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A vast silvicultural experiment was set up in 1982 nearby the town of M'Baïki in the Central African Republic to monitor the recovery of tropical forests after disturbance. The M'Baïki experiment consists of ten 4-ha Permanent Sample Plots (PSPs) that were assigned to three silvicultural treatments in 1986 according to a random block design. In each plot, all trees with a girth at breast height greater than 30 cm were spatially located, numbered, measured, and determined botanically. Girth, mortality and newly recruited trees, were monitored almost annually over the 1982–2022 period with inventory campaigns for 35 years. The data were earlier used to fit growth and population models, to study the species composition dynamics, and the effect of silvicultural treatments on tree diversity and aboveground biomass. Here, we present new information on the forest stand structure dynamics and tree demography. The data released from this paper cover the three control plots and constitute a major contribution for further studies about the biodiversity of intact tropical forests.

This paper presents the results of a study using participatory mapping to collectively understand deforestation dynamics in Murehwa, a communal area approximately 90 km northeast of Harare, Zimbabwe's capital city. The study engaged smallholder farmers in a deliberative process through participatory mapping exercises in 15 villages. For each exercise, participants collaboratively drew two maps of their village, one for 1990 and another for 2021. They depict village boundaries, land uses and the magnitude of change between the two dates. Participatory mapping served as a platform for collective thinking, with the resulting maps used to facilitate discussions. They involved comparing land use between the two maps and identifying the drivers of the observed changes. Thematic approach was used to analyse the discussions in order to come up with collectively identified drivers of land use changes. The findings show that deforestation and resulting land use changes are primarily rooted in economic depression, selling of wood, tobacco farming, veld fires, unauthorised wood exploitation, illegal selling of land, increase in gardening, agricultural expansion and population growth. These results lay a foundational step towards the co-construction of a governance framework for practising agriculture in forest-adjacent areas. Moreover, the paper shares methodological reflections and experiences intended to promote initiatives where the construction of a shared understanding facilitates sustainable land-use practices that foster natural resource conservation.

Selective logging can impact tree composition and the long-term sustainability of forests. Studying the ecological consequences of logging practices is crucial for guiding forest management strategies aiming at maintaining ecological integrity and supporting landscape-level conservation goals. We investigated the consequences of very low-intensity selective logging in multiple tree life stages across a logged forest chronosequence in Gabon. We found that species composition differed between logged and unlogged forests at all life stages (seedlings, saplings, and adults), which were most pronounced in the understory of older forests (logged 10 years prior) compared to unlogged areas. However, logging explained a small portion of the variation in species composition (<3% alone, <8% in combination with habitat). For functional composition, we observed higher wood density in the understory of older logged forests than in unlogged forests. Light-demanding saplings and saplings with animal-dispersed seeds were more prevalent in older logged forests than in unlogged forests. Timber species were less prevalent as seedlings and adults but more prevalent as saplings in logged forests compared to unlogged forests. Our results suggest that very low-intensity logging does not negatively impact key ecosystem services like carbon storage and food availability for frugivores. However, reduced prevalence of timber species may impact logging sustainability. Our study indicates that, when considering best-case scenarios, selectively logged forests have the potential to support conservation goals by offering refugia for biodiversity and maintaining essential ecosystem services. Thus, these forests have the potential to complement protected areas and serve as a sustainable alternative to more intensive land use.

Deforestation has been at the heart of the transformation of the Amazon. Global concerns over deforestation and its impact on climate change have resulted in the adoption of a number of initiatives in the framework of zero deforestation. However, undifferentiated application of the concepts of zero net, gross, and illegal deforestation has revealed a lack of understanding of their scope and of challenges to their implementation. Zero legal and illegal deforestation is, in particular, a controversial subject from the point of view of regulation and sovereignty but an essential aspect from the perspective of public policy design. In Colombia, zero deforestation commitments make no mention of legal deforestation. Papers that analyze deforestation and official data sources fail to incorporate the legal dimension in their analysis. This article addresses this gap by identifying areas where deforestation is legal and where it is illegal in one deforestation hotspot of the Colombian Amazon, the administrative department of Guaviare. Our results show that deforestation has increased since 2013, mainly occurs in illegal zones, and that Guaviare department, 85% of which is covered by forest, has very little legal deforestation potential. Our findings reveal that assessing the legality and illegality of deforestation is more complex than often assumed and must become a priority, especially in forested countries where regulation on forest and land management is shared between different level of governments and institutions.

