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2. Tropical Data: Approach and Methodology as Applied to Trachoma Prevalence Surveys
- Author
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Harding-Esch, Emma M, primary, Burgert-Brucker, Clara R, additional, Jimenez, Cristina, additional, Bakhtiari, Ana, additional, Willis, Rebecca, additional, Bejiga, Michael Dejene, additional, Mpyet, Caleb, additional, Ngondi, Jeremiah, additional, Boyd, Sarah, additional, Abdala, Mariamo, additional, Abdou, Amza, additional, Adamu, Yilikal, additional, Alemayehu, Addisu, additional, Alemayehu, Wondu, additional, Al-Khatib, Tawfik, additional, Apadinuwe, Sue-Chen, additional, Awaca, Naomie, additional, Awoussi, Marcel S, additional, Baayendag, Gilbert, additional, Badiane, Mouctar Dieng, additional, Bailey, Robin L, additional, Batcho, Wilfrid, additional, Bay, Zulficar, additional, Bella, Assumpta, additional, Beido, Nassirou, additional, Bol, Yak Yak, additional, Bougouma, Clarisse, additional, Brady, Christopher J, additional, Bucumi, Victor, additional, Butcher, Robert, additional, Cakacaka, Risiate, additional, Cama, Anaseini, additional, Camara, Mamoudou, additional, Cassama, Eunice, additional, Chaora, Shorai Grace, additional, Chebbi, Amel Chenaoui, additional, Chisambi, Alvin Blessings, additional, Chu, Brian, additional, Conteh, Abdulai, additional, Coulibaly, Sidi Mohamed, additional, Courtright, Paul, additional, Dalmar, Abdi, additional, Dat, Tran Minh, additional, Davids, Thully, additional, Djaker, Mohamed El Amine, additional, de Fátima Costa Lopes, Maria, additional, Dézoumbé, Djore, additional, Dodson, Sarity, additional, Downs, Philip, additional, Eckman, Stephanie, additional, Elshafie, Bilghis Elkhair, additional, Elmezoghi, Mourad, additional, Elvis, Ange Aba, additional, Emerson, Paul, additional, Epée, Emilienne EE, additional, Faktaufon, Daniel, additional, Fall, Mawo, additional, Fassinou, Aréty, additional, Fleming, Fiona, additional, Flueckiger, Rebecca, additional, Gamael, Koizan Kadjo, additional, Garae, Mackline, additional, Garap, Jambi, additional, Gass, Katie, additional, Gebru, Genet, additional, Gichangi, Michael M, additional, Giorgi, Emanuele, additional, Goépogui, André, additional, Gómez, Daniela Vaz Ferreira, additional, Gómez Forero, Diana Paola, additional, Gower, Emily W, additional, Harte, Anna, additional, Henry, Rob, additional, Honorio-Morales, Harvy Alberto, additional, Ilako, Dunera R, additional, Issifou, Amadou Alfa Bio, additional, Jones, Ellen, additional, Kabona, George, additional, Kabore, Martin, additional, Kadri, Boubacar, additional, Kalua, Khumbo, additional, Kanyi, Sarjo Kebba, additional, Kebede, Shambel, additional, Kebede, Fikreab, additional, Keenan, Jeremy D, additional, Kello, Amir B, additional, Khan, Asad Aslam, additional, Khelifi, Houria, additional, Kilangalanga, Janvier, additional, Kim, Sung Hye, additional, Ko, Robert, additional, Lewallen, Susan, additional, Lietman, Thomas, additional, Logora, Makoy Samuel Yibi, additional, Lopez, Yuri A, additional, MacArthur, Chad, additional, Macleod, Colin, additional, Makangila, Felix, additional, Mariko, Brehima, additional, Martin, Diana L, additional, Masika, Michael, additional, Massae, Patrick, additional, Massangaie, Marilia, additional, Matendechero, Hadley S, additional, Mathewos, Tsedeke, additional, McCullagh, Siobhain, additional, Meite, Aboulaye, additional, Mendes, Elsa