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Introduction: Stem bark of Lannea kerstingii is used in Togo for its anti-anemic effect. The aim of this study was to verify the efficacy of extracts of L. kerstingii’s bark in the treatment of anemia and to explore its mechanism of action. Materials and Method: L. kerstingii stem bark was collected in the city of Kpalimé, located at 120 km northwest of Lomé. Hydromethanolic extract was obtained by evaporation. Two protocols were carried out and 20 twelve-week-old rats that had an average weight of 175.17±16.8 grams were used. The first protocol consisted of inducing anemia in rats by intraperitoneal injection of phenylhydrazine, then force-feeding them with L. kerstingii extract and measuring the effect of this extract on their hemoglobin levels. The second protocol investigated the effect of the extract on the serum hepcidin level, after oral administration of carbon tetrachloride to rats. Hepcidin levels were measured by the ELISA technique. Results: L. kerstingii stem bark extract significantly corrected the anemia induced by phenylhydrazine use: in fact, the anemia of rats that received L. kerstingii extracts was corrected. Control rats that received folic acid had a correction of their anemia too. But, rats that received only saline remained anemic. However, no correlation between the level of extract consumption and the level of hepcidin was established. Conclusion: L. kerstingii bark hydroethanolic extracts increase hemoglobin levels in anemic rats. The main challenge that needs to be solved is determining the minimum dose to be consumed to ensure its effectiveness. Keywords: Lannea kerstingii, anemia, hepcidin, wistar rat.

Objective. This study is aimed at evaluating the effects of Dialium guineense Willd fruit pulp powder on diarrhea induced by castor oil in Wistar rats. Materials and Methods. Three different tests were carried out. A preventive test by administration of a single dose of 250, 500, 1000, 2000, and 4000 mg/kg before the induction of diarrhea by castor oil. Another preventive test after repeated administration of Dialium guineense at 250, 500, and 1000 mg/kg/day for 8 days, before the induction of diarrhea, was done. The third test was a curative test with a single dose of 250, 500, 1000, and 2000 mg/kg after the induction of diarrhea by castor oil. Results. D. guineense fruit pulp at 1000, 2000, and 4000 mg/kg administered before the induction of diarrhea, has significantly delayed diarrhea; reduced the frequency of defecation, reduced the amount of diarrheal stools, and also reduced the purging index, with a degree of inhibition comparable to that of loperamide. But the water content of the stools of the group treated with D. guineense does not change significantly compared to the controls. D. guineense has reduced significantly from 500 mg/kg the diarrhea induced by castor oil after 8 days of treatment. It appears that the doses of 250 and 500 mg/kg, which were not effective with the single-dose preventive test, significantly delayed diarrhea; reduces the frequency of diarrheal stools and also reduces the purging index. D. guineense administered, after the induction of diarrhea, by castor oil has significantly reduced the diarrhea from 250 mg/kg. Conclusion. The fruit pulp of D. guineense has showed antidiarrheal activities in Wistar rats by reducing the frequency of defecation, the amount of diarrheal fecal matter emitted as well as the water content. It also delayed the onset of diarrhea and significantly reduced the purging index like loperamide.

Background In Togo, malaria remains a major public health problem and the management of suspected cases requires confirmation with appropriate biological methods. Indeed, malaria diagnosis has been improved through the introduction of rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs), recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) for areas where microscopy is not available. To be used, these RDTs must meet performance criteria defined by the WHO. This study was conducted to evaluate the diagnostic performance of two RDTs: Advantage P.f. Malaria Card® detecting HRP2 antigen and Advantage Malaria Pan + Pf Card® detecting both HRP2 and pLDH antigens. Methods This was a cross sectional analytical study conducted from December 2019 to February 2020 on malaria suspected cases seen in three sentinel sites in Togo and from whom capillary blood was collected to perform the two RDTs according to the procedures described by the manufacturer. The performance was estimated comparing to thick/thin blood smear and molecular biology (PCR), considered as gold standard. Results The sensitivity of both Advantage P.f. Malaria Card® and Advantage Malaria Pan + Pf Card® compared to thick /thin blood smear was 91.8% and 91.3% respectively and for both the specificity was 94.7%. Compared to PCR, the sensitivity decreased to 89.4% and 88.9% respectively and their specificity to 72.2%. Conclusion The performance of the Advantage P.f. Malaria Card® and Advantage Malaria PAN + Pf Card® compared to microscopy, considered as the gold standard, according to WHO criteria were acceptable. They can therefore be used for the biological diagnosis of malaria.

