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Identifying cellular reservoirs of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) in patients on antiretroviral therapy (ART) is critical to finding a cure for HIV-1. In addition to resting CD4(+) T cells, CD34(+) hematopoietic progenitor cells have been proposed as another reservoir. We obtained bone marrow aspirates from 11 patients on ART who had undetectable plasma HIV-1 RNA. HIV-1 DNA was detected in CD4(+) T cells from peripheral blood in all patients and from bone marrow cellular fractions containing T cells in most patients. We did not find HIV-1 DNA in highly purified CD34(+) populations using either a sensitive real-time polymerase chain reaction assay or a coculture assay for replication-competent HIV-1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a ubiquitous herpesvirus, and Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) has a restricted seroprevalence. Both viruses are associated with malignancies that have an increased frequency in individuals who are coinfected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1).Methods: To obtain an overview of humoral immune responses to these viruses, we generated a protein array that displayed 174 EBV and KSHV polypeptides purified from yeast. Antibody responses to EBV and KSHV were examined in plasma from healthy volunteers and patients with B cell lymphoma or with AIDS-related Kaposi's sarcoma or lymphoma.Results: In addition to the commonly studied antigens, IgG responses were frequently detected to the tegument proteins KSHV ORF38 and EBV BBRF and BGLF2 and BNRF1 and to the EBV early lytic proteins BRRF1 and BORF2. The EBV vIL-10 protein was particularly well recognized by plasma IgA. The most intense IgG responses to EBV antigens occurred in HIV-1-positive patients. No clear correlation was observed between viral DNA load in plasma and antibody profile.Conclusions: The protein array provided a sensitive platform for global screening; identified new, frequently recognized viral antigens; and revealed a broader humoral response to EBV compared with KSHV in the same patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Paclitaxel and pegylated liposomal doxorubicin (PLD) are active cytotoxic agents for the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-associated Kaposi sarcoma (KS). A randomized trial comparing the efficacy and toxicity of paclitaxel and PLD was performed, and the effects of therapy on symptom palliation and quality of life were determined.Methods: Patients with advanced HIV-associated KS were randomly assigned to receive paclitaxel at a dose of 100 mg/m2 intravenously (iv) every 2 weeks or PLD at a dose of 20 mg/m2 iv every 3 weeks. The KS Functional Assessment of HIV (FAHI) quality of life instrument was used before and after every other treatment cycle.Results: The study included 73 analyzable patients enrolled between 1998 and 2002, including 36 in the paclitaxel arm and 37 in the PLD arm; 73% of patients received highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) and 32% had an undetectable viral load (<400 copies/mL). Treatment was associated with significant improvements in pain (P=.024) and swelling (P<.001). Of the 36 patients who reported that pain interfered with their normal work or activities at baseline, 25 (69%) improved. Of the 41 patients who reported swelling at baseline, 38 (93%) improved. Comparing the paclitaxel and PLD arms revealed comparable response rates (56% vs 46%; P=.49), median progression-free survival (17.5 months vs 12.2 months; P=.66), and 2-year survival rates (79% vs 78%; P=.75), but somewhat more grade 3 to 5 toxicity for paclitaxel (84% vs 66%; P=.077).Conclusions: Treatment with either paclitaxel or PLD appears to produce significant improvements in pain and swelling in patients with advanced, symptomatic, HIV-associated KS treated in the HAART era. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Patients with relapsed classic Hodgkin lymphomas (cHLs) receive salvage therapy with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) or chemotherapy (no-ICI). Patients responding to therapy often undergo consolidation with allogeneic blood or marrow transplantation (alloBMT). We previously reported that relapsed patients with cHL treated with ICI followed by alloBMT experienced improved 3-year progression-free survival (PFS) compared with patients treated with salvage chemotherapy without ICI followed by alloBMT. In this retrospective analysis, we report the 5-year overall survival (OS), PFS, and graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) incidence in patients with cHL treated with ICI before alloBMT with post-transplantation cyclophosphamide GVHD prophylaxis. Among the 147 relapsed/refractory patients with cHL, 71 (48.3%) received ICIs and 76 (51.7%) received chemotherapy without ICIs (no-ICI) before alloBMT. We observed an improved 5-year estimated OS of 91% (ICI) vs 66% (no-ICI; hazard ratio [HR], 0.39; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.16-0.98; P = .046) and a 5-year estimated PFS of 84% (ICI) vs 53% (no-ICI; HR, 0.4; 95% CI, 0.2-0.81; P = .011). The 12-month cumulative incidence of grade 3 to 4 GVHD was 20% (ICI) and 7% (no-ICI; subdistribution hazard ratio (SDHR), 3.16; 95% CI, 1.13-8.81; P = .03). More frequent grade 3 to 4 acute GVHD was likely due to the higher incidence of grade 3 to 4 acute GVHD in the subset of patients with pretransplant exposure to ICI and shortened duration (60 days) of immunosuppression vs patients with long immunosuppression (day 180). These data suggest that patients with cHL treated with ICI and alloBMT experience improved OS, and the GVHD risk can be mitigated by immunosuppression until day 180., (© 2025 American Society of Hematology. Published by Elsevier Inc. Licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0), permitting only noncommercial, nonderivative use with attribution. All other rights reserved.)

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is an oncogenic virus associated with various malignancies, including classical Hodgkin lymphoma (cHL). Despite its known association, the specific role of humoral immune response to EBV remains poorly characterized in cHL. To address this, we conducted a study using a custom protein microarray to measure the antibody responses in cHL patients and matched healthy controls recruited from an East-Asian hospital-based case-control study. We identified 16 IgG antibodies significantly elevated in EBV-positive cHL compared with controls, defining an "East-Asian antibody signature of EBV-positive cHL." We evaluated responses against these 16 antibodies in a distinct European population, leveraging data from our previous European cHL case-control study from the UK, Denmark, and Sweden. A subset of antibodies (14/16, 87.5%) from the "East-Asian antibody signature of EBV-positive cHL" exhibited significant associations with cHL in the European population. Conversely, we assessed the "European antibody signature of EBV-positive cHL" identified in our prior study which consisted of 18 EBV antibodies (2 IgA, 16 IgG), in the East-Asian population. A subset of these antibodies (15/18, 83.3%) maintained significant associations with cHL in the East-Asian population. This cross-comparison of antibody signatures underscores the robust generalizability of EBV antibodies across populations. Five anti-EBV IgG antibodies (LMP-1, TK, BALF2, BDLF3, and BBLF1), found in both population-specific antibody signatures, represent a "core signature of EBV-positive cHL." Our findings suggest that the antibody responses targeting these core EBV proteins reflect a specific EBV gene expression pattern, serving as potential biomarkers for EBV-positive cHL independent of population-specific factors., (© 2024 The Author(s). International Journal of Cancer published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of UICC.)

