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Objective: We aimed to compare the prevalence and neonatal mortality associated with large for gestational age (LGA) and macrosomia among 115.6 million live births in 15 countries, between 2000 and 2020., Design: Population-based, multi-country study., Setting: National healthcare systems., Population: Liveborn infants., Methods: We used individual-level data identified for the Vulnerable Newborn Measurement Collaboration. We calculated the prevalence and relative risk (RR) of neonatal mortality among live births born at term + LGA (>90th centile, and also >95th and >97th centiles when the data were available) versus term + appropriate for gestational age (AGA, 10th-90th centiles) and macrosomic (≥4000, ≥4500 and ≥5000 g, regardless of gestational age) versus 2500-3999 g. INTERGROWTH 21st served as the reference population., Main Outcome Measures: Prevalence and neonatal mortality risks., Results: Large for gestational age was common (median prevalence 18.2%; interquartile range, IQR, 13.5%-22.0%), and overall was associated with a lower neonatal mortality risk compared with AGA (RR 0.83, 95% CI 0.77-0.89). Around one in ten babies were ≥4000 g (median prevalence 9.6% (IQR 6.4%-13.3%), with 1.2% (IQR 0.7%-2.0%) ≥4500 g and with 0.2% (IQR 0.1%-0.2%) ≥5000 g). Overall, macrosomia of ≥4000 g was not associated with increased neonatal mortality risk (RR 0.80, 95% CI 0.69-0.94); however, a higher risk was observed for birthweights of ≥4500 g (RR 1.52, 95% CI 1.10-2.11) and ≥5000 g (RR 4.54, 95% CI 2.58-7.99), compared with birthweights of 2500-3999 g, with the highest risk observed in the first 7 days of life., Conclusions: In this population, birthweight of ≥4500 g was the most useful marker for early mortality risk in big babies and could be used to guide clinical management decisions., (© 2023 The Authors. BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

The eruption of the Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha'apai volcano on 15 January 2022 offered a good opportunity to explore the early impacts of tropical volcanic eruptions on stratospheric composition. Balloon-borne observations near Réunion Island revealed the unprecedented amount of water vapor injected by the volcano. The enhanced stratospheric humidity, radiative cooling, and expanded aerosol surface area in the volcanic plume created the ideal conditions for swift ozone depletion of 5% in the tropical stratosphere in just 1 week. The decrease in hydrogen chloride by 0.4 parts per million by volume (ppbv) and the increase in chlorine monoxide by 0.4 ppbv provided compelling evidence for chlorine activation within the volcanic plume. This study enhances our understanding of the effect of this unusual volcanic eruption on stratospheric chemistry and provides insights into possible chemistry changes that may occur in a changing climate.

We measured submicron aerosols (PM 1 ) at a beachfront site in Texas in Spring 2021 to characterize the "background" aerosol chemical composition advecting into Texas and the factors controlling this composition. Observations show that marine "background" aerosols from the Gulf of Mexico were highly processed and acidic; sulfate was the most abundant component (on average 57% of total PM 1 mass), followed by organic material (26%). These chemical characteristics are similar to those observed at other marine locations globally. However, Gulf "background" aerosols were much more polluted; the average non-refractory (NR-) PM 1 mass concentration was 3-70 times higher than that observed in other clean marine atmospheres. Anthropogenic shipping emissions over the Gulf of Mexico explain 78.3% of the total measured "background" sulfate in the Gulf air. We frequently observed haze pollution in the air mass from the Gulf, with significantly elevated concentrations of sulfate, organosulfates, and secondary organic aerosol associated with sulfuric acid. Analysis suggests that aqueous oxidation of shipping emissions over the Gulf of Mexico by peroxides in the particles might potentially be an important pathway for the rapid production of acidic sulfate and organosulfates during the haze episodes under acidic conditions.

Transition-metal ion doping has been demonstrated to be effective for tuning the photoluminescence properties of perovskite quantum dots (QDs). However, it would inevitably introduce defects in the lattice. As the Mn concentration increases, the Mn dopant photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) first increases and then decreases. Herein the influence of the dopant and the defect states on the photophysics in Mn-doped CsPbCl 3 QDs was studied by time-resolved spectroscopies, whereas the energy levels of the possible defect states were analyzed by density functional theory calculations. We reveal the formation of deep interstitials defects (Cl i ) by Mn 2+ doping. The depopulation of initial QD exciton states is a competition between exciton-dopant energy transfer and defect trapping on an early time scale (<100 ps), which determines the final PLQY of the QDs. The present work establishes a robust material optimization guideline for all of the emerging applications where a high PLQY is essential.