Rourea coccinea (syn. Byrsocarpus coccineus)Schum. and Thonn. (Connaraceae) is a medicinal plant that is being used for the treatment of various disorders in Tropical Africa. Previously, we reported anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of ethanolic extract ofR. coccinearoot bark (EERc). The present study aimed to test protective potential effects of EERc treatments against ovalbumin-induced airway lung inflammatory and to investigate some of its possible underlying mechanism on allergic asthma. Rats were sensitized and challenged with ovalbumin (OVA), and were orally treated daily with EERc at 200, 400 and 800 mg/kg from day 24 to day 27 post sensitization. The number of total and differential inflammatory cells, leakage of Evans blue dye tracer, histamine and TNF-α level in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid were measured. OVA instillation induced airway lung inflammation, which was significantly suppressed by pre-treatment with EERc. Analysis of bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) revealed that EERc pre-treatment significantly inhibited leukocytosis and reduced Evans blue dye content in the BAL fluid. EERc also significantly decreased the production and release of histamine and TNF-α. Our study shows that EERc possesses significant anti-allergic activity which might be attributed to reduction of histamine, TNF-α in the BAL fluid.

Background: A good knowledge of sexually transmitted infections (STI) in female students is an important element in the prevention of STI transmission. Objective: Describe the level of knowledge and practices on STI among female students at the University of Kara. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted at the University of Kara from July to September 2021. Data were collected using a standard, digitalised, self-administered questionnaire. Logistic regression analysis was used to describe factors associated with the level of knowledge of STIs. Results: A total of 1,055 female students with a median age of 21 years (interquartile range: 20-24) participated in the study. More than one-third (33.7%) of the students had good knowledge of STI. Having already been tested for HIV (aOR = 3.25; 95% CI [2.36-4.52]), having already had sex (aOR = 1.56; 95% CI [1.10-2.24]) and the level of education (AOR = 3.46; 95% CI [2.10-5.85]) were significantly associated with good STIs knowledge. Among the 723 female students (68.5%) who already had sex, 32.5% reported an inconsistent use of condoms during sexual intercourse and 18.9% reported having multiple sexual partners. Conclusion: The results of this study highlight the importance of intensifying STIs prevention efforts (awareness, screening, and vaccination) among female students at the University of Kara.

Yellow fever virus is an arbovirus transmitted to humans by Aedes and Haemogogus mosquito species. To date, there is no specific treatment for yellow fever. However, an effective vaccine is available for the prevention. After a decline in yellow fever cases in Africa between 2004 and 2015, large-scale transmission of the virus was observed in Africa during 2019, with outbreaks recorded in West Africa. The objective of this study was to estimate the incidence of yellow fever cases recorded in the national reference laboratory of Togo from 2010 to 2020.Data were extracted from the National Institute of Hygiene database from 2010 to 2020 with an Excel sheet and descriptive analyses were performed.A total of 4350 samples were collected between 2010 and 2020 in Togo from yellow fever suspected cases. These cases had a median age of 12 years (IQR: 5-24), and 21% of them were from the Maritime region. Among them, 30 cases were reported by national laboratory, with a global incidence of 0.7% (confidence interval 95%: [0.4-1.0]). At the yellow fever regional laboratory, 14 cases were confirmed with an incidence of 0.33% (confidence interval 95%: [0.18-0.55]). In this population, 37.7% had been immunized against yellow fever.This study shows that Togo presents cases of yellow fever. Identification of the vectors and implementation of efficient vector control measures could help prevent this disease, as well as other diseases transmitted by the same vectors. Yellow fever vaccination should be a priority in vaccination programs.

Introduction: Annona senegalensis Pers (Annonaceae) and Piliostigma thonningii (Schum.) (Leguminoseae) are two medicinal plants used, often in combination, in traditional Togolese medicine for the treatment of diseases with an inflammatory component. Objective: The aim of this study is to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effect of the hydro-ethanolic extract (EHEM) of the combination of A. senegalensis and P. thonningii (1: 1, m: m). Methods: The ovalbumin-induced allergic airway asthma model was used. Animals made asthmatic were treated with EHEM at doses of 250 and 500 mg / kg. Inflammation markers including histamine, nitric oxide (NO), vascular leakage, leukocyte infiltration in the airways, and malondialdehyde (MDA), were measured. Results: Compared to the SNT group, EHEM inhibits the infiltration of the airways by leukocytes (850,00 × 103 ± 50 cells / mL vs 1830 × 103 ± 53,85 cells / mL for ST500 mg / kg, P

