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O presente trabalho tem como objetivo examinar as evidências existentes sobre a incidência dos métodos no desempenho acadêmico de alunos na aprendizagem de matemática. A partir do desenho metodológico, este estudo se baseia em uma revisão sistemática da literatura sobre estudos relacionados aos métodos para a aprendizagem da matemática onde os artigos são identificados, categorizados e analisados, apontando suas características e sintetizando os principais tópicos de pesquisa e seu conteúdo. Para isso, a base de dados consultada foi Scopus por seu grande reconhecimento internacional onde foram selecionados um total de seis artigos científicos correspondentes aos anos 2014-2019 cujos conteúdos versavam sobre métodos de aprendizagem em relação ao desempenho acadêmico nas matemáticas. Os resultados mostram diferentes aspectos como a autoria dos artigos, os periódicos onde foram publicados, o tipo de pesquisa, as técnicas de coleta de dados utilizadas e os tópicos de pesquisa inerentes às técnicas implementadas no processo de aprendizagem da matemática. Além disso, se realizou uma análise focada no conteúdo de 5 tópicos identificados: a implementação dos métodos de aprendizagem, competência geradas pelos métodos de aprendizagem, a utilização de recursos tecnológicos no processo de aprendizagem, o contexto onde são utilizados os métodos de aprendizagem e, finalmente, a influência dos métodos de aprendizagem no desempenho acadêmico dos alunos na matemática.

Anxiety disorder is one of the most well-characterized behavioral disorders in individuals subjected to acute or chronic stress. However, few studies have demonstrated how different types of stressors can modulate the neurochemical alterations involved in the generation of anxiety. In this study, we hypothesize that subjects exposed to different aversive stimuli (mechanical, chemical, and spatial restriction) present varied intensities of anxiety-like responses associated with distinct patterns of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glutamate release in the brain. Adult zebrafish, Danio rerio (n = 60), were randomly divided into four experimental groups; control, acute restraint stress (ARS), conspecific alarm substance (CAS), and chasing with net (CN). After the stress protocols, the animals were individually transferred to a novel tank diving test for behavioral analysis. Subsequently, their brains were collected and subjected to GABA and glutamate release assay for quantification by HPLC. Our behavioral results showed that all aversive stimuli were capable of inducing anxiety-like behavior. However, the impact of anxiogenic behavior was more prominent in the CN and CAS groups when compared to ARS. This phenomenon was evident in all analyzed behavioral parameters (time on top, freezing, mean speed, maximum speed, and erratic swimming). Our data also showed that all aversive stimuli significantly decreased GABA release compared to the control group. Only animals exposed to CN and CAS presented an increase in extracellular glutamate levels. Different acute stressors induced different levels of anxiety-like behavior in zebrafish as well as specific alterations in GABAergic and glutamatergic release in the brain. These results demonstrate the complexity of anxiety disorders, highlighting that both behavioral and neurochemical responses are highly context-dependent.