Background: Prospective data from sub-Saharan Africa suggests that treatment outcomes for people living with HIV (PWH) with Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) are similar to those without HIV. However, real-world data from high-resource settings and retrospective studies from sub-Saharan Africa, suggest inferior outcomes. We set out to evaluate the real-world treatment outcomes for HL in South Africa to better understand the disparate outcomes., Methods: We established a prospective, observational cohort of newly diagnosed, adult (≥ 18 years) HL cases recruited from Chris Hani Baragwanath Academic and Netcare Olivedale Hospitals in Johannesburg, South Africa between March 2021 and March 2023. Participants were followed for up to 18 months after enrollment with data censored on December 23rd, 2023. The primary endpoint was 1-year overall survival., Results: We enrolled 47 participants with HL including 31 PWH and 16 HIV-negative. Advanced stage disease and B symptoms were common at time of diagnosis irrespective of HIV status. Bone marrow biopsy, performed during the work-up and evaluation of cytopenias, provided the initial diagnosis of HL in 16/31 (52%) PWH. HIV status and bone marrow involvement were associated with early mortality (within 3 months of diagnosis) and a poorer 1-year overall survival from diagnosis (HIV: 55% vs. 88%; p = 0.03; bone marrow involvement: 50% vs. 80%; p = 0.02). Among evaluable participants, those that received at least 6 cycles of chemotherapy and underwent response assessment, there was no difference between those with and without HIV., Conclusion: Traditional laboratory markers of poor prognosis including anemia, lymphopenia and hypoalbuminemia were more common among PWH and those with bone marrow involvement and suggest high risk disease. A better understanding of the drivers of these aggressive presentations is warranted to ensure more PWH are able to tolerate chemotherapy., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

The monoclonal antibody rituximab improves clinical outcome in the treatment of CD20-positive lymphomatous neoplasms, and it is an established drug for treatment of these cancers. Successful mRNA COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccination is extremely important for lymphoma patients because they tend to be elderly with comorbidities which leaves them at increased risk of poor outcomes once infected by Coronavirus. Anti-CD20 therapies such as rituximab, deplete B-cell populations and can affect vaccine efficacy. Therefore, a knowledge of the effect of COVID-19 vaccination in this group is critical. We followed a cohort of 28 patients with CD20-positive lymphomatous malignancies treated with rituximab that started prior to their course of COVID-19 vaccination, including boosters. We assayed for vaccine "take" in the humoral (IgG and IgA) and cellular compartment. Here, we show that short-term and long-term development of IgG and IgA antibodies directed toward COVID-19 spike protein are reduced in these patients compared to healthy controls. Conversely, the robustness and breath of underlying T-cell response is equal to healthy controls. This response is not limited to specific parts of the spike protein but spans the spike region, including response to the conserved Receptor Binding Domain (RBD). Our data informs on rational vaccine design and bodes well for future vaccination strategies that require strong induction of T-cell responses in these patients., Competing Interests: MH: Advisory Board: Servier, Novartis, AnHeart, Bayer; Steering Committee: Novartis; Honoraria for educational talks: Pfizer (educational talk for Pfizer staff in 2021), Novartis; Data Safety Monitoring Board: Advarra, Parexel. MR: Patent applications have been filed and are currently pending in US, US-2023-0372469, and Europe, EP 4228686 for a T cell vaccine for SARS virus. The remaining authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Komlodi-Pasztor, Escarra-Senmarti, Bazer, Bhatnagar, Perez Heydrich, Messmer, Ambinder, Gladstone, Clayton, Goodrich, Schoch, Wagner-Johnston, VandenBussche, Huang, Holdhoff and Rosario.)

Purpose of Review: Summarize the latest research of both stem cell transplantation and cellular therapy and present the implications with respect to persons with HIV (PWH), hematologic malignancies, and HIV-1 cure., Recent Findings: Allogeneic (alloSCT) and autologous (autoSCT) stem cell transplantation have been shown to be well tolerated and effective regardless of HIV-1 status. AlloSCT leads to a decrease in the HIV-1 latently infected reservoir orders of magnitude below that achieved with antiretroviral therapy (ART) alone. Utilization of CCR5Δ2/Δ32 donors in an alloSCT has resulted in HIV-1 cures. In the last 12 months, three cases of cure have been published, giving further insight into the conditions required for HIV-1 control. Other advances in the treatment of hematological cancers include chimeric antigen receptor T-cell (CART) therapy, which are active in PWH with lymphoma., Summary: Here we discuss the advances in SCT and cellular therapy in PWH and cancer. Additionally, we discuss how these technologies are being utilized to achieve HIV-1 cure., (Copyright © 2024 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.)

Purpose: High-dose methotrexate (HDMTX) is an antineoplastic dosing strategy used to treat various cancers including primary central nervous system lymphoma. Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP/SMX) is commonly used for antibiotic prophylaxis against Pneumocystis pneumonia infections in this patient population. Significant drug-drug interactions between TMP/SMX and methotrexate (MTX) leading to adverse outcomes have been documented, primarily in adult patients taking MTX for rheumatologic conditions., Methods: This study is a single-center, retrospective, cohort study comparing outcomes in patients where TMP/SMX was held during HDMTX and patients who received concurrent prophylactic TMP/SMX during treatment. The primary end point was mean MTX level at 24, 48, and 72 hours. Secondary end points included rate of nonhematologic toxicity, rate of hematologic toxicity, median days to MTX clearance, and frequency of glucarpidase utilization., Results: In total, 248 cycles of HDMTX were analyzed from 221 individual patients. One hundred ninety-one cycles were administered without prophylactic TMP/SMX, and 57 were administered with TMP/SMX. The median MTX level at 24, 48, and 72 hours in those without versus with prophylactic TMP/SMX was 4.30 versus 4.30, 0.29 versus 0.30, and 0.14 versus 0.15, respectively. Similarly, rates of hematologic and nonhematologic toxicities did not differ significantly between groups with the exception of neutropenia; however, there was no corresponding increased rate of neutropenic fever. Only one patient received glucarpidase and had not received TMP/SMX., Conclusion: Prophylactic TMP/SMX had minimal interaction with HDMTX and does not lead to increased time to clearance or clinically relevant toxicities. Prophylactic TMP/SMX can be safely administered with HDMTX in adult patients.

Codiscoverer of the Epstein-Barr virus.