Background Assessing hospital mortality and its predictors is important as some of these can be prevented through appropriate interventions. Few studies have reported hospital mortality data among older adults in sub-Saharan Africa. The objective of this study was to assess the mortality and associated factors among hospitalized older adults in Togo. Methods We conducted a prospective cohort study from February 2018 to September 2019 among patients ≥50 years admitted in medical and surgical services of six hospitals in Togo. Data were recorded during hospitalization and through telephone follow-up survey within 90 days after admission. The main outcome was all-cause mortality at 3 months. Survival curves were estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method and Cox regression analyses were performed to assess predictors of mortality. Results The median age of the 650 older adults included in the study period was 61 years, IQR: [55–70] and at least one comorbidity was identified in 59.7% of them. The all-cause mortality rate of 17.2% (95%CI: 14.4–20.4) and the majority of death (93.7%) occurred in hospital. Overall survival rate was 85.5 and 82.8% after 30 and 90 days of follow-up, respectively. Factors associated with 3-month mortality were the hospital level in the health pyramid, hospitalization service, length of stay, functional impairment, depression and malignant diseases. Conclusion Togolese health system needs to adjust its response to an aging population in order to provide the most effective care.

PsorospermumfebrifugumSpach. (Clusiaceae) is a medicinal plant found in Benin whose root bark was effective in treating anemia. To identify the family of chemical compounds of this organ was responsible for its hematopoietic efficiency, this work aimed to test the ethyl acetate fraction of the aqueous extract of the plant organ on anemic rats. Methods: Wistar rats were anemic by phenylhydrazinechloridrate on D0. From day 2 to day 15, some were gavage fed with the ethyl acetate fraction of PsorospermumfebrifugumSpach root bark aqueous extract at 40 or 60 mg / kg / day. Others received either vitafer as a reference drug or distilled water (untreated anemic group). Blood samples were collected from these rats and non-anemic control rats at days 0, 2, 7, 10 and 15 for the blood count and osmotic resistance of red blood cells. Results: At D2, phenylhydrazine significantly decreased hemoglobin and red blood cell number, which were corrected on D7 by the extract fraction with a dose-dependent effect. The extract fraction rapidly stimulated release of macrocytes, immature red blood cells in the first week to compensate the anemia. The extract did not affect blood platelet number, suggesting some specificity of action on the red blood cell line. Conclusion: The ethyl acetate fraction of Psorospermumfebrifugum root bark aqueous extract stimulated erythropoiesis faster than the crude extract. Its action seemed specific and dose-dependent. It would probably be related to the flavonoids which action mechanism needs to be explored.

Objective: This study aimed to assess the prevalence and risk factors of African swine fever (ASF) disease in Benin. Materials and methods: A retrospective study was conducted on 70 pig farms from the Departement of Atlantique and Oueme and also by using the data available from the Directorate of Livestock on the spread of ASF in Benin from 2014 to 2018. The prevalence of ASF was assessed with 106 nasal swabs from apparently healthy domestic pigs and 15 organ samples from dead ASF-suspected pigs. ASF virus detection was carried out by conventional polymerase chain reac¬tion using Qiagen Kit for DNA extraction. Data recorded were processed with SAS software (2006). Results: It appears that ASF is an endemic disease in Benin with the Department of Oueme as the hotspot of dissemination of the virus in the country. The losses due to ASF recorded from 2014 to 2018 are evaluated to 884,850,000 CFA Franc by estimating the average cost of a pig at 25,000 FCFA. A prevalence of 1.89% (CI at 95%, 0.713.49) was recorded for live animals with a positive result in organs from all dead pigs suspected of ASF. Breeding practices related to the sharing of breeding males, scavenging pigs, and non-compliance with biosecurity measures were the risk factors identified. Conclusion: The present study sheds light on the areas prone to the ASF virus in Benin. Moreover, the cross-sectional data recorded on the prevalence of ASF will help to better rule on the spread of the disease. It would be interesting for the Beninese Republic to increase its efforts for ASF control. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2020; 7(3.000): 464-470]

Today, more than 80% of the West African population use traditional medicine in case of illness. However, several research studies are carried out in order to improve animal health, especially about antimicrobial resistance and vaccine failures observed in farms. This study aimed to review findings about second metabolites and therapeutics activities of Acacia nilotica used in African phytomedicine. Information has been searched on databases such as Agora, Hinari, Google Scholar, various journals, books and articles. Information capitalized are about traditional use of A. nilotica, antiviral, antifungal, antiparasitic, antibacterial, antiplasmodial, anti-inflammatory and anti-hypertensive activities of the plant. These notions constituted will help for better management of disease and other research perspectives like in vivo test of Acacia nilotica extracts on viral pathologies in Animal health.