Aerosol phase state is critical for quantifying aerosol effects on climate and air quality. However, significant challenges remain in our ability to predict and quantify phase state during its evolution in the atmosphere. Herein, we demonstrate that aerosol phase (liquid, semisolid, solid) exhibits a diel cycle in a mixed forest environment, oscillating between a viscous, semisolid phase state at night and liquid phase state with phase separation during the day. The viscous nighttime particles existed despite higher relative humidity and were independently confirmed by bounce factor measurements and atomic force microscopy. High-resolution mass spectrometry shows the more viscous phase state at night is impacted by the formation of terpene-derived and higher molecular weight secondary organic aerosol (SOA) and smaller inorganic sulfate mass fractions. Larger daytime particulate sulfate mass fractions, as well as a predominance of lower molecular weight isoprene-derived SOA, lead to the liquid state of the daytime particles and phase separation after greater uptake of liquid water, despite the lower daytime relative humidity. The observed diel cycle of aerosol phase should provoke rethinking of the SOA atmospheric lifecycle, as it suggests diurnal variability in gas-particle partitioning and mixing time scales, which influence aerosol multiphase chemistry, lifetime, and climate impacts.

Terrestrial ecosystems are simultaneously the largest source and a major sink of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) to the global atmosphere, and these two-way fluxes are an important source of uncertainty in current models. Here, we apply high-resolution mass spectrometry (proton transfer reaction-quadrupole interface time-of-flight; PTR-QiTOF) to measure ecosystem-atmosphere VOC fluxes across the entire detected mass range (m/z 0-335) over a mixed temperate forest and use the results to test how well a state-of-science chemical transport model (GEOS-Chem CTM) is able to represent the observed reactive carbon exchange. We show that ambient humidity fluctuations can give rise to spurious VOC fluxes with PTR-based techniques and present a method to screen for such effects. After doing so, 377 of the 636 detected ions exhibited detectable gross fluxes during the study, implying a large number of species with active ecosystem-atmosphere exchange. We introduce the reactivity flux as a measure of how Earth-atmosphere fluxes influence ambient OH reactivity and show that the upward total VOC ( ∑ VOC) carbon and reactivity fluxes are carried by a far smaller number of species than the downward fluxes. The model underpredicts the ∑ VOC carbon and reactivity fluxes by 40-60% on average. However, the observed net fluxes are dominated (90% on a carbon basis, 95% on a reactivity basis) by known VOCs explicitly included in the CTM. As a result, the largest CTM uncertainties in simulating VOC carbon and reactivity exchange for this environment are associated with known rather than unrepresented species. This conclusion pertains to the set of species detectable by PTR-TOF techniques, which likely represents the majority in terms of carbon mass and OH reactivity, but not necessarily in terms of aerosol formation potential. In the case of oxygenated VOCs, the model severely underpredicts the gross fluxes and the net exchange. Here, unrepresented VOCs play a larger role, accounting for ~30% of the carbon flux and ~50% of the reactivity flux. The resulting CTM biases, however, are still smaller than those that arise from uncertainties for known and represented compounds., Competing Interests: The authors declare no competing financial interest.

Depression is a serious disorder with severe and far-reaching consequences. Two decades of observational research have shown robust associations between maternal depression and adverse consequences on offspring (Campbell et al., 2004; Campbell, Matestic, von Stauffenberg, Mohan, & Kirchner, 2007; Campbell, Morgan-Lopez, Cox, & McLoyd, 2009; National Research Council & Institute of Medicine, 2009). Depressive symptoms may pose particular risk to infants and toddlers with neurodevelopmental disabilities, whose long-term outcomes depend heavily on the provision of Early Intervention (EI). EI is most effective with active parental engagement. Maternal depressive symptoms may reduce parental engagement, thereby limiting EI benefits to the child (Gaynes, Gavin & Meltzer -Brody, 2005; O'Hara & Swain, 1996). At present, maternal mental health is not directly addressed in EI. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the literature and significance of maternal depression and apply that evidence to mothers of children with developmental delays and disabilities. We conclude that maternal mental health and well-being is currently insufficiently addressed in the EI population. An increased integration of mental health and EI services is needed to serve the unique needs of families who face an increased risk of stress and depression while coping with their child's special needs.

Diverse polyfunctionalized quinolines, easily prepared using Lewis acid-catalyzed imino Diels-Alder reactions between corresponding aldimines, were tested for antifungal properties against standardized as well as clinical isolates of clinically important fungi. Among them, 4-pyridyl derivatives displayed the best activities mainly against dermatophytes. The activity appears not to be related neither to the lipophilicity nor to the basicity of compounds.

