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Introduction: Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) has been proven to be independently associated with higher proportions of malignancies, particularly hematological patterns. We report a patient who developed multiple myeloma on underlying lupus nephropathy with poor outcome. Observation: It was a 48-year-old male patient followed in pneumology for bronchial dilatation secondary to pulmonary tuberculosis who consulted nephrology for an impure nephrotic syndrome without extra-renal signs and a renal biopsy outlining advanced endo and extra-capillary glomerulonephritis with 38% activity. The etiological investigation had revealed lupus. Despite 2 therapeutic protocols based on MMF + corticoids then cyclophosphamide + corticoids, there was no remission. He underwent conservative treatment for chronic kidney disease with stable renal function including a GFR of 27 ml/min/1.73m2. Two years after the discovery of lupus disease, the patient presented with a bleeding syndrome with a blood count showing normocytic normochromic anaemia at 4.1 g/dl, leukopenia at 830/mm3 and thrombocytopenia at 49000/mm3. The bone marrow count performed on the basis of this pancytopenia showed a plasmocytosis in 38% with a dysmorphic erythroblastic lineage (basophilic punctation and laminated cytoplasm), an absent megakaryocytic lineage and the presence of numerous naked plasma cells and dysmorphic plasma cells, numerous hemophagocytic macrophages and siderophages. Plasma protein electrophoresis did not show a monoclonal peak. The outcome was poor. Death occurred 3 days after his hospitalization in a medullary insufficiency course. Conclusion: Lupus can be the starting point for the development of a hematological malignancy at a later stage. On the other hand, cancer can induce spontaneous autoimmune manifestations or secondary to anti-tumor therapies. In our case it was a patient who developed myeloma 2 years after the onset of lupus with a poor outcome leading to death.

Secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHPT) is a common complication of end-stage renal disease. Surgical management occurs in severe forms and/or unresponsive medical treatment. The aim of this study was to outline the indications of parathyroidectomy and its evolution after surgical approach. It was a five-year multicenter backward study in Otorhinolaryngology Department of Fann Hospital and four dialysis centers in Dakar. We include all patients with SHPT who underwent surgery. Preoperative clinical and paraclinical parameters, clinical-biological evolution, and histology findings of the resected parathyroid specimen were collected. Out of 58 patients with hyperparathyroidism, 18 patients required parathyroidectomy, corresponding to a prevalence of 31%. Mean age of patients was 46.6 ± 15.29 years and sex ratio 0.61. Mean duration on dialysis was 44.4 ± 30 months. Ten patients (55.56%) had bone pain and nine patients (50%) had joint pain. Mean serum calcium was 97.27 ± 8.66 mg/L. Mean blood phosphorus levels were 40.47 ± 9.99 mg/L. Mean iPTH rate was 1493.22 ± 1014.93 ng/mL, with a maximum of 5000 ng/mL (77N). Mean value of 25-OH Vitamin D was 32.89 ± 16.02 ng/mL. Parathyroidectomy was indicated after failure of medical treatment with persistence of a serum intact parathyroid hormone concentration above 800 μg/mL in all patients. Subtotal parathyroidectomy (7/8) was performed in 11 patients (61.1%). Two patients (11.11%) benefited from a selective parathyroidectomy (3/4). Evolution was favorable for 13 patients, corresponding to a success rate of 72.2%. It was unfavorable in five patients including one patient with hypoparathyroidism and four patients with recurrent hyperparathyroidism. Surgery for patients with renal hyperparathyroidism in the era of calcimimetics continues to play an important role in selected patients and achieves efficient control of hyperparathyroidism in developing countries.

Background and Aims The lethality and cost of chronic kidney disease (CKD) management are high in Senegal. The aim of this study was to evaluate the access in dialysis at Senegalese public’s hospitals. Method This was a retrospective cohort during 4 years (2014-2018) from the hemodialysis registry waiting list at Aristide Le Dantec University Hospital. This registry is composed by: a registration form (social survey and doctor's visa); a written letter addressed to hospital director and the national identity card. From this registry, telephone calls were made to collect data relating to mortality and access to dialysis. Results seven hundred fifty-one (751) files were collected. The mean age of the patients was 48.12 ± 15.28 years with a sex ratio of 1.02. The socioeconomic level was low in 85.40% (521/610) and average in 13.61% (83/610). The geographic origin was rural in 11.15%, semi-urban in 07.54% and urban in 81.31%. Ten patients (1.64%) had medical care coverage. On call, 49.70% (373/751) were died before accessing to public dialysis, 29.70% (223/751) had accessed public dialysis and 04.00% (30/751) didn’t yet need dialysis. Hundred twenty-one (16.10%) were unreachable and 0.50% (4/751) was unknown. Conclusion The lethality of CKD was high. Access to dialysis in public hospital remains problematic in Senegal despite its democratization. Additional efforts are needed for effective management of all patients at dialysis stage.