This study is aimed at evaluating the effects ofThree different tests were carried out. A preventive test by administration of a single dose of 250, 500, 1000, 2000, and 4000 mg/kg before the induction of diarrhea by castor oil. Another preventive test after repeated administration ofThe fruit pulp of

Aims. Pterocarpus santalinoides is used in Beninese folk medicine for treatment of gastroenteritis. This study aims to compare the antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activity of the hydroalcoholic extracts of the leaves, trunk bark, and root. Materials and Methods. The antimicrobial activity was evaluated by the broth microdilution method on 06 bacterial strains including 03 wild-type strains (Escherichia. coli 0157H, Salmonella sp., and Staphylococcus aureus sp.) and 03 reference strains (E. coli ATCC 25922, S. aureus ATCC 29213, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853), whereas the anti-inflammatory activity was performed by the carrageenan-induced paw edema method on rats. The DPPH-free radical scavenging was used to determine the antioxidant activity. Results. The MICs of the leaf extracts varied from 6.25 to 25 mg/mL for all strains. The MICs of the stem bark extracts were 6.5 to 25 μg/mL for five strains (E. coli 0157H, S. aureus ATCC 25922, Salmonella sp., E. coli ATCC 25922, and P. aeruginosa ATCC 27853) and 3.125 mg/mL for S. aureus. Concerning the root extracts, the MICs varied from 12.5 to 50 mg/mL. The best anti-inflammatory power was obtained with the stem bark extract with the percentages of inhibition of 36.09%, 38.98%, and 39.50%. The DPPH test showed that the hydroethanolic extract of the 03 parts of P. santalinoides has a moderate antiradical power compared to the control which was quercetin. Conclusion. In view of the different pharmacological activity recorded, the extract of the leaves should be recommended to treat patients suffering from gastroenteriditis.

The aim of this study was to compare the phytochemical profile and acute and chronic toxicity of hydroethanolic extracts of three parts ofSeven major chemical groups (alkaloids, flavonoids, saponosides, coumarins, tannins, triterpenes, and steroids) were studied. The single dose limit test of 5000 mg/kg body weight was used to evaluate the acute toxicity of each organic extract. Subacute toxicity was evaluated after daily oral doses of 500 and 1000 mg/kg body weight were administered to rats for 28 days.At a single dose of 5000 mg/kg, none of the extracts (leaf, trunk bark, and root) caused death in experimental rats. However, the trunk bark extract ofThis study showed that the hydroethanol extracts of the leaves, trunk bark, and root bark of

In Togo, the abusive use of the root of Cassia sieberiana D.C. in traditional medicine, contributes gradually to the rarefaction of the species. The general objective of this study is to promote the use of vital organs of Cassia sieberiana in traditional medicine in Togo. The identification of secondary metabolites of the extracts (cyclohexane, dichloromethane and methanol) was carried out by GC-MS and by CL-MS / MS. The antibiotic susceptibility test was performed according to the well diffusion method and the MICs and MBCs according to the tube dilution method. Compounds such as sitosterol α-acetate, β-sitosterol, emodin, chaetochromine, luteolin, (±) -catechin, naringenin 5-O-rhamnoside, guibourtinidol- (4 alpha-> 6) -catechin and (-) - epiafzelechin are found in the root and in the stem bark. The identified molecules give the different methanolic extracts, an antibacterial effect on all the germs tested. At the end of this study, it appears that the chemical composition of the stem bark is almost similar to that of the root bark. The leaves would be better placed for the treatment of bacteria tested.

Caesalpinia bonduc, Mondia Whitei, Carissa spinarum and Syzygium aromaticum are four medicinal plants used alone or in combination in the production of traditional liquors in Togo to treat infertility, impotence and infections. They were selected on the basis of an ethnobotanical survey among Togolese traditional medicine practitioners to be evaluated for their toxicological effects and antioxidant properties. The phytochemical extraction was carried out on the powders of the roots, leaves and seeds of C. bonduc, the roots and leaves of M. whitei, the roots of C. spinarum and the leaves of S. aromaticum. The toxicity of hydroethanolic and aqueous extracts of each plant organ were checked in vitro on shrimp larvae and in antioxidant tests. The toxicity test showed that, the seven hydroethanolic extracts had their LC50 between 0.20 and 1.85 mg/ml and were all above 0.1 mg/ml, LC50 threshold set for in vitro toxicity tests. Concerning antioxidant activity, the DPPH antiradical test showed that the fourteen extracts had it IC50 between 38.21 to 96.10 μg/mL, higher than 7.79 µg/mL which is the IC50 of quercetin used as a standard drug. The results showed that the extracts had antioxidant activity and were not toxic to shrimp larvae in vitro. However, toxicity studies will be further evaluated in vivo in animals to prove their safety and their use in traditional medicine in Togo.