The purpose of the study is to explore some characteristics of women's perspectives on their sexuality, as there is information that associates the population's sexual culture with the incidence of cervical cancer. The value of sexual pleasure, sexual activity after menopause, and ways of preventing cervical cancer are explored. Data were obtained from a group of women attending primary care clinics in Santiago, Chile, and who were at least a year late for their Pap smear. The value women ascribed to sexuality was more positive than in previous studies performed in Chile. Women want to learn more about their bodies, although a minority still have negative perspectives concerning their sexuality. These results offer health services the opportunity to carry out educational activities with the purpose not only of increasing the number of women who have Pap smears but also of improving their quality of life

Achromatic losses in glaucoma would be expected to be greater than, or equal to, red-green chromatic losses if the following assumptions are made: (1) the function of the remaining axons is either unchanged or non-selectively reduced; (2) red-green chromatic information is signaled by the midget ganglion cell system; and (3) the function of the magnocellular system is reduced at least as much as that of the midget ganglion cells. This prediction was tested by measuring red-green (along with blue-yellow) mixture thresholds for 1 deg, 0.2 sec test spots presented on a color monitor on a white background of 50 cd/m2. Ellipses were fitted to plots of green contrast as a function of red contrast (or yellow as a function of blue), and major and minor axes of these ellipses were taken as measures of chromatic and achromatic thresholds, respectively. The study population consisted of 29 eyes in 29 patients with early glaucoma; control data were derived from a data bank of 83 normal eyes. Red-green losses were significantly (P < 0.05) greater than achromatic losses in 6 out of the 11 eyes which showed significant losses of either chromatic or achromatic sensitivity (or both). It is concluded that, for these eyes, at least one of the above three assumptions is incorrect.

Fourth year optometry students screened 745 preschoolers using a slightly altered Modified Clinical Technique (MCT) under the supervision of a faculty doctor. Children who failed the MCT were randomly selected and then matched by age, sex, and ethnic origin to children who had passed the screening battery. The 61 screening failures and 45 matched controls were later given full eye examinations with cycloplegia by University of Alabama at Birmingham faculty doctors who were unaware of the screening results. The positive predictive value (PPV) (0.52) and negative predictive value (NPV) (0.78) of the MCT were calculated directly from the 2 x 2 contingency table crossing screening results and a standard diagnosis. Sensitivity [0.50, k(1,0) = 0.29], specificity [0.79, k(0,0) = 0.30], efficiency [0.70, k(0.5,0) = 0.29] of the MCT, and the prevalence (0.30) of children failing the standard diagnosis were estimated using statistics appropriate to the prospective sampling design. The reproducibility of the diagnosis, estimated by analyzing multiple, independent diagnosis of each study child by seven doctors was moderate (kappa D 0.58). Statistics summarizing the agreement between the MCT and the diagnosis by the individual study doctor are similar to those obtained with comparison to the standard diagnosis. The characteristics of the MCT may be generalized only to similar populations that are screened by clinicians with similar experience, using the same tests.

Photopic spectral sensitivities for a foveal target on a white background are measured for 18 normal eyes, and the results are explained in terms of the function of retinal ganglion cells. Averaged results for diseases such as glaucoma, optic atrophy, tobacco amblyopia, and retrobulbar neuritis are reviewed, and an analysis of the change in shape of the spectral sensitivity curve in these diseases is presented. It is shown how the location of disease sites may be related to characteristic changes in spectral sensitivity.

Thirty cases of retrobulbar neuritis (RBN) with varying degrees of myelin loss have been analyzed in terms of loss of chromatic function, loss of spectral flicker detection and reduction in visual acuity. We suggest, from the preliminary results of this study, that there may be two distinct types or stages in RBN. Both stages include moderate to severe impairment or damage to the colour-opponent (and most likely the fine-acuity) system. The second type or stage also involves a conduction block or failure, severely reducing sensitivity to fast flicker, although other luminance functions not involving fast-flicker detection may be spared.

The purpose of this study was to determine how aging affects spatial contrast sensitivity at low light levels and to examine whether senile miosis, which reduces retinal illuminance in the aged eye, underlies any observed sensitivity loss. Contrast thresholds for targets having a range of spatial frequencies were measured in young (n = 13, M age = 24) and older (n = 11, M age = 73) adults who were free from identifiable ocular pathology. Measurements were carried out at three luminance levels spanning a three log unit range. Results indicated that older adults' loss in contrast sensitivity not only increased with increasing spatial frequency, but also became more pronounced with decreases in luminance level. Additional threshold measurements where pupil diameter was varied indicated that senile miosis was not responsible for older adults' loss in spatial vision at any level tested. Rather, older adults' miotic pupil tended to have a positive effect on their spatial vision in that it slightly improved their contrast sensitivity.

A patient with established retrobulbar neuritis and Uhthoff's phenomenon who claimed that his visual acuity improved after drinking beer was assessed by detailed quantitative psychophysical tests. Studies of electrophysiological responses and biochemical levels of blood serum before and after drinking on several occasions were also made. The results of tests of contrast sensitivity, spectral sensitivity, flicker sensitivity, and visually evoked potential confirmed his observation. Some mechanisms for this phenomenon are considered.

Spectral sensitivities were measured in 18 normal eyes, 9 eyes in patients with senile macular degeneration, 4 patients with Stargardt's juvenile macular degeneration (JMD), and 2 patients without conclusive signs--that is, genetic or morphological abnormalities--to indicate the cause of loss of central vision. Spectral sensitivity, testing for which included measurements on white, yellow, purple, and blue backgrounds, is here used as an aid in differential diagnosis for cases of macular degeneration.