Understanding the effectiveness of conservation interventions during times of political instability is important given how much of the world's biodiversity is concentrated in politically fragile nations. Here, we investigate the effect of a political crisis on the relative performance of community managed forests versus protected areas in terms of reducing deforestation in Madagascar, a biodiversity hotspot. We use remotely sensed data and statistical matching within an event study design to isolate the effect of the crisis and post-crisis period on performance. Annual rates of deforestation accelerated at the end of the crisis and were higher in community forests than in protected areas. After controlling for differences in location and other confounding variables, we find no difference in performance during the crisis, but community-managed forests performed worse in post-crisis years. These findings suggest that, as a political crisis subsides and deforestation pressures intensify, community-based conservation may be less resilient than state protection.

La procédure officielle d'inventaire des ressources ligneuses pour les forêts communautaires camerounaises constitue un obstacle technique et financier majeur. Plusieurs études ont testé des démarches simplifiées mais sans jamais pouvoir proposer une alternative satisfaisante à la méthode standard d'inventaire, à savoir plus abordable financièrement et techniquement pour les populations locales, tout en étant statistiquement robuste. L'article récapitule la démarche et les résultats d'un inventaire forestier à dire d'acteurs, qui a été expérimenté dans une forêt communautaire de 4 800 ha, au couvert forestier dégradé. Cet inventaire repose sur cinq simplifications (1) les seules espèces inventoriées sont celles vendues sur le marché domestique ; (2) les arbres inventoriés sont ceux situés à une distance inférieure à deux kilomètres d'une piste ou d'une rivière d'évacuation ; (3) seuls les arbres ayant un diamètre supérieur ou égal au diamètre minimum d'exploitabilité sont relevés ; (4) l'inventaire n'est réalisé qu'avec les propriétaires coutumiers volontaires ; (5) leur droit de possession coutumière sur les arbres est reconnu. Cet inventaire à dire d'acteurs a permis de recenser 3 885 arbres pour un volume de 19 297 m3 dans la forêt communautaire. La quasi-totalité (93 %) de ces arbres sont situés en cacaoyères. La démarche est techniquement robuste puisque le taux de sondage est estimé au minimum à 35 %, et est donc largement supérieur à celui de l'inventaire forestier standard de 2 %. Cet inventaire est également économique puisque son coût revient à moins de 0,5 €/ha, c'est-à-dire moins de la moitié du coût d'un inventaire classique. Il est enfin socialement acceptable puisqu'il valorise les savoirs traditionnels et permet d'élaborer un mode d'exploitation des arbres favorable aux propriétaires coutumiers. Il incite ces derniers à la durabilité en leur permettant de devenir les principaux bénéficiaires de cette activité. Cette méthode paraît adaptée au contexte

info:eu-repo/semantics/published

Due to the lack of studies about the sociocultural dimension of ecosystem services, we analyze in this work the perception of these benefits by family farmers who have agroforestry systems in the northeast of Pará, in the Amazon region. With this objective, we categorize forest restoration strategies based on primary data collection - interviews, semi structured questionnaire, illustrated questionnaire and Likert Scale. Through the relative perception based on the application of Likert scales, we observed that the farmers recognize the benefits provided by agroforest systems and natural landscapes, with high perception of ecosystem services in all the categories present in the Millennium ecosystem evaluation. Furthermore, the higher perceptions of ecosystem services are related to the group of farmers with a smaller area of forest reserve and bigger area of agroforest systems. The result suggests that loss of forest area, at the individual level, probably drives to a higher sense of the benefits of natural systems and thus, the increment in agroforestry systems constitutes an attempt to return to functions and benefits lost through environmental degradation over time. In general, support programs are necessary to strengthen the capacity of agroforestry systems to provide ecosystem services and increase biodiversity conservation.