The misuse of antibiotics plays a role in increasing of antimicrobial resistance. The plants, of traditional use, then become an alternative solution to deal with this public health issue. Ocimum gratissimum L. is a widely used plant in Togo for several diseases. The objective of this work was to evaluate the antibacterial activity of the hydro-ethanolic and aqueous extracts of the leaves of this plant, by measuring the diameter of inhibition, from the method of the wells on agar medium and the determination of the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), and the bactericidal (MBC) concentration. For this purpose, clinical strains of Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus were used. The inhibition diameters were between 10.00 ± 0.58 and 14.67 ± 0.58 mm, and the MICs between 6.25 and 25.00 mg/ml. The results obtained show that the hydro-ethanolic and aqueous extracts have been active on all the strains tested with a bactericidal activity on the majority. However, the hydro-ethanolic extract was significantly more effective than the aqueous extract (P = 0.049) on all strains. This work has provided us a scientific basis of the use of O. gratissimum L. in our environment, particularly for the treatment of bacterial infections. Key words: Ocimum gratissimum L, hydro-ethanolic and aqueous extracts, antibacterial activity, multi-resistant strains, Togo.

In Togo where malaria is endemic, because main signs of malaria and dengue are similar, the use of malarial drugs first could contribute to a delay in the diagnosis of dengue and the dissemination of the disease. Thus, it is important that healthcare workers (HCW) have a good knowledge of these diseases. To assess the knowledge, and practices regarding dengue infection among HCW in Togo. A cross-sectional study was carried out from November 2020 to March 2021 among HCW in Togo. A pre-tested digital questionnaire was used for data collection. Based on clinical signs of dengue, preventive measures, infection type and disease type, a knowledge score was constructed with eight questions. A total of 334 HCW with median age 32 years, IQR:(28-38) responded to the survey and the sex ratio male/female was 5.9. The majority (94.0%) of HCW have heard about dengue through training (73.3%), internet (38.0%) and media (33.2%). Compared with lower executive HCW, senior manager were more knowledgeable about the causative agent, the symptoms and preventive methods of dengue infection (p

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of thermal stress on haematological profile and carcass yield of guinea fowl (GF). A total of 180 one-day old GF keets were assigned to 3 treatments, having 4 replicates of 15 birds each. The treatments were: control (T1); mild heat stress for 6h/day (T2), and high heat stress for 8h/day (T3). Data were collected on weekly body weights, feed intake and feed conversion ratio of the birds. At 6-weeks old, blood samples were collected from 8 GF for determination of haematological profile. At 14-weeks old, 8 birds were also slaughtered per treatment to evaluate relative organ weights, carcass characteristics and immune response. Results showed that the body weight gain and feed intake of the birds of T1 and T2 were similar and significantly higher than that of T3 at week 1 of age. The FCR of the birds in T1 and T2 were also better at this stage. Lymphocyte counts were higher (p3/mL) than those of the control (93.33 103/mL) and T3 (93.33 103/mL). 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The number of older adults is increasing worldwide, including in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). However, there is a paucity of data on the overall health status of older adults living in SSA. To assess the prevalence and factors associated with poor Self-Rated Health (SRH) among community-dwelling older adults in Lomé, Togo, we conducted a cross-sectional study from January to June 2019 in Lomé among community-dwelling older adults aged 50 years and older. A 30- minute questionnaire was used to collect socio-demographic characteristics, medical history, patterns of medication use and use of herbal products and dietary supplements during a face-to-face interview. SRH was assessed using a single item: Overall, you would say that your health is… (1) excellent, (2) very good, (3) good, (4) fair and (5) poor with response fair or poor defining poor SRH. A total of 344 respondents with median age 63 years, (IQR: 55-72) were enrolled in the study. Women represented 57.6% of the sample. Overall prevalence of poor SRH was 56.4% (95%CI: 51.0-61.9) and was the highest among females (62.6% vs 47.9%; P=0.007) and participants >60 years (61.5% vs 51.1%; P=0.021). Female sex, aged ≥60 years, osteoarthritis, hospitalization within the 12 months preceding the survey, polypharmacy, and the use of herbal products were factors associated with poor SRH (P

