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Manuel Alvar published the only linguistic work known on Spanish from the island of La Graciosa (Canary Islands) in 1965, focused on the town of Caleta del Sebo, to document, in the field of Linguistic geography, the ALEICan (Linguistic and ethnographic atlas of the Canary Islands [1975–1978]). Alvar’s studies used to cover the lexical, grammatical (morphology and syntax) and phonetic levels of the segmental type, but he did not consider prosodic aspects of speech which would later be incorporated into a new generation of atlases, which would go from paper format to multimedia. As the main exponent, the AMPER project (Atlas Multimédia Prosodique de l’Espace Roman) was created in 2001 and, within its framework, we intend to describe the melodic characteristics of a group of sentences emitted by a man and a woman from Caleta del Sebo, completing thus the study started by Alvar fifty-five years ago. In this way, the results will show for the first time if there is a prosodic proximity between the eighth island and the seven main islands, which have been widely described in previous works both in formal and in informal speech.

El objetivo del presente estudio es ofrecer un análisis semiótico de las endechas (cantos de muerto) que fueron transmitidas de manera oral e inter-generacional entre las comunidades judías sefarditas que se asentaron en el norte de Marruecos después de su expulsión de España en 1492. El método utilizado en el presente trabajo es documental y está basado en la recopilación de endechas que realizó Manuel Alvar (1969) en las comunidades judeo-españolas de esta región en la segunda mitad del siglo XX. En este estudio se concluye que el contenido semiótico de estos textos es relevante porque arroja luz sobre las costumbres y creencias mortuorias judeoespañolas medievales y el papel que jugó la mujer judía sefardí como agente de transmisión de esta poética lúgubre en lengua haketía, hoy en día extinta.

Vezio Nava (Fig. 1) was born in Rome, Italy, in 1936. He started studying architecture in Rome but graduated from the Helsinki University of Technology (formerly the Polytechnic, now Aalto Universi...

Range-limited endemic taxa are threatened by loss of genomic diversity, which can lead to extirpation and extinction. The imperiled and narrowly distributed edaphic endemic Carex scirpoidea subsp. convoluta (Cyperaceae), which is primarily limited to alvar soils on the northern shores of Lake Huron in North America, exhibits such risk. In contrast, the conspecific C. scirpoidea subsp. scirpoidea is widely distributed across a vast geographical range and occupies various arctic and alpine habitat types. Using ddRADseq, population genomic analyses of 11 North American populations of C. scirpoidea including five subsp. convoluta populations revealed similar-to-higher levels of genomic diversity in the latter compared to its more widely distributed conspecific subsp. scirpoidea. Dioecy and a nearly obligate outcrossing mode of reproduction have likely contributed to the maintenance of genomic diversity in subsp. convoluta, preventing inbreeding depression, and contributing to the evolutionary potential of populations of this taxon. Phylogenomic and Bayesian analyses of ddRADseq data revealed that subsp. convoluta is paraphyletic with Eastern North American subsp. scirpoidea populations, suggesting that it best be considered a locally adapted ecotype. Furthermore, Eastern North America populations of both taxa arose from populations that likely occupied periglacial refugia south of the Laurentide Ice Sheet, where they no longer occur. Herein, we identify conservation units among the sampled Eastern North American C. scirpoidea populations to aid management efforts, which we suggest should include habitat protection and replanting for habitat restoration purposes.