La densité de plantation est un facteur important qui influence la croissance et le rendement des forêts. Dans la forêt boréale, la préparation mécanique des sols est par ailleurs nécessaire avant la plantation pour créer des microsites favorables et assurer le succès d’établissement des plants. Cependant, nous ignorons s’il existe des interactions entre la densité de plantation et la préparation mécanique des sols. Notre objectif était donc de comprendre, neuf ans après traitement, les effets interactifs entre la densité de plantation et la préparation mécanique du sol sur la composition du sous-bois et la croissance des épinettes noires (Picea mariana) plantées sur des sites forestiers sujets à la paludification. L'étude a été réalisée dans la région de la ceinture d'argile du nord-ouest du Québec. En 2011, sur un site récemment coupé, nous avons établi neuf parcelles qui ont été traitées par hersage, scarifiage à disques, ou laissées comme témoins non traités. En 2012, chaque parcelle a été divisée en deux sous-parcelles soumises à une densité faible (1100 plants/ha) ou élevée (2500 plants/ha) de plantation d’épinette noire. Un total de 216 quadrats répartis dans les 9 parcelles ont été sélectionnés pour la mesure de la croissance en hauteur et en diamètre des arbres plantés et, parmi ces quadrats, 108 ont été sélectionnés pour l’inventaire botanique et l’échantillonnage du sol. Nos résultats montrent, neuf ans après traitement, qu’une régénération importante de conifère s’est établie. Nous avons également observé une augmentation importante de la diversité des bryophytes par rapport aux plantes vasculaires en réponse à l’interaction entre la densité de plantation et la préparation du sol, ainsi qu’un effet significatif sur la composition floristique; nous avons documenté un passage des espèces typiques de milieux pauvres et résineux vers des espèces caractéristiques de milieux plus riches et dominés par les feuillus. La croissance des épinettes noires plantées s

Des couverts denses d'aulnes rugueux (Alnus incana subsp. rugosa (Du Roi) R.T. Clausen) suite à la récolte peuvent résulter de l'augmentation de la disponibilité de la lumière et de la remontée de la nappe phréatique, empêchant l’établissement et la régénération de l’épinette noire dans les peuplements aménagés. Afin d'étudier le potentiel de restauration de la productivité de sites forestiers humides dominés par l'aulne rugueux, nous avons mis en place, à l'automne 2019, un dispositif expérimental dans lequel nous avons testé quatre méthodes de préparation de terrain (décapage, inversion, déchiquetage et témoin non traité) à la Forêt d'enseignement et de recherche du lac Duparquet, au Québec, Canada. À l'été 2020, nous avons mis en terre des plants d'épinette noire (Picea mariana (Mill.) BSP) dans chacun des traitements, et ensuite avons mesuré leur croissance ainsi que des variables environnementales (lumière, humidité du sol, température du sol, végétation concurrente) à l’été 2021 dans cinq parcelles de 100 m2 par unité expérimentale. Nos résultats ont révélé que les traitements de préparation de terrain présentent des effets bénéfiques sur la croissance et la taille des plants qui, en moyenne, ont doublé sur les sites traités (50% supérieurs aux sites non traités). Les plants reboisés dans le traitement de déchiquetage ont eu une meilleure hauteur et ont eu une plus longue pousse annuelle 2021 que ceux du traitement d'inversion, alors que tous les plants des traitements de décapage, de déchiquetage et d'inversion ont eu un diamètre statistiquement similaire. Le décapage, le déchiquetage et l'inversion ont permis de maîtriser la régénération des espèces concurrentes, à savoir les arbres, les arbustes, les aulnes et les fougères, tout en augmentant la présence des graminées, en particulier dans les traitements de décapage et d'inversion. Les conditions de température, d'humidité, de lumière et de pH du sol par les traitements de décapage, de déchiquetage et d’inv

Fire is a natural element of some tropical dry ecosystems. However, during the last decades, fire occurrence has become more frequent and intense due, in part, to climate change and land use transformation. This is the case in the Gran Chaco Americano, one of the largest dry forests all over the world that extends across Argentina, Paraguay, Bolivia and Brazil. Fire has shaped the Gran Chaco landscape since ancient times, but today, as in many other regions, the pattern, frequency, severity and intensity are being dramatically altered. Based on information collected mainly over the last two decades, this paper presents a detailed review of the available literature on the fire regime across the Gran Chaco region. Here, we present a multi-disciplinary understanding considering fire behavior and dynamics in the study ecosystem within a very specific ecological, administrative and historical framework. A noteworthy aspect of this review indicates the clear imbalance between regions in terms of available literature; while information about the Argentine Chaco is abundant, the literature for the Paraguayan or Bolivian Chaco is practically non-existent. The rainfall gradient and drought periods are key climatic drivers of fire ignitions while cattle ranching is the main socioeconomic activity of this region and key precursor of forest fires. In general, a substantial part of the available information focused on ecological aspects of the fire regime as the effect of fires on plant functional traits such as bark thickness, resprouting ability and flammability patterns. Other post fire effects on soil, invasive species, herbivory and soil seed banks have been also explored in detail to understand ecosystem recovery and research needs. We finally highlight current necessities and future prospects, mainly related to soil burn severity (SBS), invasive species and wildlife impact. Although our study specifically focused on changes in the fire regime of the Gran Chaco, some genera