Les calcifications metastatiques representent une complication parfois severe de l´insuffisance renale chronique terminale. Leurs consequences cardiovasculaires ont ete associees a l´augmentation de la morbi-mortalite. Nous rapportons l´observation d´une malade presentant une hyperparathyroidie tertiaire complique de calcifications cardiovasculaires dont l´evolution a ete fatale conduisant au deces de la patiente. La prevention constitue la meilleure arme therapeutique et la parathyroidectomie (PTX) pourrait utiliser comme traitement de sauvetage.

The prevention of diabetic foot goes through a systematic podiatric assessment of diabetic patients permitting to identify the foot at risk. Then, we realized a study in the Internal Medicine Department at Pikine Teaching Hospital in Dakar with the assessment of foot risk on admitted diabetic patients as our main objective. Methods: It was about a prospective cross-sectional, descriptive and analytic study done on 18 months period. Results: Overall, 142 patients were gathered. The average age was 56.22 years and the sex-ratio was 0.67. 87.2% of the patients were running type 2 diabetes. The capillary blood glucose and glycated hemoglobin were respectively around 3.24 g/L and 9%. High Blood Pressure was found in 62% of cases. The type of footwear most used by our patients was sandals (96.3%). Also, 30.6% of patients walked barefoot. Prior ulceration and/or amputation were noted in 30% of cases. During the foot examination, a lesion was found in 15.5% of patients. Loss of monofilament sensitivity was about 66.7%. The Ankle-Brachial Index (ABI) less than 0.9 was recorded in 34% of patients and at least a quarter of patients were posteriorly tibial pulselessness. The gradation of the foot risk according to the International Working Group of the Diabetic Foot (IWGDF) was established as follow: grade 0 (58%), grade 1 (9.8%), grade 2 (14.3%), grade 3 (17.3%). The presence of neuropathy (OR 12. 162 [3.368 - 43.923]; p = 0.000), plantar keratosis (OR 2.87 [1.119 - 7.399]; p = 0.024) and the absence of pulse perception (OR 9.00 [3.205 - 25.414]; p = 0.000) were significant associated factors of foot injury occurrence on our patients. Conclusion: The prevention of diabetic foot in emerging countries is accessible by a systematic clinical examination of all diabetic feet and the awareness of adapted footwear.

Introduction: Management of pheochromocytoma faces different challenges leading to misdiagnosis and therapeutic delay in developing countries. The aim of our study was to evaluate the diagnostic and therapeutic features as well as the evolution of our management strategies in hospital setting in recent years in Dakar. Patients and Method: We carried out a retrospective study over 12 years (January 2005 to June 2017), in 4 hospitals in Dakar. We only included patients with established diagnosis of pheochromocytoma upon clinical, biological, radiological and histological arguments. Results: During this period, 16 observations have been collected and were all about female patients. The mean age at the time of diagnosis was 36.81 years. The clinical signs were dominated by hypertension found for 14 patients. At biological examination, hypersecretion catecholamine was found in 13 patients, high urinary metanephrines in 7 patients, high plasmatic metanephrines in 2 patients and raised urinary Vanyl Mandelic Acid (VMA) in 4 patients. Dosage of chromogranin A showed high level for one patient. Abdominal CT scan allowed making the adrenal origin of tumors precise. One patient presented bilateral pheochromocytoma. Before being treated surgically, all patients had had medical preparation. The surgical treatment by median laparotomy consisted of an enucleation of the tumor in 2 patients, and adrenal resection in 11patients.The evolution after surgery was favorable in 12 patients out of 13. One patient died 2 days after surgery by hemodynamic instability. In 2 patients who presented metastases, multidrug therapy with cyclophosphamide, vincristine and dacarbazine was decided after a multidisciplinary meeting, but they died before treatment. Conclusion: Management of pheochromocytomas in developing countries is obviously improving, but the mortality rate remains high. Early diagnosis and perioperative care are to be targeted for better outcome and prognosis of this rare tumor in our areas.