Background: Antiviral therapies that target herpesviruses are clinically important. Nelfinavir is a protease inhibitor that targets the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) aspartyl protease. Previous studies demonstrated that this drug could also inhibit Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) production. Our laboratory demonstrated nelfinavir can effectively inhibit herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) replication. For HSV-1 we were able to determine that virus capsids were assembled and exited the nucleus but did not mature in the cytoplasm indicating the drug inhibited secondary envelopment of virions., Methods: For KSHV, we recently derived a tractable cell culture system that allowed us to analyze the virus replication cycle in greater detail. We used this system to further define the stage at which nelfinavir inhibits KSHV replication., Results: We discovered that nelfinavir inhibits KSHV extracellular virus production. This was seen when the drug was incubated with the cells for 3 days and when we pulsed the cells with the drug for 1-5 min. When KSHV infected cells exposed to the drug were examined using ultrastructural methods there was an absence of mature capsids in the nucleus indicating a defect in capsid assembly. Because nelfinavir influences the integrated stress response (ISR), we examined the expression of viral proteins in the presence of the drug. We observed that the expression of many were significantly changed in the presence of drug. The accumulation of the capsid triplex protein, ORF26, was markedly reduced. This is an essential protein required for herpesvirus capsid assembly., Conclusions: Our studies confirm that nelfinavir inhibits KSHV virion production by disrupting virus assembly and maturation. This is likely because of the effect of nelfinavir on the ISR and thus protein synthesis and accumulation of the essential triplex capsid protein, ORF26. Of interest is that inhibition requires only a short exposure to drug. The source of infectious virus in saliva has not been defined in detail but may well be lymphocytes or other cells in the oral mucosa. Thus, it might be that a "swish and spit" exposure rather than systemic administration would prevent virion production., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Purpose: To evaluate the safety, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamic effects of cabozantinib, a CYP3A4 substrate, in people living with human immunodeficiency virus and cancer receiving antiretrovirals (ARV)., Patients and Methods: Patients received a reduced dose of cabozantinib (20 mg orally daily) with strong CYP3A4 inhibitors (ARV ritonavir or non-ARV cobicistat, stratum A), or a standard 60 mg dose with ARVs that are CYP3A4 inducers (efavirenz or etravirine, stratum B) or noninteracting ARVs (stratum C). Initial dose escalation in stratum A and stratum B was performed on the basis of tolerability., Results: 36 patients received cabozantinib plus ARVs, including 20 in stratum A, 9 in B, and 7 in C. The recommended initial cabozantinib doses for stratum A, B, and C were 20, 60, and 60 mg, respectively. Doses of 40 or 60 mg plus CYP3A4 inhibitors in stratum A and 100 mg plus CYP3A4 inducers in stratum B were associated with excessive toxicity, whereas 60 mg with noninteracting ARVs was not. The steady state minimal concentrations were lower at 20 mg in stratum A or 60 mg in stratum B compared with 60 mg in stratum C, while total exposure was only lower in 60 mg in stratum B compared with 60 mg in stratum C. Activity was observed in Kaposi sarcoma and an AXL-amplified sarcoma., Conclusions: Cabozantinib as a single agent should be initiated at 20 mg daily and 60 mg daily when taken concurrently with ARVs that are strong CYP3A4 inhibitors and inducers, respectively, with consideration for subsequent escalation per current cabozantinib guidelines. See related commentary by Eisenmann and Sparreboom, p. 4999., (©2023 American Association for Cancer Research.)

Background: Brentuximab vedotin in combination with doxorubicin, vinblastine, and dacarbazine (AVD) is approved in the upfront setting for advanced stage classical Hodgkin lymphoma (cHL). People living with HIV have been excluded from these studies. We aimed to understand the activity and safety of brentuximab vedotin-AVD in people living with HIV diagnosed with Hodgkin lymphoma, while focusing on HIV disease parameters and antiretroviral therapy (ART) interactions., Methods: We present the phase 2 portion of a multicentre phase 1/2 study. Eligible patients were 18 years or older, had untreated stage II-IV HIV-associated cHL (HIV-cHL), a Karnofsky performance status of more than 30%, a CD4 + T-cell count of 50 cells per μL or more, were required to take ART, and were not on strong CYP3A4 or P-glycoprotein inhibitors. Patients were treated intravenously with 1·2 mg/kg of brentuximab vedotin (recommended phase 2 dose) with standard doses of AVD for six cycles on days 1 and 15 of a 28-day cycle. The primary endpoint of the phase 2 portion was 2-year progression-free survival (PFS), assessed in all eligible participants who began treatment. Accrual has been completed. This trial is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT01771107., Findings: Between March 8, 2013, and March 7, 2019, 41 patients received study therapy with a median follow up of 29 months (IQR 16-38). 34 (83%) of 41 patients presented with stage III-IV and seven (17%) with stage II unfavourable HIV-cHL. 37 (90%) of 41 patients completed therapy, all 37 of whom achieved complete response. The 2-year PFS was 87% (95% CI 71-94) and the overall survival was 92% (78-97). The most common grade 3 or worse adverse events were peripheral sensory neuropathy (four [10%] of 41 patients), neutropenia (18 [44%]), and febrile neutropenia (five [12%]). One treatment-related death was reported, due to infection., Interpretation: Brentuximab vedotin-AVD was highly active and had a tolerable adverse event rate in HIV-cHL and is an important therapeutic option for people with HIV-cHL. The complete reponse rate is encouraging and is possibly related to a unique aspect of HIV-cHL biology. Upcoming 5-year data will evaluate the sustainability of the outcomes obtained., Funding: National Institutes of Health and National Cancer Institute., Competing Interests: Declaration of interests AN has an MSK core grant National Institutes of Health (NIH) P30 CA008748 and NIH grant PO1 1568 G TA390. MAR is supported by the Johns Hopkins University Core Grant P30CA006973, contracts with Cullinan Apollo and RenovoRx, and is a founder and serves on the Board of Directors of Geminus Therapeutics. EGR is the co-chair of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network panel of Cancer in Persons With HIV and Kaposi Sarcoma, an unpaid position. PCM is supported by an MSK core grant (P30CA008748). PGR, AN, EGR, PCM, MB, JYL, RM, DHH, JCR, RFA, CD, MAR, AC, LR, and EC are supported in part by National Cancer Institute-sponsored AIDS Malignancy Consortium grant UM1CA121947 and UM1CA181255. RFA is supported by John Hopkins Cancer Center (5P30CA006973). CB and NM are supported in part by Lymphoma Study Association, and DC and YT are supported in part by the French Agency for Research on AIDS and Viral Hepatitis. DC also has contracts with Jansen and speaker bureau funding from Gilead and Pfizer. All other authors declare no competing interests., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Severe aplastic anemia (SAA) is a marrow failure disorder with high morbidity and mortality. It is treated with bone marrow transplantation (BMT) for those with fully matched donors, or immunosuppressive therapy (IST) for those who lack such a donor, which is often the case for underrepresented minorities. We conducted a prospective phase 2 trial of reduced-intensity conditioning HLA-haploidentical BMT and posttransplantation cyclophosphamide (PTCy)-based graft-versus-host (GVHD) prophylaxis as initial therapy for patients with SAA. The median patient age was 25 years (range, 3-63 years), and the median follow-up time was 40.9 months (95% confidence interval [CI], 29.4-55.7). More than 35% of enrollment was from underrepresented racial/ethnic groups. The cumulative incidence of grade 2 or 4 acute GVHD on day 100 was 7% (95% CI, not applicable [NA]-17), and chronic GVHD at 2 years was 4% (95% CI, NA-11). The overall survival of 27 patients was 92% (95% CI, 83-100) at 1, 2, and 3 years. The first 7 patients received lower dose total body irradiation (200 vs 400 cGy), but these patients were more likely to have graft failure (3 of 7) compared with 0 of 20 patients in the higher dose group (P = .01; Fisher exact test). HLA-haploidentical BMT with PTCy using 400 cGy total body irradiation resulted in 100% overall survival with minimal GVHD in 20 consecutive patients. Not only does this approach avoid any adverse ramifications of IST and its low failure-free survival, but the use of haploidentical donors also expands access to BMT across all populations. This trial was registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02833805., (© 2023 by The American Society of Hematology.)

