of variables and the proportion of predicted variance of programming performance could be used as guidelines when designing instruction and developing curriculum.

This study reports the psychometric properties of a Basic Number Processing Test (BNPT), which was developed in order to determine elementary school students at risk for Mathematical learning disorder. A total of 478 primary school students were selected from 12 different public schools with an attempt to get a representative sample. The reliability and validity of the Dyscalculia Screening Tool were assessed with approximately 120 students from each of the First to Fourth grade. Results showed that, except for the First grade, the test scores predict the significant portion of the student's curriculum based Math achievement scores for Second, Third and Fourth graders with having the highest variance in the Second grade. These findings indicate that BNPT could be used as a screening tool in order to determine the students at risk for Mathematics learning disorders in those grades. It could also be deduced that at least very important portions of the causes of low achievement in Mathematics might originate from either the core systems of number or the system for accessing numbers from symbols. It is also suggested that symbolic or non-reading measurement paradigms would be more appropriate for screening First graders.

Video lectures are one of the primary learning resources embedded in e-learning environments. Many universities prepare video lectures and share them as open course materials with students. In order to make the learning process more efficient and effective, it is very important to design and personalize those learning resources for learners, taking into their needs and cognitive differences. The literature regarding how cognitively diverse users benefit from which media design is scarce. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to explore the effect of video lectures types (voice over type, picture-in-picture type, and screencast type) and learners' sustained attention levels (low, and high) on their learning performance in an e-learning environment. The research was designed as a 2 × 3 factorial design. In addition, learners' eye movements have been recorded during study sessions. Results indicate that main effect of learners' sustained attention levels and video lecture types on learning performance were significant. Furthermore, it was observed that both for the students with high level of sustained attention and for the students with low level of sustained attention, the use of picture-in-picture types of video lectures led higher learning performance scores. Similarly, the eye tracking analyses also supported this finding.

This study tested the hypothesis that subitizing ability may cause achievement differences in mathematics especially for students with mathematics learning disabilities. Students from 1st through 4th grade were applied to curriculum based math achievement tests (MAT). Based on MAT scores, they were divided into four groups as Mathematics Learning Disorder (MLD) risks, low achievers (LA), typical achievers (TA), and high achievers (HA). All students were asked randomly and canonically arranged dot enumeration tasks with 3 through 9 dots. Median response times (MRT) were calculated for each task and plotted for each grade level and task types. There were virtually no differences in MRTs for number 3 and 4. On the other hand, the MLD risk group spent relatively more time on enumerating canonically arranged dots from 5 through 9. Results provided more support for the claim that rather than subitizing, numerosity coding mechanisms or the type of symbolic quantity manipulations is different in children with different mathematical achievements especially the lower group, the MLD risk group

Mathematical skills are becoming increasingly critical for achieving academic and professional success. Developmental dyscalculia (DD) is a childhood-onset disorder characterized by the presence of abnormalities in the acquisition of arithmetic skills affecting approximately 5% of school age children. Diagnosing students with possible dyscalculia tendencies and giving them relevant extra learning opportunities based on their specific difficulties are critically important for them to go with their peers. One of the human cognition dimensions is number. Two distinct systems of basic numerical capacities have been described: Approximate and exact number systems. Additionally, current brain imaging studies have associated this disease to structural and functional alterations corresponding to parietal and prefrontal cortices. In order to screen dyscalculia tendencies related to these two systems, we have developed five different cognitive tasks. The aim of this paper is twofold. First, a brief description of the software and the cognitive tasks will be presented. Second, a review of the findings about neural correlates of computer based cognitive tasks used for screening of dyscalculia as well as the neuro-structural and neurofunctional imaging findings in DD will be synthesized.

The purpose of this study is to examine individuals' computer based complex task performing processes and strategies in order to determine the reasons of failure by cognitive task analysis method and cued retrospective think aloud with eye movement data. Study group was five senior students from Computer Education and Instructional Technologies Department at a state university. A computer based complex task including a logical reasoning process was developed and utilized. Data was collected with cued retrospective think aloud containing a gaze video replay and eye tracking. All the retrospective protocols were transcribed for analysis then a coding schema was developed iteratively from segments. By drawing area of interest fields (AOI) of task panel, eye movement data in specific processes and fields were analyzed by using fixation duration and fixation count metrics. None of the participants completed the task successfully within the given amount of time (max-10 min.). The findings yielded seven cognitive strategies ("information gathering-reviewing", "identification well-defined instructions", "cue-seeking", "using cues", "assumption", "trial and error" and "crosschecking") and their actions obtained from the task performing process. Furthermore, this process is modeled by defining sequences and the relations between the actions and cognitive strategies. It has been revealed that trial and error is the most employed strategy and participants used trial and error without reasoning. Moreover, it has been revealed out that participants mostly failed in choosing and using the right strategy. (Contains 5 tables and 7 figures.)