Palma, additional, Abdi, Hirpa M, additional, Miller, Hollman, additional, Minnih, Abdellahi, additional, Mishra, Sailesh Kumar, additional, Molefi, Tuduetso, additional, Mosher, Aryc, additional, M’Po, Nerkoua, additional, Mugume, Francis, additional, Mukwiza, Robson, additional, Mwale, Consity, additional, Mwatha, Stephen, additional, Mwingira, Upendo, additional, Nash, Scott D, additional, Nassa, Christophe, additional, Negussu, Nebiyu, additional, Nieba, Cece, additional, Noah Noah, Jean Claude, additional, Nwosu, Christian O, additional, Olobio, Nicholas, additional, Opon, Rapheal, additional, Pavluck, Alexandre, additional, Phiri, Isaac, additional, Rainima-Qaniuci, Merelesita, additional, Renneker, Kristen K, additional, Saboyá-Díaz, Martha Idalí, additional, Sakho, Fatoumata, additional, Sanha, Salimato, additional, Sarah, Virginia, additional, Sarr, Boubacar, additional, Szwarcwald, Celia L, additional, Shah Salam, Ahmad, additional, Sharma, Shekhar, additional, Seife, Fikre, additional, Serrano Chavez, Gloria Marina, additional, Sissoko, Mactar, additional, Sitoe, Henis Mior, additional, Sokana, Oliver, additional, Tadesse, Fentahun, additional, Taleo, Fasiah, additional, Talero, Sandra Liliana, additional, Tarfani, Youcef, additional, Tefera, Amsayaw, additional, Tekeraoi, Rabebe, additional, Tesfazion, Andeberhan, additional, Traina, Abubaker, additional, Traoré, Lamine, additional, Trujillo-Trujillo, Julián, additional, Tukahebwa, Edridah M, additional, Vashist, Praveen, additional, Wanyama, Ernest B, additional, Warusavithana, Supriya D.P., additional, Watitu, Titus K, additional, West, Sheila, additional, Win, Ye, additional, Woods, Geordie, additional, Yajima, Aya, additional, Yaya, Georges, additional, Zecarias, Alem, additional, Zewengiel, Solomon, additional, Zoumanigui, Akoi, additional, Hooper, Pamela J, additional, Millar, Tom, additional, Rotondo, Lisa, additional, and Solomon, Anthony W, additional
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. Tropical Data: Approach and Methodology as Applied to Trachoma Prevalence Surveys
- Author
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Harding-Esch, Emma M, Burgert-Brucker, Clara R, Jimenez, Cristina, Bakhtiari, Ana, Willis, Rebecca, Bejiga, Michael Dejene, Mpyet, Caleb, Ngondi, Jeremiah, Boyd, Sarah, Abdala, Mariamo, Abdou, Amza, Adamu, Yilikal, Alemayehu, Addisu, Alemayehu, Wondu, Al-Khatib, Tawfik, Apadinuwe, Sue-Chen, Awaca, Naomie, Awoussi, Marcel S, Baayendag, Gilbert, Badiane, Mouctar Dieng, Bailey, Robin L, Batcho, Wilfrid, Bay, Zulficar, Bella, Assumpta, Beido, Nassirou, Bol, Yak Yak, Bougouma, Clarisse, Brady, Christopher J, Bucumi, Victor, Butcher, Robert, Cakacaka, Risiate, Cama, Anaseini, Camara, Mamoudou, Cassama, Eunice, Chaora, Shorai Grace, Chebbi, Amel Chenaoui, Chisambi, Alvin Blessings, Chu, Brian, Conteh, Abdulai, Coulibaly, Sidi Mohamed, Courtright, Paul, Dalmar, Abdi, Dat, Tran Minh, Davids, Thully, Djaker, Mohamed El Amine, de Fátima Costa Lopes, Maria, Dézoumbé, Djore, Dodson, Sarity, Downs, Philip, Eckman, Stephanie, Elshafie, Bilghis Elkhair, Elmezoghi, Mourad, Elvis, Ange Aba, Emerson, Paul, Epée, Emilienne EE, Faktaufon, Daniel, Fall, Mawo, Fassinou, Aréty, Fleming, Fiona, Flueckiger, Rebecca, Gamael, Koizan Kadjo, Garae, Mackline, Garap, Jambi, Gass, Katie, Gebru, Genet, Gichangi, Michael