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This study aims at evaluating the application of using the surface renewal “SR” method against Eddy Covariance “EC” method, for direct estimation of crops evapotranspiration “ETc” of wheat and rice crops, cultivated under the agro-climatic conditions of the old lands in the Nile Delta region in Egypt. Two field experiments were conducted at Qalubia governorate, in 15 feddan experimental field. The assessments were conducted for rice and wheat crops during the agricultural seasons of 2016. During the two seasons, the surface energy fluxes were recorded each 30 min, including net radiation, soil heat fluxes, sensible heat fluxes by EC method, and sensible heat fluxes by SR method. The SR method was calibrated against the EC method, and the determined latent heat fluxes “LE”of the both methods show high correlation with R2 around 0.98 for both crops. The comparison between ETc-SR and ETc-EC showed statistically good performance, withNRMSE of 11% for rice, and 16% for wheat. The rice results showed that the widely used ETc-FAO was a slight higher than ETc-SR and ETc-EC, by 5% and 0.7%, respectively. Wheat results showed that the ETc-FAO was higher than ETc-SR and ETc-EC by 30% and 32%, respectively. The results of rice and wheat could be promising for further improvement in using the SR method as reliable, accurate, and cost-effective method to estimate ETc for field crops, while more validation is still needed to cover different types of agricultural practices.

The study aims to show the importance of the washing process for the bucket milking system and its effect on the produced milk. Using a new design and manufacturing washing unit for teat cups in bucket milking system and study the relationship between the efficiency and quality of the washing process in the milking system ,and bacterial count found in milk tank and teat cup surface. The new washing system cleaning in place (CIP) system is an alternative effective solution for washing liners and cluster. Washing units consists of two washing set. Each washing set consists of four outlets designed to wash one cluster a five types of washing sets have been tested during this Study. Using the new system to cleaning the bucket milking system led to the provision of some environmental advantages, than traditional system such as; reducing the consumption of chemicals in cleaning of milking machine by about 35 %, also save 66 % of the amount of water consumed in cleaning, and saving 0.55 kW electric energy used to operate the pump; and 1.4 kW electric energy consumed in heating water. Time of cleaning operation was also saved by 50%. The cleaning efficiency in traditional cleaning method is 42.9 %. While it s increased to 93.1 % with using a Jetter rod at new cleaning system. For traditional cleaning system total bacterial count in milk sample was 81x104 cfu/ml it classified at grade II (> 2,00,000 – 1,000,000 cfu/ml). While for the new cleaning system with different types of washing set the total bacterial count was between 33x103 to 66x103 cfu/ml .which classified at grade I (< 2,00,000 cfu/ml).