Learning objects (LOs) can be defined as resources that are reusable, digital with the aim of fulfilling learning objectives (or expectations). Educators, both at the individual and institutional levels, are cautioned about the fact that LOs are to be processed through a proper development process. Who should be involved in the LO development process and how should we train them to become proficient LO designers are one of the major challenges for instructional designers. Addressing to this challenge, this study aims to identify problems and issues teacher trainees experience when designing LOs. A course was re-designed for prospective teachers (n = 49) to experience LO design process for 14 weeks. From a qualitative paradigm, this paper reports the findings of qualitative data derived from the first cycle of a two-cycle design based research study. The findings indicated that teacher trainees experienced content development related issues (such as, understanding LO paradigm, development software and environments, content packaging and repository) the most. In addition, project management and copyright related issues were emerged, as well. As Becker (2000) puts it well, teachers' beliefs and philosophies impact their use of resources. Therefore, starting the process with prospective teachers and integrating LO design as part of their training curricula, where these issues and problems are addressed, would be beneficial in the long term. (Contains 3 tables and 3 figures.)

This study presents the development, implementation and evaluation phases of a content management system to be used in higher education settings in a blended learning environment. The purpose of this study is twofold. First, it is aimed to observe how pre-service teacher trainees interacted within the system when they are given the tool to organize their own communities of learning. Secondly, what are their perceptions of using the system? 65 university students voluntarily participated in this qualitative study. The data was gathered through server statistics, personal interviews, and an open-ended questionnaire. The analyses included descriptive statistics for quantitative and content analysis for the qualitative data. The findings indicate that participants embraced the notion of forming and being part of a learning community, were willing to participate in using the system in their courses, and suggested some improvements for better use of the system. (Contains 2 tables and 2 figures.)

This paper reports on preliminary findings from a longitudinal study on the integration of multimedia and the internet technologies into language teaching. Phase I of the study included novice computer users' approaches to multimedia design. Phase II explored the correlations between their attitudes and cognitive styles; and Phase III focused on their attitudes and beliefs about the use of computer-mediated communication (CMC) tools. The current paper discusses and reports the findings from the last phase. A total of 53 students from the department of English Language Teaching (ELT) at Abant Izzet Baysal University (AIBU) voluntarily participated in the study. An integrated message board system was designed and adopted for an elective computer assisted language learning course (CALL) for students in the ELT program. 26 students were enrolled in this course. The data was collected through several sources. One source was an attitude questionnaire toward computer-mediated communication. Students' asynchronous correspondences constituted the other part of the data. Also, students' personal reflection journals were gathered as another source of data. The data was analyzed both quantitatively and qualitatively. The findings of the study indicated that students generally tended to develop positive attitudes toward using asynchronous communication tools in their language teaching program. Also, no attitudinal changes in their attitudes toward CMC were observed. Finally, students expressed positive reflections about the use of CMC tools and their integration into teaching.

Copyright of Pamukkale University Journal of Education is the property of Pamukkale University Journal of Education and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Education Technology Theory & Practice / Egitim Teknolojisi Kuram ve Uygulama is the property of Education Technology Theory & Practice (Journal) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Information behavior has been at the core of researchers' interest for a long time. According to researches attention in the field of information research has shifted over the years from a dominant interest in the use of channels and sources to an emphasis on the encountering and seeking of information and the interpretation of meaning from that information. However, measuring this disposition to seek and its related skills is a challenge. In this study, the "Information Seeking Strategies Scale" was adapted to the Turkish language. The results indicated that (a) the scale could be used in Turkish settings by removing two items, (b) ICT tools are employed for information seeking rather than information sharing by Turkish college students who participated in this study, and (c) no gender or grade differences were observed. Further recommendations are discussed.