M, Giorgi, Emanuele, Goépogui, André, Gómez, Daniela Vaz Ferreira, Gómez Forero, Diana Paola, Gower, Emily W, Harte, Anna, Henry, Rob, Honorio-Morales, Harvy Alberto, Ilako, Dunera R, Issifou, Amadou Alfa Bio, Jones, Ellen, Kabona, George, Kabore, Martin, Kadri, Boubacar, Kalua, Khumbo, Kanyi, Sarjo Kebba, Kebede, Shambel, Kebede, Fikreab, Keenan, Jeremy D, Kello, Amir B, Khan, Asad Aslam, Khelifi, Houria, Kilangalanga, Janvier, Kim, Sung Hye, Ko, Robert, Lewallen, Susan, Lietman, Thomas, Logora, Makoy Samuel Yibi, Lopez, Yuri A, MacArthur, Chad, Macleod, Colin, Makangila, Felix, Mariko, Brehima, Martin, Diana L, Masika, Michael, Massae, Patrick, Massangaie, Marilia, Matendechero, Hadley S, Mathewos, Tsedeke, McCullagh, Siobhain, Meite, Aboulaye, Mendes, Elsa Palma, Abdi, Hirpa M, Miller, Hollman, Minnih, Abdellahi, Mishra, Sailesh Kumar, Molefi, Tuduetso, Mosher, Aryc, M’Po, Nerkoua, Mugume, Francis, Mukwiza, Robson, Mwale, Consity, Mwatha, Stephen, Mwingira, Upendo, Nash, Scott D, Nassa, Christophe, Negussu, Nebiyu, Nieba, Cece, Noah Noah, Jean Claude, Nwosu, Christian O, Olobio, Nicholas, Opon, Rapheal, Pavluck, Alexandre, Phiri, Isaac, Rainima-Qaniuci, Merelesita, Renneker, Kristen K, Saboyá-Díaz, Martha Idalí, Sakho, Fatoumata, Sanha, Salimato, Sarah, Virginia, Sarr, Boubacar, Szwarcwald, Celia L, Shah Salam, Ahmad, Sharma, Shekhar, Seife, Fikre, Serrano Chavez, Gloria Marina, Sissoko, Mactar, Sitoe, Henis Mior, Sokana, Oliver, Tadesse, Fentahun, Taleo, Fasiah, Talero, Sandra Liliana, Tarfani, Youcef, Tefera, Amsayaw, Tekeraoi, Rabebe, Tesfazion, Andeberhan, Traina, Abubaker, Traoré, Lamine, Trujillo-Trujillo, Julián, Tukahebwa, Edridah M, Vashist, Praveen, Wanyama, Ernest B, Warusavithana, Supriya D.P., Watitu, Titus K, West, Sheila, Win, Ye, Woods, Geordie, Yajima, Aya, Yaya, Georges, Zecarias, Alem, Zewengiel, Solomon, Zoumanigui, Akoi, Hooper, Pamela J, Millar, Tom, Rotondo, Lisa, Solomon, Anthony W, Harding-Esch, Emma M, Burgert-Brucker, Clara R, Jimenez, Cristina, Bakhtiari, Ana, Willis, Rebecca, Bejiga, Michael Dejene, Mpyet, Caleb, Ngondi, Jeremiah, Boyd, Sarah, Abdala, Mariamo, Abdou, Amza, Adamu, Yilikal, Alemayehu, Addisu, Alemayehu, Wondu, Al-Khatib, Tawfik, Apadinuwe, Sue-Chen, Awaca, Naomie, Awoussi, Marcel S, Baayendag, Gilbert, Badiane, Mouctar Dieng, Bailey, Robin L, Batcho, Wilfrid, Bay, Zulficar, Bella, Assumpta, Beido, Nassirou, Bol, Yak Yak, Bougouma, Clarisse, Brady, Christopher J, Bucumi, Victor, Butcher, Robert, Cakacaka, Risiate, Cama, Anaseini, Camara, Mamoudou, Cassama, Eunice, Chaora, Shorai Grace, Chebbi, Amel Chenaoui, Chisambi, Alvin Blessings, Chu, Brian, Conteh, Abdulai, Coulibaly, Sidi Mohamed, Courtright, Paul, Dalmar, Abdi, Dat, Tran Minh, Davids, Thully, Djaker, Mohamed El Amine, de Fátima Costa Lopes, Maria, Dézoumbé, Djore, Dodson, Sarity, Downs, Philip, Eckman, Stephanie, Elshafie, Bilghis Elkhair, Elmezoghi, Mourad, Elvis, Ange Aba, Emerson, Paul, Epée, Emilienne EE, Faktaufon, Daniel, Fall, Mawo, Fassinou, Aréty, Fleming, Fiona, Flueckiger, Rebecca, Gamael, Koizan Kadjo, Garae, Mackline, Garap, Jambi, Gass, Katie, Gebru, Genet, Gichangi, Michael M, Giorgi, Emanuele, Goépogui, André, Gómez, Daniela Vaz Ferreira, Gómez Forero, Diana Paola, Gower, Emily W, Harte, Anna, Henry, Rob, Honorio-Morales, Harvy Alberto, Ilako, Dunera R, Issifou, Amadou Alfa