Understanding the impact of stress on cognitive processes, particularly decision-making, is crucial as it underpins behaviors essential for survival. However, research in this domain has yielded disparate results, with inconsistencies evident across stress-induction paradigms and drug administration protocols designed to investigate specific stress pathways or neuromodulators. Building upon empirical studies, this research identifies a multifaceted matrix of variables contributing to the divergent findings. This matrix encompasses factors such as the temporal proximity between stressors and decision tasks, the nature of stressors and decision contexts, individual characteristics including psychobiological profiles and affective states at the time of decision-making and even cultural influences. In response to these complexities, we propose a comprehensive model that integrates these relevant factors and their intricate interplay to elucidate the mechanisms governing decision-making during stressful events. By synthesizing these insights, our model not only refines existing paradigms but also provides a framework for future study designs, offering avenues for theoretical advancements and translational developments in the field of stress's impact on cognitive functions. This research contributes to a deeper understanding of the nuanced relationship between stress and decision-making, ultimately advancing our knowledge of cognitive processes under challenging conditions.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the transport distance and lairage time on behavioral indicators of zebu beef cattle in the resting pen of a slaughterhouse using the focal animal technique. Eight lots of male zebu cattle, Nelore, aged approximately 4 years old, weighing on average 500 ± 28.5 kg-1, from different municipalities, transported by land, were evaluated. The lots were grouped into two categories: short distance (> 500 km) and long distance (> 500 km). Five focal animals per evaluated lot were used in each cycle of behavior observation, randomly chosen, and visually identified. The animal focal sampling method was used, with instantaneous recording, every 5 min per animal/h. A video camera was used and placed at a fixed point in the corral. After slaughtering, bruises and carcass pH were evaluated. The respiratory rate (RR) was measured in two moments, 30 min after unloading (RR_I) and 1 h before slaughtering (RR_F); behavioral data were divided into four lairage periods (1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th) equally and evaluated as repeated measures over time. The lairage time lowered the behaviors of headbutting (NCHBs), pushing (PsH), mounting (MT), and chasing away (CA), (p = 0.0001), and these behaviors were more evident in animals transported for short distances in the initial resting times, decreasing as they remained in the resting pen. There was effect of distance on the initial and final pH of the carcass, being greater in the short distance (p = 0.047). There was no effect of distance or lairage time on initial or final RR (p > 0.05). In addition, animals transported over long distances showed less carcass injuries, which were observed during post mortem inspection. It is concluded that animals transported over short distances present a greater number of agonistic behaviors, such as NCHBs, MT, PsH, and CA, predisposing to higher rates of bruising during lairage and more accentuated changes in the final pH of the meat.

This study aims to present a proposal for using the focal animal recording technique to evaluate the welfare of buffaloes and to verify the association between each behavior and thermal comfort indices. The study was conducted in an experimental paddock located in Santarém, Pará, Brazil. A total of 10 female Murrah animals were used. The behavior of the animals was recorded during the day, with the use of three trained observers, for 72 consecutive h. Climatic variables were collected, and the Temperature–Humidity Index (THI) and the practical Buffalo Comfort Climatic Conditions Index (BCCCIp) were determined. The multivariate technique of principal components and Spearman’s correlation were employed. BCCCIp and THI were outside the thermal comfort zone at different times of the day. Grazing (P) was more frequent in the coldest hours of the day, while rumination occurred at different periods, mainly during the daytime and frequently in a lying position. There was a positive correlation between idle lying behavior and average temperature—Tmed (r = 0.583; p

Abstract The objective of this study was to perform a meta-analysis of publications that reported the association between dispositional optimism and depression during youth, analyzing if the strength of this relationship varied according to potential factors. Systematic searches were carried out in APA PsycNet, Virtual Health Library, Embase, Web of Science, PubMed Central, and Scopus to collect English, Portuguese, or Spanish studies from 2009 onwards. Two reviewers selected the eligible articles, assessed the quality of each study, and extracted the data. For the synthesis of the results, a meta-analytic approach was used. We identified 4077 publications in the initial searches and 22 in the supplementary searches, from which 31 studies remained for analysis once the eligibility criteria were applied. The results showed a statistically significant negative association between dispositional optimism and depression in the young population, age being a factor that modifies the effect measure between these variables. This meta-analysis provides a consistent and robust synthesis on the interaction effect between dispositional optimism and depression in the young population. Based on these findings, early clinical admissions may effectively improve optimistic tendencies in young people, which could help them prevent depressive symptoms or episodes.