Background: Assessing hospital mortality and its predictors is important as some of these can be prevented through appropriate interventions. Few studies have reported hospital mortality data among older adults in sub-Saharan Africa. The objective of this study was to assess the mortality and associated factors among hospitalized older adults in Togo.Methods: We conducted a prospective cohort study from February 2018 to September 2019 among patients ≥50 years admitted in medical and surgical services of six hospitals in Togo. Data were recorded during hospitalization and through telephone follow-up survey within 90 days after admission. The main outcome was all-cause mortality at 3 months. Survival curves were estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method and Cox regression analyses were performed to assess predictors of mortality.Results: The median age of the 650 older adults included in the study period was 61 years, IQR: [55-70] and at least one comorbidity was identified in 59.7% of them. The all-cause mortality rate of 17.2% (95%CI: 14.4-20.4) and the majority of death (93.7%) occurred in hospital. Overall survival rate was 85.5% and 82.8% after 30 and 90 days of follow-up, respectively. Factors associated with 3-month mortality were the hospital level in the health pyramid, hospitalization service, length of stay, cardiovascular diseases excluding stroke, functional impairment, depression and malignant diseases.Conclusion: Togolese health system needs to adjust its response to an aging population in order to provide the most effective care.

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Introduction: Ficus sur is a plant widely used in traditional pharmacopoeia in Togo. So, this study aimed the assessment of antioxidant properties and identification of some compounds from the ethanolic extracts of different parts of the plant (leaves, fruits, roots, and barks). Methods: The phenolic and flavonoid contents of the ethanolic extracts of different organs of Ficus sur were assessed using conventional known methods. The DPPH radical scavenging and the ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays were used to highlight the antioxidant activities. The different extract samples were also analysed by liquid chromatography coupled to a quadrupole-time of flight mass detector (ESI-QTOF). Results: Total phenolic contents (TPCs) for 1 mg of dry extract ranged from 489.40 ± 7.48 μg GAE (gallic acid equivalents) for the bark to 62.34 ± 2.66 μg GAE for unripe fruits. The bark exhibited the highest flavonoid content, which was closed to 90.20 ± 3.72 μg QE (quercetin equivalents)/mg of dry extract. The radical scavenging activities of the bark and unripe fruits were 56.50 ± 0.29 and 7.3 ± 0.30 μg QE/mg of dry extract, respectively. In the same order, the FRAP values of the two organs were 104.57 ± 4.75 and 19.61 ± 0.22 μmol FeSO4 Eq/mg of dry extract. Many compounds including notoginsenoside R10; 4’,5,7-trihydroxyflavan-3-ol; catechin; and boviquinone 4 were identified. Conclusion: The various organs of Ficus sur are a source of bioactive compounds especially phenolic compounds and flavonoids with antioxidant activity.

Introduction: Holarrhena floribunda (G.Don) T.Durand & Schinz is a tree that can grow up to 25 m with white latex in its organs. The bark of this plant is commonly used in traditional medicine to treat dysentery, diarrhea, diabetes, malaria, and high blood pressure. In this study, phytochemical groups were widely investigated on trunk bark as well as on leaves of H. floribunda harvested in Danyi (Togo). Antioxidant activity and antihypertensive properties of the plant extracts were also evaluated on sound guinea pigs. Methods: The hydro-ethanolic extract of the trunk bark was prepared and antioxidant activity was evaluated via the DPPH radical-scavenging and the ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) methods, and via the determination of the total phenolics content. This hydro-ethanolic extract was used to assess the plant extract effect on blood pressure of sound guinea pigs. Results: So, phytochemical screening revealed that H. floribunda contained most of the phytochemical groups. The 50% inhibitive concentration of that extract by DPPH was 29.80 ± 0.001 μg/mL. The equivalent of Fe2+ by FRAP was 1009.9 ± 0.6 μmol/g of dry extract. The content of phenolic compounds was 139 ± 0.053 mg GAE (gallic acid equivalents)/g of dry extract. Intravenous injection of the extract (10, 20, 40, 80 mg/kg) via the invasive method in guinea pigs under normal strain caused a decrease in diastolic blood pressure, systolic blood pressure, and so in mean arterial pressure (MAP) by dose cumulative and time-dependent. Conclusion: The results show that hydro-ethanolic extract of H. floribunda trunk bark has antihypertensive and antioxidant properties. This might be the reason for the use of that extract for the treatment of hypertension in traditional medicine

The present study aims to evaluate "in vivo" the acute toxicity, antipyretic and antianemic activities of three plant recipes used in the treatment of malaria in southern Benin lake cities on Wistar rats. We note the presence of saponosides, phenolic compounds, sterols and terpenes in the recipes studied. The toxicity evaluation of the extracts revealed that they are practically non-toxic (LD50> 5g/kg body weight) according to the Hodge and Sterner classification. All the extracts investigated contain antipyretic molecules but only two extracts (aqueous extract obtain by decoction of the child's recipe: 36.07 ± 0.48°C, hydroethanolic macerated of the adult’s recipe: 36.07 ± 0.33°C) showed significant antipyretic activity, similar to that of aspirin (36.03 ± 0.25°C) used as reference molecule in the present study. After evaluating the antianemic activity, we note that the extracts are not hemolytic.