Cryopreservation is a valuable tool that could potentially create an alternate plant preservation strategy for species at risk such as Hill’s thistle. The present study is focused on a successful paradigm involving conservation, propagation and redistribution (CPR), emaphasizing the usefulness of cryopreservation techniques for plant conservation using Hill’s thistle (Cirsium hillii. (Canby) Fernald). A cryopreservation protocol was established using the droplet-vitrification method for 5-week-old shoot tips of in vitro grown cultures. More than 90% of shoot tips showed regrowth and nearly all regenerated plants were able to survive in the greenhouse. The survival, growth, and development of plants from cryopreserved shoot buds and their performance in field conditions were all comparable or better than the plants from non-cryopreserved buds. Reintroduced plants flowered following overwintering and the magnitude of flowering was site dependent with ca. 80% flowering observed in one site. The site dependent flowering patterns were assessed using phytohormone profiling and compared to herbivory, a common biotic stressor of these plants. Lower tryptophan concentrations led to higher flowering except in alvars, where the limestone resisted root penetration resulting in poor flowering. The presence of tryptamine in the greenhouse acclimatized or alvar field leaves suggested the preparedness of the plants for herbivory/grazing. Serotonin and melatonin concentrations were lower in flowering plants and in sites where the biotic/abiotic stress was minimal. This study provides evidence of the effectiveness of the CPR model in species recovery programs for endangered species. Physiological characterization of plants developed from cryopreserved tissues can be useful for fundamental and applied research in stress adaptation and reproductive biology of plants. Cryopreservation is an asset for conserving, preserving and redistributing plant species at risk. Flowering patterns in cryopreserved plants may be modulated by site characteristics and indoleamines play a role in flowering responses.

The experiences of migrant workers in the Arab Gulf States tend to be understood through narratives of victimization. This article aims to problematize such narratives through an analysis of three ...

Eastern Andalusian Spanish (henceforth EAS), is spoken in the east of Andalusia, the southernmost autonomous region of Spain. EAS is most similar to Western Andalusian Spanish (WAS) and to Murcian Spanish, the latter spoken in the autonomous region of Murcia, immediately to the east of Andalusia, and it shares some phonetic traits with EAS, such as vowel lowering. Geographically, Eastern Andalusia includes the provinces of Almería, Granada, Jaén and Málaga, although the precise linguistic delimitation of this area is somewhat more complicated (Figure 1). The main criterion to differentiate EAS from WAS is the lowering or opening of vowels preceding underlying /s/ (Villena Ponsoda 2000). More detailed information on the differences between EAS and WAS can be found in Jiménez Fernández (1999), Villena Ponsoda (2000), Moya Corral (2010) and Valeš (2014). According to Alvar, Llorente & Salvador (1973: map 1696), Cádiz and Huelva in the west are the only Andalusian provinces where vowel lowering before underlying /s/ is not found. As the geographical extent of this phenomenon is widely debated, it is difficult to calculate the precise number of speakers of EAS, but we can assert that this geolect is the native variety of Spanish of approximately 2,800,000 speakers if we take into account the figures from the last census of Andalusia in 2011 (Instituto de Estadística y Cartografía de Andalucía 2011).

Alvar village, which is on the west 47. km away from Erzurum city centre and forms the research area, is located in Erzurum-Kars Zone of East Anatolian Region and also surrounded with the borders of Pasinler administrative district and Erzurum Metropolitan Municipality. In this study, the physical and human characteristics of Alvar Village and, accordingly, the rational regarding the problems within the geographical principles such as distribution, relationship, comparison, and causality, to reveal the social, cultural and economic problems of the population and the results obtained accordingly. solution suggestions were tried to be brought. The dominating economic activities are cattle-breeding and grain agriculture which have been determined by the natural environmental conditions and socio-economic and sociocultural characteristics of people. The commercial activities in the research area are restricted within the village the Erzurum city centre and Pasinler district center. The most important and the most common element of trade is agricultural and animal products. However basic needs of people have been purchased from the city centre.