Bio, Jones, Ellen, Kabona, George, Kabore, Martin, Kadri, Boubacar, Kalua, Khumbo, Kanyi, Sarjo Kebba, Kebede, Shambel, Kebede, Fikreab, Keenan, Jeremy D, Kello, Amir B, Khan, Asad Aslam, Khelifi, Houria, Kilangalanga, Janvier, Kim, Sung Hye, Ko, Robert, Lewallen, Susan, Lietman, Thomas, Logora, Makoy Samuel Yibi, Lopez, Yuri A, MacArthur, Chad, Macleod, Colin, Makangila, Felix, Mariko, Brehima, Martin, Diana L, Masika, Michael, Massae, Patrick, Massangaie, Marilia, Matendechero, Hadley S, Mathewos, Tsedeke, McCullagh, Siobhain, Meite, Aboulaye, Mendes, Elsa Palma, Abdi, Hirpa M, Miller, Hollman, Minnih, Abdellahi, Mishra, Sailesh Kumar, Molefi, Tuduetso, Mosher, Aryc, M’Po, Nerkoua, Mugume, Francis, Mukwiza, Robson, Mwale, Consity, Mwatha, Stephen, Mwingira, Upendo, Nash, Scott D, Nassa, Christophe, Negussu, Nebiyu, Nieba, Cece, Noah Noah, Jean Claude, Nwosu, Christian O, Olobio, Nicholas, Opon, Rapheal, Pavluck, Alexandre, Phiri, Isaac, Rainima-Qaniuci, Merelesita, Renneker, Kristen K, Saboyá-Díaz, Martha Idalí, Sakho, Fatoumata, Sanha, Salimato, Sarah, Virginia, Sarr, Boubacar, Szwarcwald, Celia L, Shah Salam, Ahmad, Sharma, Shekhar, Seife, Fikre, Serrano Chavez, Gloria Marina, Sissoko, Mactar, Sitoe, Henis Mior, Sokana, Oliver, Tadesse, Fentahun, Taleo, Fasiah, Talero, Sandra Liliana, Tarfani, Youcef, Tefera, Amsayaw, Tekeraoi, Rabebe, Tesfazion, Andeberhan, Traina, Abubaker, Traoré, Lamine, Trujillo-Trujillo, Julián, Tukahebwa, Edridah M, Vashist, Praveen, Wanyama, Ernest B, Warusavithana, Supriya D.P., Watitu, Titus K, West, Sheila, Win, Ye, Woods, Geordie, Yajima, Aya, Yaya, Georges, Zecarias, Alem, Zewengiel, Solomon, Zoumanigui, Akoi, Hooper, Pamela J, Millar, Tom, Rotondo, Lisa, and Solomon, Anthony W
- Abstract
Population-based prevalence surveys are essential for decision-making on interventions to achieve trachoma elimination as a public health problem. This paper outlines the methodologies of Tropical Data, which supports work to undertake those surveys. Tropical Data is a consortium of partners that supports health ministries worldwide to conduct globally standardised prevalence surveys that conform to World Health Organization recommendations. Founding principles are health ministry ownership, partnership and collaboration, and quality assurance and quality control at every step of the survey process. Support covers survey planning, survey design, training, electronic data collection and fieldwork, and data management, analysis and dissemination. Methods are adapted to meet local context and needs. Customisations, operational research and integration of other diseases into routine trachoma surveys have also been supported. Between 29 February 2016 and 24 April 2023, 3373 trachoma surveys across 50 countries have been supported, resulting in 10,818,502 people being examined for trachoma. This health ministry-led, standardised approach, with support from the start to the end of the survey process, has helped all trachoma elimination stakeholders to know where interventions are needed, where interventions can be stopped, and when elimination as a public health problem has been achieved. Flexibility to meet specific country contexts, adaptation to changes in global guidance and adjustments in response to user feedback have facilitated innovation in evidence-based methodologies, and supported health ministries to strive for global disease control targets.