Acacia mearnsii, an invasive alien species, is the main resource identified for the energy transition initiated on Reunion Island. It is, therefore, critical to identify the existent forest stands within the island's large tropical forest area and to determine which of these stands are accessible for logging operations. In this study, a very high-spatial-resolution image was used to map forest (Acacia mearnsii, Acacia heterophylla, Cryptomeria japonica) and non-forest land cover. To identify the accessible forest stands, we developed a geographic information system (GIS) processing chain, accounting for barriers, the distribution of slopes, and the location of forest roads. User-defined parameters, such as the slope threshold and maximal distance to forest roads, allow different scenarios to be explored. The classification yields an overall accuracy of 88% and a Kappa index of 0.86 and highlights the areas occupied by the different types of Acacia. By applying the GIS processing chain for a standard scenario, the results show that only 19% of the initial study area of 637 ha of Acacia mearnsii patches is suitable for exploitation. In conclusion, our results demonstrate how remote sensing (RS) and GIS can be combined to provide valuable tools for forest managers to design management plans for invasive alien forest species.

Since the 1960s, droughts have caused significant degradation of Sahelian ecosystems, particularly resulting in a reduction in tree cover. Despite the challenges posed by climate change, the rural Sahelian population continues to depend on natural resources for pastoral livestock farming, which remains a critical source of livelihood. To address this issue of land degradation, Sahelian states and international coalitions are prioritizing efforts to restore pastoral land through reforestation programs. These initiatives aim to enhance ecosystem services, generate new income for the population, and safeguard biodiversity.In practice, however, reforestation has often led to a depletion of resources for communities due to enclosure policies. This paper explores various land management models for reforestation within a pastoral context through provisioning ecosystem services (PES) modeling.This study quantifies the economic potential of PES offered by reforestation programs in Senegal. It employs a quantitative methodology to assess the profitability of these operations from the perspective of pastoral economies. The analysis reveals that the PES benefits of reforestation can significantly enhance the economic potential of sylvo-pastoral productions if resource access is negotiated collaboratively between pastoralists and forestry extension services during reforestation activities and after. From an investment perspective, the economic viability of reforestation operations in drylands is questionable. The findings suggest that when evaluated solely in terms of PES profitability, these programs may not be financially sustainable. The sustainability of these investments would require taking into account supporting and regulating ecosystem services.

Cet article propose une présentation structurée de travaux récents et en cours de quatre jeunes chercheuses sur le thème de la sécheresse édaphique en forêt en France métropolitaine, un phénomène qui devient de plus en plus fréquent et/ou intense perturbant le bon fonctionnement de ces écosystèmes. La gestion d'une crise sans précédent induite par des sécheresses récentes passe tout d'abord par la quantification et la cartographie de cet aléa, puis par l'évaluation et la compréhension des impacts induits par ce déficit hydrique sur la croissance primaire et secondaire des arbres. Enfin, diverses stratégies d'adaptation peuvent alors être mises en place afin de réduire la vulnérabilité des peuplements, en fonction des enjeux exposés (production de bois, séquestration de carbone) et de la gravité de ces impacts. Ces stratégies peuvent être ou non rentables pour le propriétaire forestier.