Peptides/small proteins, encoded by noncanonical open reading frames (ORF) of previously claimed non-coding RNAs, have recently been recognized possessing important biological functions, but largely uncharacterized. 1p36 is an important tumor suppressor gene (TSG) locus frequently deleted in multiple cancers, with critical TSGs like TP73, PRDM16, and CHD5 already validated. Our CpG methylome analysis identified a silenced 1p36.3 gene KIAA0495, previously thought coding long non-coding RNA. We found that the open reading frame 2 of KIAA0495 is actually protein-coding and translating, encoding a small protein SP0495. KIAA0495 transcript is broadly expressed in multiple normal tissues, but frequently silenced by promoter CpG methylation in multiple tumor cell lines and primary tumors including colorectal, esophageal and breast cancers. Its downregulation/methylation is associated with poor survival of cancer patients. SP0495 induces tumor cell apoptosis, cell cycle arrest, senescence and autophagy, and inhibits tumor cell growth in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, SP0495 binds to phosphoinositides (PtdIns(3)P, PtdIns(3,5)P2) as a lipid-binding protein, inhibits AKT phosphorylation and its downstream signaling, and further represses oncogenic AKT/mTOR, NF-κB, and Wnt/β-catenin signaling. SP0495 also regulates the stability of autophagy regulators BECN1 and SQSTM1/p62 through modulating phosphoinositides turnover and autophagic/proteasomal degradation. Thus, we discovered and validated a 1p36.3 small protein SP0495, functioning as a novel tumor suppressor regulating AKT signaling activation and autophagy as a phosphoinositide-binding protein, being frequently inactivated by promoter methylation in multiple tumors as a potential biomarker., (© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to ADMC Associazione Differenziamento e Morte Cellulare.)

The use of post-transplantation cyclophosphamide (PTCy) for graft-versus host-disease (GVHD) prophylaxis has revolutionized allogeneic blood or marrow transplantation (alloBMT), but there is limited published experience in peripheral T cell lymphoma (PTCL). We sought to assess outcomes in patients with PTCL who underwent alloBMT with PTCy. We reviewed the charts of all adult patients age ≥18 years who underwent alloBMT with nonmyeloablative conditioning and PTCy-based GVHD prophylaxis at the Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center between January 2004 and December 2020. Sixty-five patients were identified. The median age was 59 years (range, 24 to 75 years). Lymphoma histology included PTCL not otherwise specified (n = 24), anaplastic lymphoma kinase-negative anaplastic large cell lymphoma (n = 14), angioimmunoblastic T cell lymphoma (n = 7), enteropathy-associated T cell lymphoma (n = 6), hepatosplenic T cell lymphoma (n = 4), and others (n = 10). Eleven patients were in first complete remission (17%); the remaining patients were in first partial remission or underwent salvage therapy to at least PR prior to transplantation. Forty-eight patients underwent alloBMT from a haploidentical related donor (74%), 10 from a fully matched donor (15%), and 7 from a mismatched unrelated donor (11%). All patients received fludarabine, cyclophosphamide, and total body irradiation (TBI). The graft source was bone marrow (BM) in 46 patients (71%) and peripheral blood (PB) in 19 patients (29%); all patients in the BM cohort received 200 cGy TBI, and most patients in the PB cohort (15 of 19) received 400 cGy TBI. GVHD prophylaxis comprised PTCy, mycophenolate mofetil, and a calcineurin inhibitor or sirolimus. With a median follow-up of 2.8 years (range, 290 days to 14.2 years), the 2-year progression-free survival (PFS) for the entire cohort was 49% (95% confidence interval [CI], 38% to 64%), and the 2-year overall survival (OS) was 55% (95% CI, 44% to 69%). Outcomes were significantly improved in those receiving PB compared to those receiving BM, including a 2-year PFS of 79% (95% CI 63% to 100%) versus 39% (95% CI, 27% to 56%), 2-year OS of 84% (95% CI, 69% to 100%) versus 46% (95% CI, 33% to 63%), and 1-year cumulative incidence of relapse of 5% (95% CI, 0 to 16%) versus 33% (95% CI, 19% to 46%), with no difference in GVHD and nonrelapse mortality. AlloBMT with PTCy is safe and well-tolerated in patients with PTCL. Our data suggest that increasing the TBI dose to 400 cGy and using PB allografts may offer improved disease control and better survival outcomes, though additional studies are needed to confirm these findings., (Copyright © 2022 The American Society for Transplantation and Cellular Therapy. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Patients age ≥55 years with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) fare poorly with conventional chemotherapy, with a 5-year overall survival (OS) of ∼20%. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors and novel B cell-targeted therapies can improve outcomes, but rates of relapse and death in remission remain high. Allogeneic blood or marrow transplantation (alloBMT) provides an alternative consolidation strategy, and post-transplantation cyclophosphamide (PTCy) facilitates HLA-mismatched transplantations with low rates of nonrelapse mortality (NRM) and graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). The transplantation database at Johns Hopkins was queried for patients age ≥55 years who underwent alloBMT for ALL using PTCy. The database included 77 such patients. Most received reduced-intensity conditioning (RIC) (88.3%), were in first complete remission (CR1) (85.7%), and had B-lineage disease (90.9%). For the entire cohort, 5-year relapse-free survival (RFS) and overall survival (OS) were 46% (95% confidence interval [CI], 34% to 57%) and 49% (95% CI, 37% to 60%), respectively. Grade III-IV acute GVHD occurred in only 3% of patients, and chronic GVHD occurred in 13%. In multivariable analysis, myeloablative conditioning led to worse RFS (hazard ratio [HR], 4.65; P = .001), whereas transplantation in CR1 (HR, .30; P = .004) and transplantation for Philadelphia chromosome-positive (Ph + ) ALL versus T-ALL (HR, .29; P = .03) were associated with improved RFS. Of the 54 patients who underwent RIC alloBMT in CR1 for B-ALL, the 5-year RFS and OS were 62% (95% CI, 47% to 74%) and 65% (95% CI, 51% to 77%), respectively, with a 5-year relapse incidence of 16% (95% CI, 7% to 27%) and an NRM of 24% (95% CI, 13% to 36%). RIC alloBMT with PTCy in CR1 represents a promising consolidation strategy for B-ALL patients age ≥55 years., (Copyright © 2022 The American Society for Transplantation and Cellular Therapy. All rights reserved.)

