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With increased dental awareness, there has been a growing trend in patients who are opting for teeth retention, so post-endodontic restorations play a significant role in dictating restoration longevity. However, till date restoration of root canal treated teeth is still controversial. Root canal treated teeth often suffer from extensive loss of tooth structure because of access cavity preparation, caries removal, replacement of restoration and trauma.1 Traditionally the restorative material of choice for an endodontically treated molar would be post and core followed by metal / ceramic crowns. However, studies have shown that these intra-canal posts may increase risk, of undermining the residual tooth structure, root perforation and catastrophic failures.2 With adhesive strategies, there has been a paradigm shift towards post-less restorations and utilisation of pulp chamber as an extension, thus integrating the crown and core as a single unit or monobloc. 2,3 This was the concept of the endocrown technique. 3 Bindle and Mormann first, delineated the use of porcelain adhesive endodontic crowns.4 Endocrowns are more practical, conservative, aesthetic, simple to fabricate, economical, less time consuming and allows favourable distribution of masticatory stresses. Most studies on endocrowns showed comparable or somewhat superior results to other conventional treatments for endodontically treated teeth (ETT). However, the available literature is based largely on the use of ceramic endocrowns. 2-4 It was observed that data pertaining to endocrown fabrication with other indirect restorative materials is still limited, and the choice is still unclear.Indirect composites show enhanced mechanical properties, creation of ideal contacts and contours, favourable wear, aesthetics and can serve as an economical alternative to ceramics.5 Hence, this paper attempts to present a case report of functional and aesthetic rehabilitation of an endodontically treated molar with an endocrown restoration utilising indirect composite (SR Adoro System).

Amara Swapna Lingam,1,&ast; Pradeep Koppolu,2,&ast; Sara Ahmad Alhussein,1 Rawa Kamal Abdelrahim,2 Ghadah Salim Abusalim,3 Sally ElHaddad,1 Sadaf Asrar,4 Mohammad Zakaria Nassani,5 Sarah Salah Gaafar,5,6 Ferdous Mohammed T Bukhary,2,7 AbdulRahman Saeed AlGhamdi,8 Ali Barakat,5 Mohammed Noushad,5 Hesham Almoallim1,9 1Department of Surgical and Diagnostic Sciences, Dar Al Uloom University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; 2Department of Preventive Dental Sciences Dar Al Uloom University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; 3Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, AlKharj, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; 4Department Oral Biology, Liaquat college of Medicine and Dentistry, Karachi, Pakistan; 5Department of Restorative and Prosthetic Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Dar Al Uloom University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; 6Conservative Dentistry Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt; 7Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; 8Dental Department, Security Forces Hospital Program, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; 9Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11545, Saudi Arabia&ast;These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Amara Swapna Lingam, Department of Surgical and Diagnostic Sciences, Dar Al Uloom Univeristy, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, Email lingam@dau.edu.saBackground: Human papilloma virus (HPV) infection forms a major etiological factor for oropharyngeal cancer (OPC), which has exhibited increased global incidence.Aim: To compare the knowledge regarding HPV, its association with OPC, and HPV vaccine among students from different countries, years of the undergraduate program, and gender.Methods: The current multinational cross-sectional study was conducted in 886 undergraduate dental students from Egypt, India, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, UAE, and Sudan through Google survey forms from July 2021 to September 2021. The survey form comprised 27 items divided into four sections. The answers to the questionnaire were compared among students from different countries, different years of the undergraduate program, and males and females. Chi-square test was used to evaluate the correlation between the demographic characteristics of students and their knowledge regarding HPV and OPC.Results: Females exhibited a better knowledge regarding knowledge and perception on HPV vaccine, whereas males exhibited a better knowledge regarding HPV and its correlation with OPC, and these differences were statistically significant (P < 0.05). The third- and fourth-year undergraduate students displayed a higher awareness of OPC and its connection with HPV than other year students, and this variance was found to be statistically significant (P < 0.001). Third-year and internship students exhibited a more positive attitude and comfort regarding the vaccine and discussing the same with patients than the other educational-level students. Students from India exhibited better knowledge about HPV and its association with OPC than the students from other countries, and this difference was statistically significant (P < 0.001).Conclusion: Disparities in knowledge regarding HPV-related oral cancer have been detected among the female and male participants among different nations. From the entire study population, Indian students exhibited better knowledge regarding HPV. Females from all the nations exhibited a more positive attitude and comfort regarding the vaccine and discussing the same with patients than males. The results of this necessitate intervention measures including training workshops and awareness campaigns. Improving their knowledge regarding the same may increase their awareness, resulting in better patient care.Keywords: carcinoma, squamous cell, human papillomavirus 16, oropharyngeal neoplasms, papillomavirus infections, papillomavirus vaccines, sexually transmitted diseases