La valorisation de la medecine traditionnelle passe par des etudes pharmacologiques sur les plantes medicinales. Ainsi pour lutter efficacement contre le paludisme, premier probleme de sante publique au Togo, des etudes pharmacologiques, phytochimiques et toxicologiques ont ete realisees sur Senna occidentalis. La compilation des resultats des enquetes ethnobotaniques effectuees au CERFOPLAM de 2010 a 2013 sur le paludisme et ses symptomes affilies ont permis de selectionner Senna occidentalis afin de verifier les proprietes qui lui sont attribuees. Les differents tests ont ete realises sur les extraits aqueux et hydro-ethanoliques 50 : 50 de la plante. L’activite antiplasmodiale in vitro a ete realisee sur une culture des parasites (Plasmodium falciparum : souche sauvage) selon le microtest optique. Le screening phytochimique a ete caracterise par la chromatographie sur couche mince suivie de tests colorimetriques. La toxicite preliminaire a ete realisee sur Artemia salina puis le potentiel antioxydant in vitro des extraits a ete mesure par le test de reduction du radical 2,2-diphenyl1-picryl-hydrazyl et le dosage des polyphenols. Le test antiplasmodial a montre que l’extrait aqueux a une activite moderee sur le P. falciparum avec une CI50 de 91,08 ± 0,61 µg/mL tandis que l’extrait hydro-ethanolique est tres actif avec une CI50 de 1,00 ± 0,05 µg/mL. La drogue de reference (Quinine) presentant une CI50 = 0,45 ± 0,01 µg/mL. Le screening phytochimique revele la presence des grands groupes chimiques tels que les flavonoides, les tanins, les saponosides, les coumarines et les alcaloides qui seraient a l’origine de l’activite antiplasmodiale observee. Les tests antiradicalaires ont permis de retenir que Senna occidentalis n’est pas antioxydant et possede tres peu de polyphenols. Cet aspect confirme l’etat de stress que peut subir le Plasmodium falciparum vis-a-vis des differents extraits testes. Etant donne que les CL50 sont 3,31 mg/mL et 3,70 mg/mL donc tres superieures a 0,1 mg/mL, les deux extraits de plantes testes ne sont pas cytotoxiques. Tous ces resultats combines justifient le choix des tradipraticiens dans l’utilisation de Senna occidentalis pour soigner leurs patients atteints du paludisme.The valorization of traditional medicine involves pharmacological researches on medicinal plants. Thus, to effectively fight malaria, the major public health problem in Togo, pharmacological, phytochemical and toxicological studies were carried out on Senna occidentalis. The compilation of the results on ethnobotanical surveys carried out at CERFOPLAM from 2010 to 2013 on malaria and its affiliated symptoms lead to selecting Senna occidentalis in order to confirm the characteristics attributed to it. Various tests were carried out on aqueous and hydroethanolic extracts 50:50 of the plant. The antiplasmodial activity in vitro was carried out on cultivated parasites (Plasmodium falciparum: wild strain) according to the optical micro-test. Phytochemical screening was characterized by thin layer chromatography followed by colorimetric tests. The preliminary toxicity was carried out on Artemia salina then the in vitro antioxidant potential of the extracts was measured by the reduction test of the 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picryl- hydrazyl radical and the determination of the polyphenols. The antiplasmodial test showed that the aqueous extract has a moderate activity on P. falciparum with an IC50 of 91.08 ± 0.61 μg / mL while the hydroethanolic extract is very active with an IC50 of 1, 00 ± 0.05 μg / mL. The reference drug (Quinine) with an IC50 = 0.45 ± 0.01 μg / mL. Phytochemical screening reveals the presence of large chemical groups such as flavonoids, tannins, saponosides, coumarins and alkaloids that may be responsible for the observed antiplasmodial activity. The antiradical tests have held that Senna occidentalis is not antioxidant and has got very few polyphenols. This aspect confirms the state of stress that Plasmodium falciparum can undergo against the various extracts tested. Since the LC50's are 3.31 mg / mL and 3.70 mg / mL, therefore, higher above 0.1 mg / mL, the two extracts from plants which were tested are not cytotoxic. The combination of all these results justif the choice of traditional healers in using Senna occidentalis to treat their patients suffering from malaria.