Relevance. At present in the region the range of potatoes does not meet modern phytosanitary requirements, there is a decrease in potato yield over a long period of time. [1–6, 14]. Modern biotechnology techniques have undeniable advantages and allow for the early development of potato starting material to determine future crop crossing patterns. Effective implementation of such works is ensured by careful selection of accounts and observations of the growth and development of potato clones.Methods. The material is potato clones in vitro. The aim of these studies is to study the growth and development of potato plants in vitro in microlonal reproduction.Results. As a result, the influence of signs of correlation relationships in plants-regenerants of potatoes of 6 varieties (Lubava, Ilinsky, Rodrigo, Handsome, Alvara and Velikan) on the indicators of development of the above-ground part of the plant (height of plants and number of intersections), as well as indicators of rhizogenesis (number and length of roots) was found. Both the positive relationship of the characteristics of the number of intersections, the height of plants, and the negative relationship of the characteristics in potato varieties under in vitro conditions have been established here. With higher plant height, there is a tendency to increase the number of intersections, the biomass of the plant, and the length of the roots in the varieties Handsome, Alvara, Rodrigo. The Great variety did not show a direct relationship between plant height and the mass of leaves, stems. The standard Lubava variety reflected a weakly negative relationship between plant height and root length. The variety Ilinsky did not depend on the height of the plants and the length of the roots, which cannot be noted in the varieties Handsome, Rodrigo and Alvara. According to the selected varieties, the largest correlation coefficient of plant height and root length is observed in Beauty variety (r = 0.69), then in Alvar variety (r = 0.43), Rodrigo variety (r = 0.20). The remaining varieties had a weak correlation.

Not long ago, many historians believed that the first great era of German modern architecture ended abruptly with Hitler’s rise to power. According to this narrative, the demise coincided with the closure of the Bauhaus in 1933 and the subsequent emigration of leading architects such asWalterGropius and Ludwig Mies van der Rohe. Today, we know that the story is far more complicated. On the one hand, historians such as Barbara Miller Lane and Winfried Nerdinger have shown that the Nazis’ views of modernism were more nuanced than was once believed, and that many German modernist designers courted and were granted government patronage under the Nazi regime. On the other hand, we still know little about the transnational architectural networks that sustained the Nazis during World War II. A case in point is the professional relationship between the Finnish architect Alvar Aalto and the German industrial builder Ernst Neufert, who worked for Albert Speer from 1938 to 1945. In Alvar Aalto, Ernst Neufert, and Architectural Standardization in Germany and Finland, 1933–45, Nader Vossoughian examines the history and genesis of that relationship, particularly its relevance to wartime debates about standardization.

Following its publication in 1542 and its re-edition in 1555, Alvar Nunez Cabeza de Vaca’s dramatic account of his hapless wanderings in the Gulf of Mexico region quickly became a source of curiosi...

Grace Texts given by the Nayanmars and Alvars in Tamil has given the unique status of the language of devotion. They are the biographical record of the people who have led the life of the Blessed Sacrament. In the line of witnesses who insisted on piety, Manikkavacakar and Thirumangai Alvar, renouncing their dynasties, were doing their best through piety. They rejoice in their ungodly prayer, based on the unadulterated love of music that the Sangam Literature points out. They used the instinctive love-events of the senses to convey a sense of bliss that is beyond the senses, to human knowledge. This article discusses the Grace Texts of Manikkavacakar and Thirumangai Alvar given in the field of Akatthurai.

The ability of plants to track shifting fitness optima is crucial within the context of global change, where increasing environmental extremes may have dramatic consequences to life history, fitness, and ultimately species persistence. However, to track changing conditions relies upon the complex relationship between genetic and environmental variance, where selection may favor plasticity, the evolution of genetic differences, or both depending on the spatial and temporal scale of environmental heterogeneity. Over three years, we compared the genetic and environmental components of phenological and life-history variation in a common environment for the spring perennial Geum triflorum. Populations were sourced from alvar habitats that exhibit extreme, but predictable annual flood-desiccation cycles and prairie habitats that exhibit similar, but less predictable variation in water availability. Narrow-sense heritabilities were generally higher for early life history (emergence probability) relative to later life history traits (total seed mass), indicating that traits associated with establishment within an environment are under stronger genetic control relative to later life-history fitness expressions, where plasticity may play a larger role. This pattern was particularly notable in seeds sourced from environmentally extreme, but predictable alvar habitats relative to less predictable prairie seed sources. Fitness landscapes based on seed source origin, largely characterized by varying water availability and flower production, described selection as the degree of maladaptation to the prairie common garden environment relative to seed source environment. Plants from alvar populations were consistently closer to the fitness optimum across all years. Annually, the breadth of the fitness optimum expanded primarily along a moisture gradient, with inclusion of more populations onto the expanding optimum. These results highlight the importance of temporally and spatially varying selection for the evolution of life history, indicating plasticity within perennial systems may over time become the primary mechanism to track fitness for later life history events.