The use of post-transplantation cyclophosphamide (PTCy) as graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) prophylaxis has resulted in reductions in GVHD and improved outcomes in allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) using HLA-mismatched related donors. We report the 3-year outcomes of the first multicenter prospective clinical trial using PTCy in the setting of mismatched unrelated donor (MMUD) bone marrow HCT. The study enrolled 80 patients, treated with either myeloablative conditioning (MAC; n = 40) or reduced-intensity conditioning (RIC; n = 40), with the primary endpoint of 1-year overall survival (OS). The median follow-up for this study was 34 months (range, 12 to 46 months) in the RIC group and 36 months (range, 18 to 49 months) in the MAC group. Three-year OS and nonrelapse mortality were 70% and 15%, respectively, in the RIC group and 62% and 10% in the MAC group. No GVHD was reported after 1 year. The incidence of relapse was 29% in the RIC group and 51% in the MAC group. OS did not differ based on HLA match grade (63% in the 7/8 strata and 71% in the 4 to 6/8 strata). These encouraging outcomes, which were sustained for 3 years post-HCT, support the continued exploration of MMUD HCT using a PTCy platform. Important future areas to address include relapse reduction and furthering our understanding of optimal donor selection based on HLA and non-HLA factors., (Copyright © 2023 The American Society for Transplantation and Cellular Therapy. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Burkitt lymphoma (BL) accounts for most pediatric non-Hodgkin lymphomas, being less common but significantly more lethal when diagnosed in adults. Much of the knowledge of the genetics of BL thus far has originated from the study of pediatric BL (pBL), leaving its relationship to adult BL (aBL) and other adult lymphomas not fully explored. We sought to more thoroughly identify the somatic changes that underlie lymphomagenesis in aBL and any molecular features that associate with clinical disparities within and between pBL and aBL. Through comprehensive whole-genome sequencing of 230 BL and 295 diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) tumors, we identified additional significantly mutated genes, including more genetic features that associate with tumor Epstein-Barr virus status, and unraveled new distinct subgroupings within BL and DLBCL with 3 predominantly comprising BLs: DGG-BL (DDX3X, GNA13, and GNAI2), IC-BL (ID3 and CCND3), and Q53-BL (quiet TP53). Each BL subgroup is characterized by combinations of common driver and noncoding mutations caused by aberrant somatic hypermutation. The largest subgroups of BL cases, IC-BL and DGG-BL, are further characterized by distinct biological and gene expression differences. IC-BL and DGG-BL and their prototypical genetic features (ID3 and TP53) had significant associations with patient outcomes that were different among aBL and pBL cohorts. These findings highlight shared pathogenesis between aBL and pBL, and establish genetic subtypes within BL that serve to delineate tumors with distinct molecular features, providing a new framework for epidemiologic, diagnostic, and therapeutic strategies., (Licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0), permitting only noncommercial, nonderivative use with attribution. All other rights reserved.)

Objectives: People with HIV (PWH) are at increased risk for premature cardiovascular disease (CVD). Clonal hematopoiesis is a common age-related condition that may be associated with increased CVD risk. The goal of this study was to determine the prevalence of clonal hematopoiesis and its association with chronic inflammation and CVD in PWH., Design: Cross-sectional study utilizing archived specimens and data from 118 men (86 PWH and 32 HIV-uninfected) from the Baltimore-Washington DC center of the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study (MACS) who had had coronary computed tomography angiography (CTA) and measurement of 34 serologic inflammatory biomarkers., Methods: Clonal hematopoiesis was assessed on peripheral blood mononuclear cells utilizing targeted error-corrected next generation sequencing (NGS) focused on 92 genes frequently mutated in hematologic malignancies. Clinical and laboratory data were obtained from the MACS database., Results: Clonal hematopoiesis with a variant allele frequency (VAF) greater than 1% was significantly more common in PWH [20/86 (23.3%)] than in HIV-uninfected men [2/32 (6.3%)] ( P  = 0.035). PWH with clonal hematopoiesis (VAF > 1%) were more likely to have coronary artery stenosis of at least 50% than those without clonal hematopoiesis [6/20 (30%) vs. 6/64 (9%); P  = 0.021]. Presence of clonal hematopoiesis was not significantly associated with serological inflammatory markers, except for significantly lower serum leptin levels; this was not significant after adjustment for abdominal or thigh subcutaneous fat area., Conclusion: Clonal hematopoiesis was more common in PWH and among PWH was associated with the extent of coronary artery disease. Larger studies are needed to further examine the biological and clinical consequences of clonal hematopoiesis in PWH., (Copyright © 2022 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.)

Objective: Fine needle aspiration (FNA) is an early step in the work-up of lymphadenopathy in people with HIV (PWH). We set out to characterize the FNA cytology in PWH and report on the time to lymphoma diagnosis through the FNA clinics in the public healthcare system in Johannesburg, South Africa., Design: Retrospective review of laboratory database., Methods: A retrospective chart review of patients undergoing FNA through the department of cytopathology at the National Health Laboratory Service (NHLS) was undertaken. Results of FNAs performed between March and May 2018 were reviewed. Medical record chart abstraction included general demographics, HIV status, site and results of FNA, prior history of malignancy and other laboratory data., Results: Five hundred and thirty-nine lymph node FNAs were performed on PWH. Pathological findings included tuberculosis 47% (252), inadequate sampling 14% (75), reactive adenopathy 13% (71), benign disease 12% (63), suspicious for lymphoproliferative neoplasm 8% (45), other malignancy 4% (21) and inflammation 2% ( n  = 12). Only 53% (24) of lymphomas were confirmed by biopsy. Those not confirmed had a high mortality (57%) and loss to follow-up rate (29%) over the following year. The median diagnostic interval exceeded 8 weeks from time of FNA to lymphoma diagnosis., Conclusion: FNA is an important screening modality in this high HIV and tuberculosis (TB) burden region. Patients with cytology suggestive for lymphoma, but without biopsy confirmation, have a high mortality rate suggesting undiagnosed lymphoma. A better understanding of the barriers to appropriate diagnostic triage for lymphoma is needed., (Copyright © 2022 The Author(s). Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc.)