Introdução: Parâmetros morfofuncionais e sensório-motores podem estar associados com o desempenho em praticantes de taekwondo (TKD). Objetivo: Comparar a eficácia de processos sensório-motores e parâmetros morfofuncionais associados em jovens adultos universitários, comparando sedentários com atletas de TKD. Métodos: A amostra foi por conveniência constituída por 15 sujeitos do sexo masculino divididos em dois grupos: grupo taekwondo (TKD) e grupo controle (GC), não praticantes de exercício físico (sedentários). Os parâmetros morfofuncionais examinados foram avaliações antropométricas (massa corporal, estatura, Índice de Massa Corporal: IMC) e qualidades físicas (flexibilidade toracolombar e força escapular). Para verificação da eficácia dos processos sensório-motores foi aplicado o teste do tempo de reação (TR) utilizando-se o aplicativo TReaction. Os dados foram apresentados como estatísticas descritivas com valores de média e desvio padrão. Para avaliar a normalidade de distribuição, utilizou-se o teste Shapiro Wilk. O teste t para amostras independentes foi aplicado para comparação entre os grupos. O nível de significância foi estabelecido a 95%. Resultados: Houve diferença estatisticamente significativa nos processos sensório-motores TR (t(13)=-2,904, p=0,0012) e em flexibilidade (t(13)=2,583, p=0,023) na comparação de sedentários com atletas de TKD. Não houve diferenças significativas nos parâmetros morfológicos (massa corporal, estatura, IMC) e em idade. Conclusão: Tais resultados sugerem que um menor TR no TKD pode ser resultado de uma melhor adaptação neuromuscular em decorrência da prática sistemática da modalidade. A mesma inferência pode ser feita a partir dos valores superiores para a flexibilidade toracolombar para o grupo TKD.

A Luta Marajoara (LM) é uma modalidade esportiva de combate ainda pouco investigada. Caracterizada como luta de agarre, a LM demanda peculiaridades ainda pouco conhecidas, como a relação entre a constituição física e uso de técnicas competitivas. O estudo tem como objetivo analisar o desempenho técnico-tático da LM em termos de técnicas utilizadas e configuração dos combates. Trata-se de um estudo transversal e observacional realizado a partir de uma amostra constituída por três atletas masculinos com idades entre 23 e 33 anos. Os atletas foram filmados em ambiente natural durante um combate simulado de LM na perspectiva de levantar alguns elementos técnicos da LM, tais como: atitudes defensivas, técnica de ataque, queda e luta de solo. Os resultados permitem as seguintes conclusões: Não existe um padrão técnico-tático em LM e sim uma combinação de elementos envolvendo, acervo técnico-tático, tempo de prática e indicadores antropométricos; Elementos temporais e funcionais são configurados a partir de seu local de prática; A cabeçada é a técnica mais frequente, sendo muito utilizada quando combinada com outras técnicas; O trabalho defensivo é muito similar entre os atletas, o mesmo não acontece em relação à luta de chão, onde se observou diferenças na configuração da luta. Espera-se que o estudo possa ser útil na proposição de programas de treinamento voltados ao desempenho técnico-tático da LM.

Anxiety disorder is a well-recognized condition observed in subjects submitted to acute stress. Although the brain mechanisms underlying this disorder remain unclear, the available evidence indicates that oxidative stress and GABAergic dysfunction mediate the generation of stress-induced anxiety. Cannabinoids are known to be efficient modulators of behavior, given that the activation of the cannabinoid receptors type-1 (CB1 receptors) induces anxiolytic-like effects in animal models. In the present study, we aimed to describe the effects of the stimulation of the CB1 receptors on anxiety-like behavior, oxidative stress, and the GABA content of the brains of zebrafish submitted to acute restraint stress (ARS). The animals submitted to the ARS protocol presented evident anxiety-like behavior with increased lipid peroxidation in the brain tissue. The evaluation of the levels of GABA in the zebrafish telencephalon presented decreased levels of GABA in the ARS group in comparison with the control. Treatment with ACEA, a specific CB1 receptor agonist, prevented ARS-induced anxiety-like behavior and oxidative stress in the zebrafish brain. ACEA treatment also prevented a decrease in GABA in the telencephalon of the animals submitted to the ARS protocol. Overall, these preclinical data strongly suggest that the CB1 receptors represent a potential target for the development of the treatment of anxiety disorders elicited by acute stress.