Alvars are rare in Canada and uncommon globally. This study represents the first formal attempt to describe and delineate the extent of alvars in Manitoba. A systematic examination of the Interlake region’s edaphic and biological characteristics, using a geographic information system, resulted in the identification of 67 sites warranting further field study. Of these sites, 61 were surveyed and information was collected on vegetation composition and structure, soil characteristics, land ownership, and land use. Alvar was confirmed at 28 sites, extending over approximately 3930 ha in five geographically distinct clusters. Four putative types of alvar communities are described: grassland, shrubland, savannah, and wetland. Livestock grazing is the dominant land use and occurs across more than three-quarters of Manitoba alvar. Approximately 12% coincide with mining claims or quarry leases. Two-thirds occur on publicly owned land.

Calcareous alvar grasslands are one of the most species-rich habitats in Estonia. Land-use change and cessation of traditional agricultural practices have led to a decrease of the area of these valuable grasslands during the past century. Therefore, their conservation and restoration are becoming increasingly important. Efforts to restore these habitats have already been made in recent years. Land suitability analysis for potential restoration sites, using the machine learning technique Random Forest (RF), was performed for the first time in this study, which aimed to assess the use of RF for a suitability analysis of alvar grassland. RF predicted 610.91 km2 of areas suitable for restoring alvar grasslands or for creating alvar- like habitats in Estonia. These areas include all existing alvar areas as well an additional 140.91 km2 suitable for establishing new habitat similar to calcareous alvar grasslands. We discuss suitability analysis to help with restoration planning and find it to be a reasonable and efficient tool that has potential to provide relevant information. The quality of the prediction could be improved by including additional data relevant for alvar grasslands, such as soil depth, but such data was unfortunately unavailable.

[EN] Alvar Aalto and Jean Arp converge in the early thirties. This means another step in the creative process of the Finnish master. The study delves into this artistic link and Aalto’s, singular and not casual at all, parallel experimentation with free forms. A foray into a brief sequence of works by the Finnish architect during those years, based on an analysis of the most significant sketches, allows a reflection on the continuous Aaltian search for the nature of new objects, and denotes his incessant effort to find a coherent internal structure. This research is materialized in the form of architecture with the construction of the Lapua Pavilionin 1938, to whose project, after this investigation, the authors decide to assign a sketch that could, erroneously, had been assigned to a different project at Alvar Aalto Foundation. [ES] A principios de los años treinta se produce la confluencia de Alvar Aalto con Jean Arp, será un paso más en el proceso creativo del maestro finlandés. El estudio profundiza en este vínculo artístico y en la experimentación paralela, singular y nada casual, de Aalto con las formas libres. Una incursión en una breve secuencia de trabajos del arquitecto finlandés en aquellos años, fundamentada en un análisis de los croquis más significativos, da pie a reflexionar sobre la continua búsqueda aaltiana de la naturaleza propia de los nuevos objetos, y denota su empeño incesante por hallar una estructura interna coherente. Esta indagación se ve materializada en forma de arquitectura con la construcción del Pabellón de Lapua en 1938, a cuyo proyecto, tras esta investigación, los autores concluyen asignar un croquis que puede considerarse indebidamente adscrito a otro proyecto en la Fundación Alvar Aalto.