- Published
- 2023
4. Twenty-Three Population-Based Trachoma Prevalence Surveys in the Central and Northern Regions of Benin, 2018–2022.
- Author
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Issifou, Amadou Alfa Bio, Dare, Aboudou, Badou, Gracia Adjinacou, Harding-Esch, Emma M., Solomon, Anthony W., Bakhtiari, Ana, Boyd, Sarah, Jimenez, Cristina, Harte, Anna, Burgert-Brucker, Clara R., Sintondji, Franck Roland, Dossa, Nissou Inès, M’Po, N’Koué Tatchienta Nekoua, and Batcho, Wilfrid
- Abstract
Purpose Methods Results Conclusion Trachoma is an infectious eye disease caused by
Chlamydia trachomatis . Infection causes conjunctival inflammation, which can be manifested by the sign known as trachomatous inflammation—follicular (TF). Repeated inflammation leads to eyelid scarring, which in susceptible individuals can cause in-turning of the eyelashes, referred to as trachomatous trichiasis (TT). This article describes 23 population-based surveys conducted in northern and central Benin to determine TF and/or TT prevalence for trachoma elimination purposes.A total of 18 surveys estimated the prevalence of both TF and TT: two baseline surveys, eight impact surveys after implementation of interventions against trachoma, and eight surveillance surveys. Five other evaluation units (EUs) were surveyed for TT only. To estimate the TF prevalence, a target sample size of 1701 (baseline) and 1164 1–9-year-olds (impact and surveillance) was required, whereas 2818 ≥ 15-year-olds were required to estimate the less prevalent TT. In each EU, individuals were selected by two-stage cluster sampling and examined by certified graders for TF and/or TT.A total of 68,613 people were examined. TF prevalence estimates were under the 5% elimination threshold in all surveys. TT prevalence estimates were above the 0.2% elimination threshold in all five TT-only surveys and in four impact surveys, ranging from 0.2–0.57%TF prevalence in Benin is low, but TT was above 0.2% in nine districts. Increased case-finding and continuing efforts to improve surgery accessibility will be needed to reduce the burden of TT in Benin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2023
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- View/download PDF
5. Knowledges, Attitudes and Practices Related to Primitive Open Angle Glaucoma in The Adult Population in Northern Benin
- Author
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Rodrigue Abel, ASSAVEDO Codjo, primary, Kokou Messan, AMEDOME, additional, Amadou, ALFA BIO, additional, Chakiratou Oladouke, ABOUKI, additional, Salimatou, MONTEIRO, additional, Memlelem Laeticia, DIONADJI, additional, Soule, ALAMOU, additional, Ignace, SOUNOUVOU, additional, Lisette, ODOULAMI YEHOUESSI, additional, and Sidonie, TCHABI HOUNNOU, additional
- Published
- 2021
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- View/download PDF
6. Pediatric Cataract Surgery in the Developing World
- Author
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Lee M. Woodward and Amadou Alfa Bio Issifou
- Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty ,Rehabilitation ,genetic structures ,business.industry ,Public health ,medicine.medical_treatment ,Childhood blindness ,Developing country ,Visual disability ,Intraocular lens ,medicine.disease ,eye diseases ,Cataracts ,medicine ,Optometry ,sense organs ,Pediatric cataract ,business - Abstract
Cataracts are a treatable cause of worldwide childhood blindness. Lower-income countries have the highest rates of visual disability related to childhood cataracts. Managing childhood cataracts presents unique challenges in the developing world involving a team of professionals capable of both providing pediatric eye care and addressing relevant public health issues. Poor awareness and lack of screening programs lead to delayed presentation for children with cataracts in the developing world. Limited surgical equipment and supplies dictate surgical technique and decision-making. Follow-up care is limited due to financial constraints and long travel distance. Post-operative optical rehabilitation with spectacles or contacts are typically not realistic options, which makes primary intraocular lens (IOL) implantation in children highly important for treating associated amblyopia.