Purpose: Kaposi sarcoma (KS), an endothelial cell tumor associated with KS herpesvirus (KSHV), remains among the most common malignancies occurring with HIV infection (HIV-KS). As an oral anti-inflammatory, antiangiogenic, and immunomodulatory agent, lenalidomide is potentially an attractive alternative to standard chemotherapy for KS., Experimental Design: The primary objectives of this phase I/II trial were to determine the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) and response rates for lenalidomide in HIV-KS. Secondary objectives included correlating response with natural killer (NK) and T-cell subsets, plasma cytokines, viral copy number, and KSHV gene expression in biopsies. Four dose levels of oral lenalidomide taken 21 consecutive days of 28-day cycles were evaluated in adults with HIV-KS on antiretroviral therapy with controlled viremia., Results: Fifteen and 23 participants enrolled in phases I and II, respectively, 76% of whom had received prior KS therapy. The MTD was not reached, declaring 25 mg as the recommended phase II dose (RP2D). The most frequent adverse events were neutropenia, fatigue, leukopenia, and diarrhea. Of the 25 evaluable participants receiving RP2D, 60% responded. Correlative studies performed in a subset of participants demonstrated a significant increase in proportions of blood T cells with T-regulatory phenotype, and plasma cytokines trended toward a less inflammatory pattern. Clinical response was associated with loss of KSHV transcription., Conclusions: Lenalidomide is active in HIV-KS. The most common adverse events were manageable. With 60% of participants receiving RP2D obtaining a partial response and <10% discontinuing due to adverse events, the response and tolerability to lenalidomide support its use in HIV-KS. See related commentary by Henry and Maki, p. 2485., (©2022 American Association for Cancer Research.)

Emerging evidence shows that tumor cells secrete extracellular vesicles (EVs) that carry bioactive cell surface markers, such as programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1), which can modulate immune responses and inhibit anti-tumor responses, potentially playing a role in lymphomagenesis and in promoting the growth of these cancers. In this study, we investigated the role of EVs expressing cell surface molecules associated with B cell activation and immune regulation. We measured levels of EVs derived from plasma from 57 subjects with AIDS-related non-Hodgkin lymphoma (AIDS-NHL) enrolled in the AIDS Malignancies Consortium (AMC) 034 clinical trial at baseline and post-treatment with rituximab plus concurrent infusional EPOCH chemotherapy. We found that plasma levels of EVs expressing PD-L1, CD40, CD40L or TNF-RII were significantly reduced after cancer treatment. AIDS-NHL patients with the diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL) tumor subtype had decreased plasma levels of EVs bearing PD-L1, compared to those with Burkitt's lymphoma. CD40, CD40L and TNF-RII-expressing EVs showed a significant positive correlation with plasma levels of IL-10, CXCL13, sCD25, sTNF-RII and IL-18. Our results suggest that patients with AIDS-NHL have higher levels of EVs expressing PD-L1, CD40, CD40L or TNF-RII in circulation before cancer treatment and that levels of these EVs are associated with levels of biomarkers of microbial translocation and inflammation., (© 2022. The Author(s).)

Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) is an uncommon malignancy of B-cell origin. Classical HL (cHL) and nodular lymphocyte-predominant HL are the 2 main types of HL. The cure rates for HL have increased so markedly with the advent of modern treatment options that overriding treatment considerations often relate to long-term toxicity. These NCCN Guidelines Insights discuss the recent updates to the NCCN Guidelines for HL focusing on (1) radiation therapy dose constraints in the management of patients with HL, and (2) the management of advanced-stage and relapsed or refractory cHL.

Background: Allogeneic bone marrow transplant (alloBMT) in people living with HIV can lead to the undetectable levels of HIV reservoirs in blood, even using highly sensitive assays. However, with antiretroviral therapy (ART) interruption, rebound of HIV viremia occurs. The source of this rebound viremia is of interest in HIV cure strategies., Methods: Within a trial of alloBMT in individuals with hematologic malignancies and HIV (ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT01836068), one recipient self-interrupted ART after achieving >99.5% host cell replacement in peripheral blood by day 147 and developed severe acute retroviral syndrome with meningoencephalitis at 156 days post alloBMT. We isolated replication-competent HIV using a quantitative viral outgrowth assay at 100 and 25 days before alloBMT and from the same time points before alloBMT for HIV DNA and cell-associated RNA from peripheral blood mononuclear cells and resting memory CD4+ T cells. We isolated HIV RNA in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) at viral rebound. We sequenced the RT-region of pol and performed neighbor-joining phylogenetic reconstruction., Results: Phylogenetic analysis revealed an identical viral sequence at both pre-alloBMT time points accounting for 9 of 34 sequences (26%) of the sampled HIV reservoir. This sequence population grouped with viral rebound sequences from plasma and CSF with high sequence homology., Discussion: Despite >99.5% replacement of host cells in peripheral blood, ART interruption led to HIV viral rebound in plasma and CSF. Furthermore, the rebound virus matched replication-competent virus from resting memory CD4+ T cells before alloBMT. This case underscores that HIV-infected recipient cells can persist after alloBMT and that latent replication-competent virus can reestablish infection., Competing Interests: C.M.D. reports grants from AbbVie, grants from GlaxoSmithKline, and from Gilead Sciences, outside the submitted work. The remaining authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose., (Copyright © 2021 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.)

Allogeneic bone marrow transplant (alloBMT) with continuous antiretroviral therapy alone has not been shown to completely eradicate HIV, possibly due to HIV persistence in rare residual host cells or infection of donor cells. Within a trial of alloBMT in individuals with hematological malignancies and HIV (ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT01836068), we measured HIV reservoirs longitudinally using a quantitative viral outgrowth assay. We sequenced the reverse transcriptase region of pol for replication-competent virus and performed maximum-likelihood phylogenetic reconstruction. Replacement of host cells was measured using short-tandem repeats. In one participant who had ≥99.5% donor cell replacement, HIV reservoirs declined from 2.2 infectious units per million to undetectable levels at post-alloBMT time points except for week 64. Sequence analysis revealed dual infection pre-alloBMT. Replication-competent virus isolated at week 64 post-alloBMT was identical to a pre-alloBMT variant. This report provides proof-of-concept that minor replication-competent HIV variants can persist at low levels despite ≥99.5% donor cell engraftment post-alloBMT.