Periodontitis is commonly diagnosed based on clinical parameters. However, the analysis of a few unique biomarkers of the disease process present in the saliva and blood can further assist the estimation of the rate of disease progression. Aim The present study attempted to correlate the alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and acid phosphatase (ACP) levels in saliva and serum between patients with healthy periodontium, gingivitis, and chronic periodontitis. Materials and methods The present study was conducted in 135 subjects between 20 and 55 years of age. The subjects were divided into three groups, namely healthy (Group A), gingivitis (Group B), and chronic periodontitis (Group C). The clinical parameters were recorded using the plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), and probing depth (PD). Saliva and serum were analyzed for ALP and ACP levels using an auto analyzer. All patients underwent scaling and root planning (SRP) along with oral hygiene instructions. Patients were then recalled after four weeks, and blood and saliva samples were collected to estimate ALP and ACP levels prior to clinical examination. Results The clinical parameters exhibited a statistically significant decrease in the PI and GI in both group B and group C after SRP. A significant change in the PD and attachment levels (AL) was observed in the periodontitis group after SRP. The mean salivary & serum ALP levels exhibited a statistically significant decrease in group B & C after SRP. The mean serum ACP levels exhibited a statistically significant decrease in group B & C after SRP However, the salivary ACP levels decrease after SRP was only statistically significant in group C. Conclusion Serum and salivary ALP and ACP levels were markedly decreased in the gingivitis and periodontitis groups after SRP and were positively correlated with the clinical parameters.

To assess the tensile bond strength (TBS) of conventional glass ionomer cement (GIC) and resin cemented fiber post to radicular dentin when disinfected with different photosensitizers methylene blue photosensitizer (MBP), curcumin photosensitizer (CP), and laser therapy Er, Cr: YSGG laser (ECYL) MATERIAL AND METHODS: Sixty carefully extracted, non-traumatic, non-carious, closed apex human mandibular premolars were collected. Periodontal fibers, plaque, or calculi were detached. Decoration of samples was executed up till the cementoenamel junction. Samples were embedded perpendicularly in a heat cure acrylic resin. Canals of all specimens were shaped and cleaned with Protaper universal NiTi system dehydrated with paper points and obturated with gutta-percha. Post space was prepared after the removal of gutta-percha via peso reamers. Post space was disinfected with MBPv100mg/L in group 1; group 2 500 mg/L and group 3 ECL. After sequential photo-irradiation therapies, fiber post was luted with resinous cement and GIC (n = 10 each). After post-cementation, all specimens were subjected to tensile strength in the universal testing machine in Newton. Failure analysis was assessed at 30x magnification.TBS determination was statistically analyzed by one-way variance analysis (ANOVA), followed by the Tukey test (p= 0.05) by parallelizing different groups.Fiber post cemented to radicular dentin with Rely X ARC resin cement and radicular canal disinfected with CP offered the highest TBS (289.25±3.27 N). Similarly, canal space disinfected with MBP and post-luted via Rely X ARC showed the lowest TBS (281.54±4.46 N). Intragroup comparison unveiled that there is no statistical difference between tensile strength sustained by two luting cement (p0.05).Rely X ARC resinous cement bared the highest tensile bond strength for a post-dentine-cement bond with different photo-activated canal disinfectants (Methylene blue photosensitizer, Curcumin photosensitizer) and Er, Cr: YSGG then Vidrion C (GIC).

The management of oral submucous fibrosis (OSF) is quite challenging, and as yet, no effective therapy is available for its management. The present systematic review and meta-analysis sought to assess the effectiveness of aloe vera in alleviating pain and clinical signs of OSF. A comprehensive search in PubMed/Medline, Scopus, and Web of Science databases was conducted to identify the relevant randomized clinical trials. RevMan 5.3 software was used for data analysis. Six randomized controlled trials fulfilled the inclusion criteria. The results of meta-analysis showed statistically significant differences between aloe vera and control groups in alleviating pain/burning sensation at the end of the first and second month, in favor of aloe vera, but no significant differences were found at the end of the third month. With regard to objective clinical outcomes, no statistically significant differences were found between the groups. Aloe vera has a promising effect in reducing pain/burning sensation and clinical improvement in patients with OSF. However, owing to the marked heterogeneity of the included studies, conducting well-designed trials with long follow-up periods, standardized outcome measures and adequate sample sizes are warranted.

Dental radiology has long played an exciting and critical diagnostic role in dentistry. This has been never truer than now with the rapidly expanding array of imaging modalities. Radiography offers the sole method of (non-surgical) analysis of bone required for implant therapy. The choice of when to image, along with which imaging modality to use, depends on a combination of factors including determination of the bone quality and quantity to establish the most favorable position of implant placement, detection of the presence or absence of pathoses and accessibility at a reasonable cost to the patient. In addition, exposing patients to radiation dose as low as reasonably achievable should always be considered when selecting radiographic examinations. This article, reviews the current concepts on implant planning using different radiographic techniques and their applicability to facilitate the clinician's work in successful implant placement.