Aggression is a behavior that involves a simultaneous activation of physiological, biochemical, neurological and behavioral components and emotions, such as anxiety and anger. In humans, sports can be considered as a form of display because they allow aggression to be expressed with a low probability of permanent damage to subjects. The competitions have been used as models to evaluate the activation produced by its different stages, such as the outcome of the combat. Judo has been used as a model of competitive aggression to evaluate the different body responses in agonistic behaviors in humans, since it offers a context to those studied in animal fights. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of win / lose in the levels of anger and anxiety in regional judo fighters, male, linked to the Pará Federation of Judo, Brazil. The STAXI and STAI psychometric scales were used, and their results were compared with those of the general population of Brazil and used in a correlation analysis to know the interaction between the components of the scales with the total number of strikes, using a pre/post fight evaluation and the filming of the fights. Differences were found between winners and losers, statistically significant (p

Introdução: Modalidades de combate apresentam crescente popularidade, o que tem sido acompanhado por elevado interesse acadêmico-científico. No judô, o estudo de elementos da luta, podem auxiliar na identificação de determinantes para o desempenho. Objetivo: Descrever e examinar a correlação linear inter-intra de variáveis morfofuncionais com componentes de desempenho técnico-tático do judô. Métodos: Estudo transversal e observacional, com amostra por conveniência, envolvendo doze atletas do sexo masculino (21,25 ± 5,04 anos). Foram realizadas medidas antropométricas e avaliadas força de preensão manual (FPM), flexibilidade tóraco-lombar e de pernas (FTLP) e calculou-se o Índice de Massa Corporal (IMC). O desempenho técnico-tático foi examinado pela análise de tempo-movimento a partir de filmagem dos atletas, em situação de combate real de competição. A normalidade na distribuição dos dados foi testada por Shapiro Wilk. A distribuição dos tipos de golpe foi analisada por ANOVA seguido de teste de Turkey. Para a análise de correlação usou-se o coeficiente de correlação bivariada de Pearson. Resultados: As principais correlações positivas fortes foram: de massa corporal com técnica de perna (r=0,668, p=0,018), de FPM com o tempo de disputa de pegada (r=0,682, p=0,030) e de IMC com FPM (r=0,608 p=0,018). Além disso, apresentou uma correlação negativa forte de FTLP com tempo de disputa de pegada (r=-0,664, p=0,036) e de IMC com FTLP (r=-0,725 p=0,004). Conclusão: A massa corporal e a FPM parecem estar associadas ao tipo de golpe e ao tempo de disputa de pegada, evidenciando a existência de correlações entre variáveis antropométricas e de tempo-movimento dentro do judô.

Considering the complexity of judo and the ample energy and neuromuscular demands, a whole process of competitive preparation must be directed to different physical capacities allowing the athlete to perform his combat actions with the best suitability possible. Mapping the behaviour of a judo athlete from observations of behaviour units in a real fighting situation would be a way of trying to identify the best topography or the best "aptitude" to achieve victory. The present investigation analysed the judo from the interactions of a real competition situation, aiming to verify, between winners and losers, possible differences or correlations between anthropometric parameters, motor performance and functional behaviours in a competitive situation. The results showed that: a) the experience is decisive between winning or losing; b) leg techniques are the most used between winners and losers, and losers use them more frequently; c) there are different strategies between fights; d) The energy cost in judo depends on the configuration of the fights. It is believed that such results can help coaches and athletes in guiding and rationalizing the training process in relation to performance determinants in judo.

Introdução: Esportes de combate de domínio como o judô e o jiu-jitsu apresentam algumas características comuns entre si. Entre elas, a manutenção de pequena distância entre os oponentes para executar a dinâmica da luta e a exigência de ações motoras específicas para a execução de movimentos de agarrar, empurrar e imobilizar em curto espaço. Objetivo: Comparar a força de preensão manual e a flexibilidade de atletas de judô e de jiu-jitsu com vista a identificar possíveis diferenças neuromusculares em tais modalidades. Métodos: Estudo transversal e observacional, em que foram avaliados 33 atletas do sexo masculino, com idades variando entre 18 e 30 anos, recrutados por conveniência e divididos em dois grupos segundo modalidade esportiva judô (JD) e jiu-jitsu (JJ). Os atletas foram submetidos à medidas antropométricas de massa corporal, estatura e Índice de Massa Corporal (IMC) e testes motores de força de preensão manual (FPM) e flexibilidade. A comparação entre os grupos foi realizada através de ANOVA de uma via para cada quesito (p

A major hindrance for the development of psychiatric drugs is the prediction of how treatments can alter complex behaviors in assays which have good throughput and physiological complexity. Here we report the development of a medium-throughput screen for drugs which alter anxiety-like behavior in adult zebrafish. The observed phenotypes were clustered according to shared behavioral effects. This barcoding procedure revealed conserved functions of anxiolytic, anxiogenic and psychomotor stimulating drugs and predicted effects of poorly characterized compounds on anxiety. Moreover, anxiolytic drugs all decreased, while anxiogenic drugs increased, serotonin turnover. These results underscore the power of behavioral profiling in adult zebrafish as an approach which combines throughput and physiological complexity in the pharmacological dissection of complex behaviors.