Until recently, little or no use was made of fiscal instruments for forest protection in developing countries. The rise of independent third-party certification systems since the 1990s opens new perspectives for using taxation as an incentive. In the forestry sector, certification has developed significantly in Central Africa but reached a plateau in the last ten years, apparently due to the reorientation of timber export flows towards Asian markets that do not demand certified products. Fiscal incentives, through tax cuts for responsible producers, could compensate for the absence of price premiums but would diminish public revenues. The principle of the "bonus-malus" (feebates) seems promising to the extent that it does not reduce government budgetary revenues (budget neutrality). Bonus-malus schemes can also promote certified "zero deforestation" or "grown in agroforestry" agricultural production, especially cocoa, a significant driver of deforestation in Africa. Governments can select one or several certification schemes, private or public ones, and target fiscal incentives related to these certified products. The peculiarity of a bonus-malus system is that the revenues generated by the malus are expected to decrease progressively (with the adoption of certification), requiring a reduction of the bonus rates in order to respect budget neutrality. Adopting such a scheme would create winners and losers, therefore, complementary policy measures targeting small-scale producers are desirable.

The consistent monitoring of trees both inside and outside of forests is key to sustainable land management. Current monitoring systems either ignore trees outside forests or are too expensive to be applied consistently across countries on a repeated basis. Here we use the PlanetScope nanosatellite constellation, which delivers global very high-resolution daily imagery, to map both forest and non-forest tree cover for continental Africa using images from a single year. Our prototype map of 2019 (RMSE = 9.57%, bias = −6.9%). demonstrates that a precise assessment of all tree-based ecosystems is possible at continental scale, and reveals that 29% of tree cover is found outside areas previously classified as tree cover in state-of-the-art maps, such as in croplands and grassland. Such accurate mapping of tree cover down to the level of individual trees and consistent among countries has the potential to redefine land use impacts in non-forest landscapes, move beyond the need for forest definitions, and build the basis for natural climate solutions and tree-related studies.

Purpose of Review: Increasing the diversity of commercial tree plantations is a promising approach to adapt forests to climate change, but it may complicate management. Here, we evaluate stakeholders' perspectives about tree-species diversity in plantations and explore policy alternatives to make mixed plantations a viable strategy for climate change mitigation and adaptation. Recent Findings: Current evidence shows that improving the diversity of tree species in plantations can be a viable, scalable, and economically accessible strategy for sustainable wood production and reconciling economic and environmental benefits. Tree diversity is particularly important in the context of global environmental changes and associated increases in abiotic and biotic stresses, such as severe droughts and pest outbreaks. Even though there is substantial scientific evidence supporting mixed-tree plantations, most forest plantations globally are still conventional monocultures. Summary: Our findings (i) describe the geographical distribution of publications investigating human perspectives about forest plantation diversity; (ii) build understanding of how political engagement and governance systems can support forest initiatives on forest conservation, management, and restoration; and (iii) demonstrate how these perspectives can create possibilities and opportunities for sustainable development in forestry. We conclude that new strategies will only be widely applied if there is political and institutional interest, particularly in strengthening land-governance systems.

According to the sixth assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), global climate change is now unequivocal. Tunisia, like many other countries, has been affected by climate changes, including rising temperatures, intense heatwaves, and altered precipitation regimes. Tunisia's mean annual temperatures has risen about +1.4 °C in the twentieth century, with the most rapid warming taking place since the 1970s. Drought represents a primary contributing factor to tree decline and dieback. Long-term drought can result in reduced growth and health of trees, thereby increasing their susceptibility to insect pests and pathogens. Reported increases in tree mortality point toward accelerating global forest vulnerability under hotter temperatures and longer, more intense droughts. In order to assess the effect of these climate changes on the current state of forest ecosystems in Tunisia and their evolution, an investigative study was required. Here, we review the current state of knowledge on the effects of climate change on sclerophyllous and semi-deciduous forest ecosystems in Tunisia. Natural disturbance during recent years, as well as the adaptability and resilience of some forest species to climate change, were surveyed. The Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) is a multi-scalar drought index based on climate data that has been used to analyse drought variability. The SPEI time scale analysis showed a negative trend over the 1955–2021 period in Tunisian forest regions. In 2021, Tunisia lost 280 km2 of tree cover to fires, which is equivalent to 26% of the total lost area between 2008 and 2021. Changing climate conditions have also affected phenological parameters, with an advance in the start of the green season (SOS) of 9.4 days, a delay at the end of the green season (EOS) of 5 days, with a consequent extended duration of the green season (LOS) by an average of 14.2 days. All of these alarming findings invite us to see