- Published
- 2020
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- View/download PDF
7. Trachoma in the Democratic Republic of the Congo: Results of 46 Baseline Prevalence Surveys Conducted with the Global Trachoma Mapping Project
- Author
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Janvier Kilangalanga, Jean Marie Ndjemba, Pitchouna A. Uvon, Felix M. Kibangala, Jean-Lebone Safari B. Mwandulo, Nicaise Mavula, Martin Ndombe, Junior Kazadi, Henry Limbaka, Daniel Cohn, Jean-Jacques Tougoue, Achille Kabore, Lisa Rotondo, Rebecca Willis, Amadou Alfa Bio, Boubacar Kadri, Ana Bakhtiari, Jeremiah M. Ngondi, Anthony W. Solomon, and null for the Global Trachoma Mapping Pro
- Subjects
Male ,Epidemiology ,Cross-sectional study ,Eye Infections ,Global Trachoma Mapping Project ,Baseline survey ,Eye Infections, Bacterial ,0302 clinical medicine ,Prevalence ,Child ,Bacterial ,Safe strategy ,3. Good health ,trichiasis ,Infectious Diseases ,Clean Water and Sanitation ,Trachoma ,Child, Preschool ,Public Health and Health Services ,Democratic Republic of the Congo ,Female ,Public Health ,SAFE strategy ,Pediatric Research Initiative ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Adolescent ,Clinical Sciences ,030231 tropical medicine ,03 medical and health sciences ,Clinical Research ,Opthalmology and Optometry ,Environmental health ,parasitic diseases ,medicine ,Humans ,Preschool ,Baseline (configuration management) ,Trichiasis ,business.industry ,Public health ,Infant ,Original Articles ,medicine.disease ,Health Surveys ,eye diseases ,Ophthalmology ,Good Health and Well Being ,Cross-Sectional Studies ,030221 ophthalmology & optometry ,Optometry ,business - Abstract
Purpose: Trachoma was suspected to be endemic in parts of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). We aimed to estimate prevalences of trachomatous inflammation–follicular (TF), trichiasis, and water and sanitation (WASH) indicators in suspected-endemic Health Zones. Methods: A population-based prevalence survey was undertaken in each of 46 Health Zones across nine provinces of DRC, using Global Trachoma Mapping Project methods. A two-stage cluster random sampling design was used in each Health Zone, whereby 25 villages (clusters) and 30 households per cluster were sampled. Consenting eligible participants (children aged 1–9 years and adults aged ≥15 years) were examined for trachoma by GTMP-certified graders; households were assessed for access to WASH. Results: A total of 32,758 households were surveyed, and 141,853 participants (98.2% of those enumerated) were examined for trachoma. Health Zone-level TF prevalence in 1–9-year-olds ranged from 1.9–41.6%. Among people aged ≥15 years, trichiasis prevalences ranged from 0.02–5.1% (95% CI 3.3–6.8). TF prevalence in 1–9-year-olds was ≥5% in 30 Health Zones, while trichiasis prevalence was ≥0.2% in 37 Health Zones. Conclusion: Trachoma is a public health problem in 39 of 46 Health Zones surveyed. To meet elimination targets, 37 Health Zones require expanded trichiasis surgery services while 30 health zones require antibiotics, facial cleanliness and environmental improvement interventions. Survey data suggest that trachoma is widespread: further surveys are warranted.