Endemic Burkitt lymphoma (eBL) is the most common childhood cancer in regions of equatorial Africa where P. falciparum malaria is holoendemic. The tumor is consistently associated with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). Screening for EBV DNA in plasma in a high-risk population in Hong Kong has been shown to be useful in facilitating the early diagnosis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma, another EBV-associated tumor. Here, we investigate plasma EBV as a diagnostic marker for eBL in children in Uganda. We studied plasma specimens from 25 children with eBL and 25 controls matched for age (<3-16 years), gender and geography, including many with asymptomatic P. falciparum infection. These specimens were previously collected under the auspices of the EMBLEM (Epidemiology of Burkitt lymphoma in East African children and minors) study. After cell-free DNA isolation, plasma EBV DNA was measured using a quantitative PCR assay that amplifies the large internal repeats of the EBV genome. All children with eBL had measurable plasma EBV, as compared to 84% of control children. The median plasma EBV DNA level was 5.23 log 10 copies/mL (interquartile range 3.54-6.08 log 10 copies/mL) in children with eBL. In contrast, the median plasma EBV DNA level was 0.37 log 10 copies/mL (interquartile range 0.18-1.05 log 10 copies/mL) in children without lymphoma. An EBV threshold of 2.52 log 10 copies/mL yielded a sensitivity of.88 and a specificity of 1. The estimated AUC was 0.936 (95% CI: 0.8496 - 1.00) for the corresponding ROC curve. Plasma EBV copy number did not depend on age, gender, or malaria screening status. However, two control children with asymptomatic P. falciparum infection and parasitemia also had high plasma EBV copy number. Our analysis suggests that measurements of EBV copy number in plasma may be useful in identifying children with eBL versus control children. A promising area for future research is the differentiation of high copy number associated with tumor versus high copy number associated with asymptomatic parasitemia., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2021 Xian, Kinyera, Otim, Sampson, Nabalende, Legason, Stone, Ogwang, Reynolds, Kerchan, Bhatia, Goedert, Mbulaiteye and Ambinder.)

Background: Clonal immunoglobulin and T-cell receptor rearrangements serve as tumor-specific markers that have become mainstays of the diagnosis and monitoring of lymphoid malignancy. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) techniques targeting these loci have been successfully applied to lymphoblastic leukemia and multiple myeloma for minimal residual disease detection. However, adoption of NGS for primary diagnosis remains limited., Methods: We addressed the bioinformatics challenges associated with immune cell sequencing and clone detection by designing a novel web tool, CloneRetriever (CR), which uses machine-learning principles to generate clone classification schemes that are customizable, and can be applied to large datasets. CR has 2 applications-a "validation" mode to derive a clonality classifier, and a "live" mode to screen for clones by applying a validated and/or customized classifier. In this study, CR-generated multiple classifiers using 2 datasets comprising 106 annotated patient samples. A custom classifier was then applied to 36 unannotated samples., Results: The optimal classifier for clonality required clonal dominance ≥4.5× above background, read representation ≥8% of all reads, and technical replicate agreement. Depending on the dataset and analysis step, the optimal algorithm yielded sensitivities of 81%-90%, specificities of 97%-100%, areas under the curve of 91%-94%, positive predictive values of 92-100%, and negative predictive values of 88%-98%. Customization of the algorithms yielded 95%-100% concordance with gold-standard clonality determination, including rescue of indeterminate samples. Application to a set of unknowns showed concordance rates of 83%-96%., Conclusions: CR is an out-of-the-box ready and user-friendly software designed to identify clonal rearrangements in large NGS datasets for the diagnosis of lymphoid malignancies., (© American Association for Clinical Chemistry 2021. All rights reserved. For permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oup.com.)

High-dose post-transplantation cyclophosphamide (PTCy) is an effective platform for prevention of severe graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) after allogeneic bone marrow (BM) transplantation with mismatched unrelated donors (mMUDs). Previous studies evaluating PTCy with mMUDs favored BM allografts over peripheral blood stem cell transplantation (PBSCT) due to concerns that PBSCT may be associated with an increased risk of acute and chronic GVHD. In addition, haploidentical PBSCT is associated with high rates of cytokine release syndrome (CRS), which is another concern with mMUD PBSCT. This study was conducted to determine the feasibility and safety of using mMUD PBSCT with PTCy as GVHD prophylaxis. Patients who received mMUD PBSCT using a PTCy-based GVHD prophylaxis at Johns Hopkins Hospital as part of a prospective clinical trial of mMUD and non-first-degree relative haploidentical transplantation with PTCy (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT01203722) were included. All patients underwent T cell-replete PBSCT between November 2012 and August 2020. Statistical analyses were performed using the Kaplan-Meier method and proportional subdistribution hazard regression model for competing risks. The 29 patients in the study had a median age of 54 years, with 10 patients (34%) age ≥60 years. Nineteen grafts (66%) were matched for 9/10 HLA loci, 6 (21%) were match for 8/10, and 4 (14%) were matched for 7/10. No primary or secondary graft failure occurred. The median time to neutrophil recovery (≥500/µL) was 17 days, and that to platelet recovery (≥20,000/µL) was 28 days. Full donor chimerism was achieved in all patients by day +60. The cumulative incidence (CuI) of grade II-IV acute GVHD at 180 days was 15% (90% confidence interval [CI], 3% to 26%). There were no cases of severe chronic GVHD, 3 cases of mild chronic GVHD, and 1 case of moderate chronic GVHD. The CuI of nonrelapse mortality (NRM) was 7% (90% CI, NA to 18%) at 1 year. Eighteen patients (62%) experienced mild CRS (grade 1-2), and 1 patient (3%) experienced severe CRS (grade 3-5). At 1 year, the CuI of relapse was 29% (90% CI, 8% to 50%), overall survival was 93% (90% CI, 85% to 100%), progression-free survival was 64% (90% CI, 46% to 88%), GVHD-free relapse-free survival was 41% (90% CI, 23% to 73%), and chronic GVHD-free relapse-free survival was 64% (90% CI, 46% to 88%). Our data indicate that mMUD PBSCT using PTCy-based GVHD prophylaxis is safe and feasible. All patients engrafted, and rates of NRM (7%) and acute GVHD (15%) at 1 year were low. There was only 1 case (3%) of severe CRS. Compared with previously published outcomes, mMUD PBSCT using PTCy-based GVHD prophylaxis has a safety and efficacy profile that may not be different from that of PBSCT from matched donors. These results further solidify that all patients who require blood or BM transplantation should be able to find an acceptable donor., (Copyright © 2021 The American Society for Transplantation and Cellular Therapy. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

For relapsed Hodgkin lymphoma, salvage chemotherapy followed by auto-HCT is the standard of care. It is important to identify subpopulations who could benefit from allo-HCT. This retrospective analysis included 277 patients with rrHL who underwent first transplant with auto-HCT or allo-HCT between 2007-2017. Patients in the auto-HCT cohort ( N  = 218) were older, more likely to be in CR at the time of transplant and receive maintenance therapy post-transplant. Patients who underwent allo-HCT ( N  = 59) had a higher MSKCC relapse score. Factors associated with an inferior PFS and OS included early relapse, advanced stage, extranodal involvement and not achieving CR following salvage chemotherapy. After controlling for these 4 risk factors and MSKCC score, PFS ( p  = 0.112) or OS ( p  = 0.256) was not affected by the choice of transplant. In patients with ≥ 3 high risk features, the 4-year PFS was 51% in the allo-HCT vs. 39% ( p  = 0.107) in the auto-HCT cohort.

