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Nanotechnology has become integral in the improvement of methodology used to identify and treat various cancers. Nanoparticles (NPs) exhibit unique features that enhance sensitivity and selectivity and subsequently reduce the time required to detect early-stage cancer through biomarkers. NPs improve the therapeutic efficiency of anticancer agents when compared with conventional methods, such as chemotherapy, and thereby eliminate toxicity and side effects, which helps improve the stability, solubility, half-life, and tumor aggregation of an anticancer drug. This also helps expedite the treatment cycle by enabling a real-time assessment, quickly circumventing various biological barriers, improving vectorization and delivery, overcoming drug resistance, and developing various paths for the manufacturing of new synthetic vaccines. Nanomedicine has usually involved studies on solid-state cancers because it can increase the cell permeability and retention effect experienced within the tumor areas to improve regional accumulation and efficacy. Nanomedicine for leukemia and lymphoma is addressed differently from solid-state cancers because of the absence of the enhanced permeability and retention effect.Nevertheless, nanomedicine has enabled the development of various modern innovative techniques for simple and noninvasive procedures for prior analysis of cancers with subsequent diffuse tumor treatment. In this assessment, we consider various unique constructs on NPs that can predominantly enhance therapeutic treatment over diffused tumors by increasing control, from preclinical testing to medicinal trials. Nanotechnology combines nanodiagnostics, nanotherapeutics, and nanotheranostics for improved imaging and diagnoses of early stage cancers. Furthermore, the primacy of nanoplatforms has been discussed for an invaluable position in this blended method. There are many types of NPs, such as organic, inorganic, and hybrid NPs. The minute size of NPs makes them ideal for intracellular uptake, and the large surface area ratio allows functional interactions with various compounds. This review also covers targeting cancerous cells via inducing lysosomal autophagy using gold NPs.

Injectable hydrogel provides an excellent substrate for bone tissue engineering (BTE) applications due to its water base, and capacity to encapsulate, manipulate, and easily reach to the adjacent tissue with minimal invasiveness. The purpose of the present study, is to develop an injectable hydrogel with a combination of chitosan, hyaluronic acid, and hydroxyapatite for enhanced bone regeneration and remodeling. Blend hydrogels have enough surface roughness and porosity that helps to attach bone cells. Hydrogel synthesis was confirmed with XRD, FTIR, EDX and TGA characterization. These hydrogels demonstrated adequate swelling and mechanical properties for its use in BTE applications. These hydrogels have the acceptable range of mechanical strength required for injectable hydrogels for bone regeneration. The synthesized hydrogel showed enough range of percolation capacity needed for the permeability of medicine, growth factors, and nutritional molecules. All these findings suggest the use of synthesized hydrogels for bone regeneration in biomedical engineering applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Suppression of T cell response is thought to be involved in the pathogenesis of visceral leishmaniasis (VL). Regulatory T cell (Treg) mediated immune-suppression is reported in animal models of Leishmania infection. However, their precise role among human patients still requires pathologic validation. The present study is aimed at understanding the frequency dynamics and function of Treg cells in the blood and bone marrow (BM) of VL patients. The study included 42 parasitologically confirmed patients, 17 healthy contact and 9 normal bone marrow specimens (NBM). We show i) the selective accumulation of Treg cells at one of the disease inflicted site(s), the BM, ii) their in vitro expansion in response to LD antigen and iii) persistence after successful chemotherapy. Results indicate that the Treg cells isolated from BM produces IL-10 and may inhibit T cell activation in IL-10 dependent manner. Moreover, we observed significantly higher levels of IL-10 among drug unresponsive patients, suggesting their critical role in suppression of immunity among VL patients. Our results suggest that IL-10 plays an important role in suppression of host immunity in human VL and possibly determines the efficacy of chemotherapy.

Pathogenesis of tuberculosis is marked with infection of macrophages followed by expansion of M. tuberculosis. Every step of this host-pathogen interaction is determined by the battle between the pathogen and host immune factors. It starts with phagocytosis of bacilli by mononuclear cells including alveolar macrophages and Dendritic Cells (DCs), both of which are Antigen Presenting Cells (APCs). Phagocytosed M. tuberculosis is subject to degradation by various means inside the phagolysosome. This very specific anti-M. tuberculosis mechanism within the phagocytes is well orchestrated. Upon activation, macrophages exhibit elevated levels of various intermediates via the oxidative burst, which effectively kills the pathogen and inhibits its dissemination. Generation of these intermediates and then their neutralization is intricately linked with the balance of divalent and trivalent iron metals in and outside of the cell. This review will bring the insight of host-M. tuberculosis interaction and its effectiveness in containment of the disease. Furthermore, the physiological balance of iron, its pathogen driven perturbance as well as its effect on the disease will also be discussed.