- Published
- 2017
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8. The cost of mapping trachoma: Data from the Global Trachoma Mapping Project
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Amy H Doherty, Sarah Bovill, Tom Millar, Guillaume Trotignon, Amadou Alfa Bio, Siobhain McCullagh, Consity Mwale, Thomas Engels, Ana Bakhtiari, Colin K Macleod, Elena Schmidt, Anthony W. Solomon, Lisa Rotondo, Khaled Amer, Mariamo Mbofana, Asad Aslam Khan, Deborah A. McFarland, Rebecca Willis, Ellen Jones, and Angela Weaver
- Subjects
Bacterial Diseases ,Eye Diseases ,Economics ,Social Sciences ,Transportation ,Surveys ,Geographical Locations ,0302 clinical medicine ,Epidemiology ,Medicine and Health Sciences ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Location ,Data Management ,lcsh:Public aspects of medicine ,1. No poverty ,Health Care Costs ,3. Good health ,Geography ,Infectious Diseases ,Trachoma ,Cost driver ,Research Design ,Epidemiological Monitoring ,Engineering and Technology ,Topography, Medical ,Research Article ,Neglected Tropical Diseases ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Computer and Information Sciences ,lcsh:Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine ,lcsh:RC955-962 ,Disease cluster ,Research and Analysis Methods ,Unit (housing) ,03 medical and health sciences ,Environmental health ,medicine ,Humans ,Unit cost ,Cost database ,Survey Research ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,lcsh:RA1-1270 ,medicine.disease ,Tropical Diseases ,United States ,Ophthalmology ,Communicable Disease Control ,People and Places ,Africa ,North America ,030221 ophthalmology & optometry ,Optometry ,Ethiopia ,Finance - Abstract
Background The Global Trachoma Mapping Project (GTMP) was implemented with the aim of completing the baseline map of trachoma globally. Over 2.6 million people were examined in 1,546 districts across 29 countries between December 2012 and January 2016. The aim of the analysis was to estimate the unit cost and to identify the key cost drivers of trachoma prevalence surveys conducted as part of GTMP. Methodology and principal findings In-country and global support costs were obtained using GTMP financial records. In-country expenditure was analysed for 1,164 districts across 17 countries. The mean survey cost was $13,113 per district [median: $11,675; IQR = $8,365-$14,618], $17,566 per evaluation unit [median: $15,839; IQR = $10,773-$19,915], $692 per cluster [median: $625; IQR = $452-$847] and $6.0 per person screened [median: $4.9; IQR = $3.7-$7.9]. Survey unit costs varied substantially across settings, and were driven by parameters such as geographic location, demographic characteristics, seasonal effects, and local operational constraints. Analysis by activities showed that fieldwork constituted the largest share of in-country survey costs (74%), followed by training of survey teams (11%). The main drivers of in-country survey costs were personnel (49%) and transportation (44%). Global support expenditure for all surveyed districts amounted to $5.1m, which included grant management, epidemiological support, and data stewardship. Conclusion This study provides the most extensive analysis of the cost of conducting trachoma prevalence surveys to date. The findings can aid planning and budgeting for future trachoma surveys required to measure the impact of trachoma elimination activities. Furthermore, the results of this study can also be used as a cost basis for other disease mapping programmes, where disease or context-specific survey cost data are not available., Author summary There are currently few data sets available to aid programmes in planning and budgeting for population-based surveys in low- and middle- income countries. With the objective of identifying cost drivers and key variables influencing prevalence survey costs, the authors collected expenses incurred during the Global Trachoma Mapping Project (GTMP) which surveyed 2.6 million people across 29 countries. Expenditure from surveying 1,164 districts in 17 countries was analysed. Our results showed that the majority of in-country expenditure was spent on personnel (per diems, accommodation, meals and beverages) (49%) and local transportation (44%) and that the median survey expenditure was US$11,675 per district (or US$15,839 per evaluation unit, US$625 per cluster and US$4.9 per person examined). There were large variations in survey unit costs across settings, based on local geographic, demographic, seasonal effects and local operational characteristics. In addition, the resources required for the global support and coordination of the GTMP were analysed and amounted to US$5.1m (US$3,318 per district or US$5,668 per EU). Global support expenses can be substantial for a large multi-country mapping exercise conducted in a limited period of time such as the GTMP. Findings from this study can be used to inform other disease mapping projects, and to inform planning and budgeting for the prevalence surveys that will assess the impact of trachoma elimination interventions.