Experiences of authenticity are studied at Alvar Aalto’s Experimental House – today a modern house museum – which has gone through renovations and changes. Visitors were interviewed to find out how they feel about the authenticity of the place, if the changes affect their experience of authenticity, and if they share the same opinions. A review of the literature on the concept of authenticity is carried out and its implications for museum contexts is considered, and then the research questions are answered by analysing 30 interviews of visitors to the Experimental House.

Rapporten presenterar resultat från två deluppdrag för gräsmarks- och hällmarksnaturtyper inom Art- och habitatdirektivet för år 2020. Det första innefattar resultat från löpande uppföljning för ett antal naturtyper där en riktad uppföljning finansieras specifikt inom detta uppdrag. Den andra delen innefattar naturtypsklassificering av provytor inom Remiil och kvalitetsuppföljningen av ängs- och betesmarks­objekt. För hällmarkstorrängar är 2020 det sjätte året av löpande uppföljning, och årets resultat har en stor mängd karterad hällmarkstorräng jämfört med tidigare år. Uppföljningen av svämängar som 2017 gjordes längs Vindelälven och 2018-2019 vid Dalälven, fortsatte under 2020 längs Ljungan. Även 2020 finansierades här ett tillägg till Remiils inventering av gräsmarker inom det gemensamma delprogrammet ”Gräsmarkernas gröna infrastruktur”. År 2017 var andelen naturtypsklassade provytor oväntat liten, men 2018-2020 var den betydligt större och närmare det förväntade. Kvalitetsuppföljningen av ängs- och betesmarker påbörjades 2006 och kompletteras sedan 2008 med naturtypsklassning i provytorna. Metodiken och dataförvaltningen är nu helt samordnad med Remiil och de naturtypsuppdrag som redovisas i denna rapport.

T HE STORY of the Negro American or Afroamerican has often been neglected in the past by historians. Recent years, however, have witnessed a proliferation of books on Negroes, especially with regard to their relationship to the Anglo-American slave system, Reconstruction, and the struggle for civil rights. Nevertheless, it is very likely that the subject of Spanish-speaking Negroes will remain shrouded in obscurity for several reasons: because it is known only to a few specialists; because it presents an image of the Afroamerican which might be disturbing to those who wish to be able to present simple generalizations about the place of Negroes in United States history; and because of a fear of publicity being given to the fact that appreciable amounts of Negro blood have seeped into the white population by means of old first families in Florida, Louisiana, Texas, California and elsewhere. It is not yet clear when the first African Negroes arrived in the Americas, but by the 1520's mainland North America had its first African settlers, in central Mexico and the Carolinas. Thereafter, many different kinds of Africans participated in the expansion of the Spanish Empire, including olive-skinned Muslims from North Africa and darker West Africans. In addition to these persons, there were many Spaniards of part-African ancestry, a heritage of the earlier Muslim conquest of Spain, and more recent Spanish-Negro and Indian-Negro hybrids from Haiti, Borinquen (Puerto Rico), Cuba, and Jamaica. Africans appeared in Mexico in the earliest days of the Spanish conquest and soon were numerous enough to stage rebellions and to form rebel bands.1 They also were recruited into most Spanish expeditions, as members of which they had penetrated into the Southwest by the 1530's. Perhaps the most famous Negro Southwesterner is Estevan, a Muslim who accompanied Alvar Nufiez Cabeza de Vaca from Texas to Sinaloa and then became the first non-Indian known to have entered Arizona and New Mexico in 1539. Later that same year, the Vasquez de Coronado expedition gathered together many Negroes to travel through Arizona, New Mexico, Texas, and probably Oklahoma and Kansas. As a result