Secondary central nervous system (CNS) lymphoma is a rare and often fatal complication of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). Treatment options include radiation therapy, high-dose systemic chemotherapy, intrathecal chemotherapy, and high-dose chemotherapy with autologous stem cell rescue, but outcomes remain poor. Allogeneic blood or marrow transplantation (alloBMT) is widely used in patients with relapsed/refractory systemic NHL. We sought to understand whether a graft-versus-lymphoma effect could maintain remission in CNS disease. We reviewed outcomes in 20 consecutive patients with secondary CNS lymphoma who underwent alloBMT with nonmyeloablative conditioning using fludarabine, cyclophosphamide, and 200 cGy total body irradiation. For graft-versus-host disease prophylaxis, all patients received post-transplantation cyclophosphamide, mycophenolate mofetil, and a calcineurin inhibitor. With a median follow up of 4.1 years, the median overall survival for the entire cohort was not reached. Median progression-free survival was 3.8 years (95% confidence interval [CI], 5.3 months to not reached). The cumulative incidence of relapse was 25% (95% CI, 5% to 45%), and nonrelapse mortality was 30% (95% CI, 5% to 54%) at 4 years. Of the 5 patients who relapsed, 2 were CNS only, 1 was systemic only, and 2 were combined CNS/systemic. The use of alloBMT in CNS lymphoma merits further investigation., (Copyright © 2021 The American Society for Transplantation and Cellular Therapy. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

We report a first in-depth comparison of immune reconstitution in patients with HIV-related lymphoma following autologous hematopoietic cell transplant (AHCT) recipients (n=37, lymphoma, BEAM conditioning), HIV(-) AHCT recipients (n=30, myeloma, melphalan conditioning) at 56, 180, and 365 days post-AHCT, and 71 healthy control subjects. Principal component analysis showed that immune cell composition in HIV(+) and HIV(-) AHCT recipients clustered away from healthy controls and from each other at each time point, but approached healthy controls over time. Unsupervised feature importance score analysis identified activated T cells, cytotoxic memory and effector T cells [higher in HIV(+)], and naïve and memory T helper cells [lower HIV(+)] as a having a significant impact on differences between HIV(+) AHCT recipient and healthy control lymphocyte composition (p<0.0033). HIV(+) AHCT recipients also demonstrated lower median absolute numbers of activated B cells and lower NK cell sub-populations, compared to healthy controls (p<0.0033) and HIV(-) AHCT recipients (p<0.006). HIV(+) patient T cells showed robust IFNγ production in response to HIV and EBV recall antigens. Overall, HIV(+) AHCT recipients, but not HIV(-) AHCT recipients, exhibited reconstitution of pro-inflammatory immune profiling that was consistent with that seen in patients with chronic HIV infection treated with antiretroviral regimens. Our results further support the use of AHCT in HIV(+) individuals with relapsed/refractory lymphoma., Competing Interests: PS, Seattle Genetics, Research funding. AK, Celgene, Consultancy, Speakers Bureau, Millennium/Takeda, Consultancy, Speakers Bureau, Onyx, Consultancy, Speakers Bureau, Janssen, Consultancy, Speakers Bureau. Hofmeister, Signal Genetics, Inc., Membership on an entity’s Board of Directors or advisory committees, Celgene, Research Funding; Arno Therapeutics, Inc., Research Funding, Incyte, Corp, Membership on an entity’s Board of Directors or advisory committees, Janssen, Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Research Funding, Karyopharm Therapeutics, Research Funding, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company, Research Funding, Teva, Membership on an entity’s Board of Directors or advisory committees. SF, Mustang Therapeutics, Other, Construct licensed by City of Hope. WN, Atara Biotherapeutics, employment, stock ownership. GL, Boehringer Ingelheim, Research Funding, Beckman Coulter, Research Funding, Stemline Therapeutics Inc., Research Funding, Genentech. RB, Prelude Therapeutics, Research Funding and Scientific Advisory Board, Viracta, Scientific Advisory Board. AN, Janssen, Membership on a Board or Advisory Committee; Medscape, Honoraria; Morphosys, Membership on a Board or Advisory Committee; Pharmacyclics, Research Funding, Honoraria; Rafael Pharma, Research Funding; Epizyme, Membership on a Board or Advisory Committee; Physician Education Resource, Consulting. MM and AMM are employed by EMMES Company. The remaining authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2021 Shindiapina, Pietrzak, Seweryn, McLaughlin, Zhang, Makowski, Ahmed, Schlotter, Pearson, Kitzler, Mozhenkova, Le-Rademacher, Little, Akpek, Ayala, Devine, Kaplan, Noy, Popat, Hsu, Morris, Mendizabal, Krishnan, Wachsman, Williams, Sharma, Hofmeister, Forman, Navarro, Alvarnas, Ambinder, Lozanski and Baiocchi.)

Purpose: AIDS-related non-Hodgkin lymphoma (ARL) is the most common cancer in HIV-infected individuals in the United States and other countries in which HIV-positive persons have access to effective combination antiretroviral therapy (cART). Our prior work showed that pretreatment/postdiagnosis plasma levels of some cytokines, such as IL6, IL10, and CXCL13, have the potential to serve as indicators of clinical response to treatment and survival in ARL. The aims of this study were to identify novel prognostic biomarkers for response to treatment and/or survival in persons with ARL, including biomarkers of microbial translocation and inflammation., Experimental Design: We quantified plasma levels of several biomarkers (sCD14, LBP, FABP2, EndoCab IgM, IL18, CCL2/MCP-1, sCD163, IP-10/CXCL10, TARC/CCL17, TNFα, BAFF/BLyS, sTNFRII, sCD44, and sIL2Rα/sCD25) by multiplexed immunometric assays (Luminex) or ELISA in plasma specimens obtained from ARL patients enrolled in the AMC-034 trial, which compared infusional combination chemotherapy (EPOCH: etoposide, vincristine, doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide, and prednisone) with concurrent or sequential rituximab. Plasma was collected prior to the initiation of therapy ( n = 57) and after treatment initiation ( n = 55)., Results: We found that several biomarkers decreased significantly after treatment, including TNFα, sCD25, LBP, and TARC (CCL17). Moreover, pretreatment plasma levels of BAFF, sCD14, sTNFRII, and CCL2/MCP-1 were univariately associated with overall survival, and pretreatment levels of BAFF, sTNFRII, and CCL2/MCP-1 were also associated with progression-free survival., Conclusions: Our results suggest that patients with ARL who responded to therapy had lower pretreatment levels of inflammation and microbial translocation as compared with those who did not respond optimally., (©2021 American Association for Cancer Research.)