Hormonal action is one of the main factors for behavioral change observed in women, during the menstrual cycle, and especially in the premenstrual period, most women report a variation of mood and anxiety. The aim of this work was to verify the degrees of anxiety during the menstrual cycle, charting their variation and the possible influence of oral contraceptive use. For this purpose 32 women, divided in two groups according to the use (B) or not use (A) of oral contraceptive, with selfapplication of the STAI (State-Trait Anxiety Inventory) at three different times: before, during and after menstruation. The data was tabulated and analyzed statistically, indicating a variation of anxiety level for different menstrual periods, but with no significance as to anxiety type (trait or state) or to the ingestion of contraceptive. For Trait-Anxiety, the post-test (Boferroni T-Test) of variation among periods indicated significant difference for post-menstrual and other periods, in the A group; and between the premenstrual and menstrual periods, in the B group. For State Anxiety, the data indicated significant differences between the premenstrual and menstrual periods, in the A group, and between the premenstrual and menstrual periods and the menstrual and post-menstrual in the B group. The results indicate that: 1) the menstrual cycle is a generator of variations of related anxiety; 2) the use of oral contraceptives does not alter this relation; and 3) the correlated diminution of the Trait Anxiety may indicate alteration in self-perception of women during the menstrual cycle. Keywords: anxiety; mestrual cycle; STAI.

The Elevated plus maze is one of the most popular models to study animal anxiety. Anxiety can be influenced by physiological factors, such as the hormonal state. The aim of the present work is to investigate the relationship between estrus cycle and rat exploratory behavior in the elevated plus maze. The study made use of male (n = 13) and female rats (n = 61). The females had their estral phase identified and were divided into 3 groups according to their hormonal state: Proestrus (N = 23), Estrous (N = 19) and Diestrous (N = 19). All animals were submitted to a 5-min session in the elevated plus maze. The data indicate differences between the diestrus group and male group in the percentage of time spent in the open arms, but do not in the percentage of entries. Keywords: estral cycle; anxiety; elevated plus maze.

O objetivo deste artigo é mapear as relações do conceito de modelo e sua utilização na pesquisa cotidiana em psicopatologia experimental. Para isto, aproximamos o conceito de modelo com o de metáfora e seus elementos.

Este trabalho objetivou verificar o desempenho de homens e mulheres em uma tarefa de discriminação perceptiva de sons e o efeito de aprendizagem anterior sobre esta discriminação. O experimento foi realizado com 17 homens e 17 mulheres, submetidos individualmente a uma sessão de coleta de dados composta de questionário padronizado e de teste de discriminação com vinte tentativas gravadas em um CD-ROM. A análise estatística dos dados indicou diferenças de desempenho entre pessoas com e sem experiência musical prévia [F(1,33)=14,69, p

The present article tried to establish dark/light preference in five different species of teleosts. We proposed, using the data obtained with this method in zebrafishes (Danio rerio), Cardinal-tetras (Paracheirodon axelrodi), lambaris (Astyanax altiparanae), Nile tilapias (Oreochromis niloticus), guppies (Poecilia reticulata) and banded-knife fishes (Gymnotus carapo), that preference for dark environments is a reliable and low-cost index of anxiety/fear in those species. A scototactic pattern of exploration was found in all species, and the pattern of locomotion in the white environment suggests its aversiveness for those species, with the exception of G. carapo and O. niloticus. A comparative analysis uncovered species differences in approach-avoidance dimensions of the task. The data are discussed in terms of the behavioral ecology of the animals and prey-predator relationships, suggesting a link with predator defense strategies in teleost.

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