Departing from the fact that László Moholy-Nagy’s Von Material zu Architektur (1929), had been an important source of inspiration for Alvar Aalto, this article examines the affinities between László Moholy-Nagy and Alvar Aalto’s intellectual positions. The article places emphasis on two particular ideas: how Aalto and Moholy-Nagy conceived the connection of biology with standardization and technology and its relationship to light and perception. Special attention is paid to the notions of “flexible standardisation” and rationalisation in Aalto’s thought, as well as to his belief that nature and standardization should be conceived are closely interconnected. In regard to their shared intellectual development, the article sheds light on the first encounters of the two men including: their meeting at the second Congrès International de l’Architecture Moderne (CIAM) in 1929; the June 1931 Finish meeting of Aino Marsio-Aalto, Alvar Aalto, Moholy-Nagy and Ellen Frank; the June 1931 exchanges between Aalto and Moholy-Nagy during the inner circle CIAM meeting in Berlin; and the common stay of the Aaltos and Moholy-Nagy in London in 1933 are discussed. Particular emphasis is placed on Aalto’s “The Reconstruction of Europe is the Key Problem for the Architecture of Our Time”, in which he argued that standardization in architecture should draw upon biological models., Enquiry The ARCC Journal for Architectural Research, 17 (1)

This chapter considers the ways in which rapid and intense social, economic, and ecological pressures are transforming cultural landscapes through the lens of novel ecosystems. It argues that cultural landscapes now exist in novel contexts, creating many of the same tensions and challenges for biodiversity conservation as in novel ecosystems. It explores the concept of ecological baselines and what constitutes a ‘desirable’ state in conservation, and how these are shifting. The concept of cultural severance is introduced, and the connection between changes in culture and the loss of biodiversity is explored. The chapter builds on these ideas to examine three different types of cultural landscapes that could provide lessons for elsewhere: heathland in the UK, alvar grasslands in Estonia, and satoyama in Japan.

Understanding the evolution of dispersal under changing global environments is essential to predicting a species ability to track shifting ecological niches. Two important, but anthropogenically altered, sources of selection on dispersal are climate and habitat continuity. Despite the likelihood these global drivers of selection act simultaneously on plant populations, their combined effects on dispersal are rarely examined. To understand the interactive effect of climate and habitat continuity on dispersal potential, we study Geum triflorum - a perennial grassland species that spans a wide range of environments, including both continuous prairie and isolated alvar habitats. We explore how the local climate of the growing season and habitat continuity (continuous vs isolated) interact to alter dispersal potential. We find a consistent interactive effect of local climate and habitat continuity on dispersal potential. Across continuous prairie populations, an increased number of growing degree days favors traits that increase dispersal potential. However, for isolated alvar populations, dispersal potential tends to decrease as the number of growing degree days increase. Our findings suggest that under continued warming, populations in continuous habitats will benefit from increased gene flow, while isolated populations will become increasingly segregated, with reduced potential to track shifting fitness optima.

Hill's thistle (Cirsium hillii (Canby) Fernald) is a perennial plant endemic to the Great Lakes region of North America. Hill's thistle is listed as threatened in Ontario and Canada where it is found in globally rare alvar habitats. The main objective of this study was ex-situ conservation of Hill's thistle using in vitro culture techniques and reintroduction of micropropagated plants back to their natural habitat in Bruce Peninsula National Park, Ontario, Canada. Two out of twenty-nine available seeds were successfully germinated under in vitro condition. An efficient micropropagation protocol was optimized with 100% survival during acclimatization of plantlets in the greenhouse. Three hundred micropropagated plants were reintroduced to twelve different sites within Bruce Peninsula National Park in June and July 2017. Plants were monitored for survival, rosette growth, and flowering on all sites from 2017-2019. After four months of planting, 67 to 99% of the plants were alive in different sites and 90 to 99% of them survived over winter. In the following years, shoot regeneration and flowering were observed on most sites. This study further confirms the benefit of plant tissue culture techniques to ensure revival of Hill's thistle ecological biodiversity through the reintroduction of micropropagated plants. This approach consisting of the components of conservation, propagation, and reintroduction (CPR) may potentially serve as a model for saving and enriching other species at risk.