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In this work, experimental and analysis temperature distribution during Nd: YAG laser surface interaction with biomaterial implant type stainless steel type 316 L. Experimentally, the specifications of laser beam conditions were energy 3, 6 and 9 J pulses duration 2.85, 3.55 and 9.76 ms, wavelength 1604nm, and laser spot diameter 0.1065, 0.1077 and 0.1092 mm. The numerical analysis applied the enthalpy method to predict the heating and cooling cycles during laser interaction with biomaterial stainless steel type 316 L. (SEM) scanning electron microscope and (OM) Optical microscopy tests, respectively, study the molted area depth and size and study the change of microstructures. Also, the hardness test was done by Microhardness (HV) Kg/mm2 to evaluate the metal surface hardening after laser surface treatment. The result showed that theoretical analysis highly matched the experimental result, an increase in the depth and size of the fusion zone of biomaterial due to an increase in laser energy. The mathematical models of laser heating and cooling cycles estimated the cooling rate in the laser spot area. Also, there is an increase in microhardness with an increase in laser Pulse duration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biological materials treat many cases of amputation that some people are exposed to, and not only cases of amputation and cutting of limbs but also cases of dental implants, the heart, blood vessels, and osteoporosis. This study deals with the biological failure that may occur to implants and the reasons for this deterioration as well, in addition to the types of implanted biological materials that may be made of titanium, high-strength steel, or chromium and cobalt alloys, and the causes of their corrosion and failure of implantation, as these materials remain in constant contact with the body's environment. It also discusses methods for improving and developing the surface of these vital materials to have high mechanical properties. It also discusses recent developments in coating techniques that take advantage of the properties. Superiority of nanomaterials to produce better mechanical and biocompatible properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The object of this study is to study the effect of laser surface treatment of implant 304 stainless steel on mechanical properties surface and roughness effect on bacterial precipitate on the metal surface topography, as well as the effect of laser re-melting and mechanical (shoot peening) surface treatment of biomaterial stainless steel grades 304 implants such as hardness, microstructure, and corrosion resistance. Shot peening parameters are the angle of the nozzle of 10°, shot peening time at 15, 35, and 55 minutes with ball hardness of 55 HRC. A CO2 laser beam is utilized with parameters of 1.5, 2, and 3.5 kW power, 10.6 µm wavelengths, and a scan speed of 3 m / min with a 4 mm laser beam diameter. The laser surface re-melt process includes three stages heating, holding, and rapid cooling to modify the microstructure by phase change. The optical microscope is used to detect microstructures supported by X-Ray examination to determine the phase's transformation. Scan electron microscopy is used to study surface metallurgy after laser treatment. Surface hardening values are obtained by the Digital Vicker's Hardness test. Corrosion tests according to the standard specification of ASTM G71-31 in Ringer's Solution with specimen dimensions of (15*15*3) mm. The result shows that the shot peening due to plastic deformation produces compressive residual stresses on the surface of the metal, which effects to increases the hardness of 304 stainless steel. As the shot time increased, surface roughness increased. Also, increased bacterial precipitate on implant metal with increased smoothing surface roughness (Ra). Corrosion results ascertain that pitting corrosion is decreased with a decrease of (Icorr) for all samples after laser and mechanical surface treatment. At the same time, shot peening causes large pitting corrosion because of the rough surface than specimens after the laser process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]