- Published
- 2017
9. Twenty-Three Population-Based Trachoma Prevalence Surveys in the Central and Northern Regions of Benin, 2018-2022.
- Author
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Issifou AAB, Dare A, Badou GA, Harding-Esch EM, Solomon AW, Bakhtiari A, Boyd S, Jimenez C, Harte A, Burgert-Brucker CR, Sintondji FR, Dossa NI, M'Po NTN, and Batcho W
- Subjects
- Humans, Benin epidemiology, Prevalence, Child, Preschool, Child, Adolescent, Infant, Female, Male, Adult, Young Adult, Middle Aged, Health Surveys, Trichiasis epidemiology, Aged, Chlamydia trachomatis isolation & purification, Trachoma epidemiology
- Abstract
Purpose: Trachoma is an infectious eye disease caused by Chlamydia trachomatis . Infection causes conjunctival inflammation, which can be manifested by the sign known as trachomatous inflammation-follicular (TF). Repeated inflammation leads to eyelid scarring, which in susceptible individuals can cause in-turning of the eyelashes, referred to as trachomatous trichiasis (TT). This article describes 23 population-based surveys conducted in northern and central Benin to determine TF and/or TT prevalence for trachoma elimination purposes., Methods: A total of 18 surveys estimated the prevalence of both TF and TT: two baseline surveys, eight impact surveys after implementation of interventions against trachoma, and eight surveillance surveys. Five other evaluation units (EUs) were surveyed for TT only. To estimate the TF prevalence, a target sample size of 1701 (baseline) and 1164 1-9-year-olds (impact and surveillance) was required, whereas 2818 ≥ 15-year-olds were required to estimate the less prevalent TT. In each EU, individuals were selected by two-stage cluster sampling and examined by certified graders for TF and/or TT., Results: A total of 68,613 people were examined. TF prevalence estimates were under the 5% elimination threshold in all surveys. TT prevalence estimates were above the 0.2% elimination threshold in all five TT-only surveys and in four impact surveys, ranging from 0.2-0.57., Conclusion: TF prevalence in Benin is low, but TT was above 0.2% in nine districts. Increased case-finding and continuing efforts to improve surgery accessibility will be needed to reduce the burden of TT in Benin.
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
10. Baseline, Impact and Surveillance Trachoma Prevalence Surveys in Burundi, 2018-2021.
- Author
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Bucumi V, Muhimpundu E, Issifou AAB, Akweyu S, Burn N, Willems J, Niyongabo J, Elvis A, Koizan G, Harte A, Boyd S, Willis R, Bakhtiari A, Jimenez C, Burgert-Brucker C, Kollmann KM, Solomon AW, Harding-Esch EM, and Gashikanyi RM
- Subjects
- Humans, Burundi epidemiology, Prevalence, Child, Preschool, Male, Female, Child, Adolescent, Infant, Adult, Young Adult, Sanitation standards, Middle Aged, Chlamydia trachomatis isolation & purification, Hygiene standards, Population Surveillance methods, Trachoma epidemiology, Trachoma prevention & control
- Abstract
Purpose: Trachoma is an eye disease caused by the bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis (Ct). It can lead to permanent vision loss. Since 2007, Burundi has included trachoma elimination as part of its fight against neglected tropical diseases and blindness. This study presents the results of trachoma baseline, impact and surveillance surveys conducted in Burundi between 2018 and 2021., Methods: Areas were grouped into evaluation units (EU) with resident populations of between 100,000 and 250,000 people. Baseline surveys were conducted in 15 EUs, impact surveys in 2 EUs and surveillance surveys in 5 EUs; in each survey, 23 clusters of about 30 households were included. Consenting residents of those households were screened for clinical signs of trachoma. Access to water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) was recorded., Results: A total of 63,800 individuals were examined. The prevalence of TF in 1-9-year-olds was above the elimination threshold of 5% in a single EU at baseline, but fell below the threshold in subsequent impact and surveillance surveys. The prevalence of TT was below the 0.2% elimination threshold in ≥15-year-olds in all EUs surveyed. A high proportion (83%) of households had access to safe drinking water, while only a minority (~8%) had access to improved latrines., Conclusion: Burundi has demonstrated the prevalence levels necessary for trachoma elimination status. With continued effort and the maintenance of existing management plans, trachoma elimination in Burundi is within reach.
- Published
- 2024
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