OBJECTIVES The objective of this study was to assess the prevalence of albuminuria in sickle cell disease patients at the Campus University Hospital of Lome. PATIENTS AND METHOD Albuminuria was assessed by the urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio (UACR) in sickle cell disease individuals who attended the outpatient consultation in their steady state. RESULTS The prevalence of albuminuria was 21% (14/67). Albuminuria was more frequent (32% vs 13%, p=0,054) and occurred earlier (6 years vs 21 years) among the 28 SS/Sβ0-thalassemia sickle-cell diseases individuals than the 39 SC ones. Albuminuria was associated with high counts of leukocytes (p=0.033) and neutrophils (p=0.008). It was negatively correlated with hemoglobin level (p=0.032) and positively with LDH (p=0.002), SGOT (p=0.002), leukocytes (p=0.003), neutrophils (p< 0.001) and thrombocytes (p=0.010) counts for all sickle cell patients without statistical confirmation for each sickle cell phenotype apart from neutrophils in SS/Sβ0-thalassemia. Defining albuminuria as an UACR greater than 20 mg/g had a specificity of 100% and a sensibility and 90% when the UACR was compared to the 24-hours urines albumin quantification. CONCLUSION The assessment of albuminuria should begin at age 5 years in SS/Sβ0-thalassemia sickle-cell anemia patients and from 20 years old in SC patients by the UACR.

Cocos nucifera was a coastal plant whose roots were used in pharmacopoeia to treat anemia in Benin. The aqueous extract from its roots stimulated the synthesis of hemoglobin. The aim of this work was to test in vivo the efficacy of the butanolic fraction of the extract in the treatment of anemia. Methods: Wistar rats were anemic with phenylhydrazine for two days. From D2 to D15, some were treated by gavage with the butanolic fraction of the aqueous extract of Cocos nucifera roots at the dose of 40 mg or 60 mg/kg of body weight/day, others were treated with vitafer (an anti-anemic drug) or with distilled water. The rats blood were collected on days D0, D2, D7, D10 and D15 for the complete blood count and the osmotic resistance of the red blood cells. Results: On D2, phenylhydrazine significantly lowered the hemoglobin level and the number of red blood cells, which were respectively corrected on D10 and D15 by the fraction of extract with release of hypochromic macrocytes. However, the effect was slower than that of the crude extract, was not specific to erythropoiesis because it also stimulated thrombopoiesis and was not dose-dependent. Conclusion: The butanolic fraction of the aqueous extract of Cocos nucifera roots corrected anemia by stimulation of hematopoiesis. The observed biological activity would probably be linked to anthocyanins which are mainly isolated by butanol. These results contribute to a better knowledge of bioactive compounds of our antianemic plants.

Background: Jatropha multifida is used in Togolease folk medicine for the healing of chronic wounds. Objective: This study aims to investigate antibacterial, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities of the leaves ethanolic extract. Materials and Methods: The antimicrobial activity was assayed by National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards broth microdilution method on strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomoas aeruginosa isolated from wounds, whereas the anti-inflammatory activity was performed by carrageenan and histamine induced paw edema method in rat modele. The 2, 2-diphenyl-1picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) were used for the antioxidant activity. Results: The antibacterial assay showed an in vitro growth inhibition of P. aeruginosa and S. aureus in dose-dependent manner, with minimum inhibitory concentration values ranging from 2.5 to 3.12 mg/mL for S. aureus and from 6.25 to 12.5 mg/mL for P. aeruginosa. The maximum paw anti-inflammatory effect occurred after 3 and 5 h administration of histamine and carrageenan, respectively. The DPPH radical scavenging and the FRAP assays yielded weak antioxidant activity. Conclusion: J. multifida possesses antibacterial and anti-inflammatory activities that could justify the use of the plant for the treatment of wounds in the folk medicine. SUMMARY Antibacterial on germs isolated from wound, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities of Jatropha multifida were assayed by NCCLS broth method, carrageenan and histamine, DPPH and FRAP respectively. The results indicated that Jatropha multifida possesses antibacterial and anti-inflammatory and weak antioxidant activities that could justify its use for the treatment of wounds in the folk medicine.

Ce Corrigendum modifie l’article original « Étude ethnobotanique des plantes utilisées dans le traitement du diabète dans la médecine traditionnelle de la région Maritime du Togo ». The Pan African Medical Journal. 2015;20:437. doi:10.11604/pamj.2015.20.437.5660.