Le rapport État des Forêts du bassin du Congo est publié périodiquement pour présenter les écosystèmes forestiers d'Afrique centrale et leur environnement de gestion. Faisant suite à l'édition 2015 qui a été entièrement consacrée aux changements climatiques, le rapport 2021 comporte quatre parties dont la première dresse un bilan effectif de l'état de la ressource qui est de plus en plus reconnue au niveau mondial comme étant un massif forestier essentiel pour la séquestration du carbone et la conservation de la diversité biologique. Le présent rapport met en perspective les écosystèmes forestiers du bassin du Congo dans le contexte mondial caractérisé par des débats qui orienteront la gestion de toutes les forêts tropicales du monde pendant les décennies à venir. Il aborde aussi des thématiques d'actualité telles que la gestion des tourbières et les interrogations sur la relation entre la gestion des ressources de la biodiversité et l'émergence ou la réémergence de maladies zoonotiques dont la COVID-19 a particulièrement affecté le contexte de sa rédaction. Enfin, ce rapport identifie les principaux défis qui doivent être relevés, pour parvenir à une gestion durable des écosystèmes forestiers du bassin du Congo, afin qu'elle contribue au mieux à l'amélioration des moyens de subsistance et du cadre de vie des populations locales et des peuples autochtones.

Le réseau de structures linéaires est constitué de routes, de sentiers, de pipelines et de lignes sismiques aménagés dans une grande partie de la forêt boréale commerciale. Ces structures linéaires, fournissent un accès pour les opérations industrielles, récréatives, sylvicoles et de gestion des incendies, mais ont également des incidences économiques et environnementales qui impliquent à la fois les parties actives et non actives du réseau (e.g., les coûts d'entretien, érosion de la biodiversité, dégradation de l'habitat de la faune qui dépend de la forêt). Par conséquent, pour prévenir tous ces inconvénients, il est nécessaire de comprendre la dynamique des caractéristiques de végétation des structures linéaires et particulièrement des chemins forestiers. Les données de télédétection et la modélisation prédictive sont des outils utiles en fournissant des informations quantitatives précises et détaillées visant l’évaluation de l'état des structures linéaires (par exemple, la détérioration de la surface ou la dynamique des caractéristiques de végétation), et ce à plusieurs niveaux (paysage, région). Cependant, le potentiel des données de télédétection pour améliorer notre connaissance des caractéristiques de végétation à fine échelle sur les chemins forestiers n'a pas été entièrement exploré. Cette étude a examiné l'utilisation de données LiDAR aéroporté à haute résolution spatiale (1 m), de données climatiques et de terrain dans le but de fournir une meilleure compréhension de la dynamique de végétation des chemins forestiers: i) en développant un modèle prédictif pour l'estimation de la couverture végétale dérivée du modèle de hauteur de canopée (métrique de réponse), ii) en examinant les facteurs ayant un effet sur la couverture végétale en utilisant les mesures LiDAR (topographie: pente, TWI, ombrage et orientation), de l'imagerie optique Sentinel-2 (NDVI), des bases de données climatiques (ensoleillement et vitesse du vent) et de l'inventaire de terrain (largeu

Retrospective analysis relies on access to long-term growth series to understand and interpret the structural functioning of tree crowns, as required for their sustainable management. The aim of this study was to assess the development and adaptation of crown shoots in Khaya senegalensis and Pterocarpus erinaceus to a changing environment, to prepare for the establishment of permanent plots. The growth unit (GU) morphologies of the axes of 420 young, adult and old individuals were analysed in full sunlight or shade during the rainy and dry season in seven locations in Côte d'Ivoire. The results show that the morphology of these growth units is an indicator of both development expression and developmental difficulties in tree species. Heterogeneous habitat had no significant effect on growth unit morphology (P > 0.05) in either species. The morphology of the growth units varied from one location (climate) to another due to their distinct environmental characteristics (P < 0.05). The southern part of the gradient (Toumodi and Bouaké in the central region of the country) offers favourable and hence priority areas for reforestation programmes based on the two species. The age of the individuals influenced the number of phytomers per growth unit (P < 0.05). Young individuals (cuttings) are good ideotypes for the selection of suitably resistant genotypes. Whatever the species, the rainy season increased the success rate of plot establishment. The growth units of the two species are of practically the same size (P > 0.05). Our results could be a guide to decisions for the selection of suitable environments for the implementation of reforestation or agroforestry programs based on K. senegalensis and P. erinaceus and aiming to conserve and sustainably manage these species in the current climate change context.