Introduction: The Adult Onset Still’s Disease (ASD) is a systemic auto-inflammatory affection of unknown cause seldom described in sub-Saharan Africa. We report 3 observations of ASD illustrating the diagnostic and therapeutic difficulties of this affection in our areas. Observation 1: Our first patient is a 56 years old schoolteacher presenting an ASD in its chronic articular form. She had been followed for an inflammatory arthralgia for 10 years and of the pharyngal pains without exact diagnosis. She presented ASD’s criteria of Yamaguchi and of Fautrel. The prednisone was begun at the dose of 0.8 mg/kg/day with fast appearance of a progressive muscular weakness. Use of methotrexate at a rate of 15 mg per week, associated with low dose of prednisone was effective in long-term without any flare of the disease so far. Observation 2: Our second patient is a 30 years old dressmaker presenting an ASD in its complicated systemic form of lymphohistiocytic activation syndrome. She validated the criteria of Yamaguchi and Fautrel for ASD. She also presented resistance to corticosteroid therapy. The evolution was marked by a hospital-acquired septicemia and a multi-organ failure leading to death. The diagnosis was retrospectively confirmed after that, with the low level of the glycosylated ferritin serum value. Observation 3: The third patient is a 22 years old Guinean student who presented prolonged fever and inflammatory polyarthralgia without articular deformation. He had been misdiagnosed for ASD with diagnostic wandering of several months. He was treated successfully with prednisone after set up of ASD diagnosis according common criteria. Corticosteroid therapy was stopped after 8 months without any relapse noted so far. Conclusion: Caring for ASD is difficult in our context mainly because of high cost of several explorations needed to set up its exact diagnosis while making differential one. Evolution under corticosteroid therapy is usually favorable but diagnostic delay may lead to severe complications and death.

Introduction: De Quervain’s subacute thyroiditis is an inflammatory granulomatosis with clinical presentation some time atypical leading eventually to misdiagnosis or inadequate treatment. In our area, physician should be aware of this possible etiology in presence of recent and acute features of thyrotoxicosis with or without painful firm goiter. We illustrate this fact with two new observations from Sub-Saharan Africa. Observations: Our first patient is a 70-year-old Guinean woman presenting a painful nodular and hard goiter at palpation. Her history was recent in a context of deterioration of the general state with a sub clinical thyrotoxicosis syndrome. The diagnosis of probable malignant thyroid tumor was evoked initially and a thyroidectomy considered. She presented an important biological inflammatory syndrome and biological peripheral hyperthyroidism. Neck ultrasound examination showed heterogeneous patchy decreased echogenicity. The diagnosis of subacute De Quervain’s thyroiditis was set up. A corticosteroid therapy at a rate of 20 mg/day of prednisone was begun with a fast degression of dose. After 3 weeks of treatment, we noticed total clinical recovery normalization of biological parameters. The second observation was about a 52-year-old Senegalese women living in Bamako. She presented cervical pains evolving for 2 months in a context of flu-like syndrome associated with thyrotoxicosis and marked biological inflammatory syndrome. The thyroid ultrasound showed global heterogeneity with characteristic aspect of “geography map” leading to the diagnosis of subacute thyroiditis. A combination therapy with low dose of prednisone, s-blockers and tranquillizers. We noticed fast disappearance of clinical and biological signs. At 5 mg per day of prednisone, there were moderate signs of relapse with rapid favorable evolution after few days under increased dose of prednisone up to 10 mg/day. Conclusion: De Quervain’s thyroiditis can appear under misleading features opening out to make wandering diagnosis. A good clinical evaluation coupled with hormonal and ultrasound thyroid examination may help for right management. The use of low dose of corticosteroid had enabled us to obtain a fast control of main clinical and biological abnormalities.

Introduction: The peripheral artery disease (PAD) is one of the chronic and frightening vascular complications of the diabetes whose tracking can be done by the Ankle-Brachial Index (ABI) measurement. We conducted in this context a study which consisted in measuring the ABI among hospitalized diabetic patients at Teaching Hospital of Pikine in Dakar, over 18 months’ duration. The aim was to determine the prevalence and evaluate factors correlated to the presence of the PAD. Patients and Method: This cross-sectional descriptive study interested the whole of diabetic patients hospitalized in Internal Medicine/Endocrinology Department, from January 2013 to June 2014. We carried out a complete clinical examination associated with ABI measurement by a Doppler probe for each included patient after having collected the clinical and paraclinical data. Results: Our population of study comprised 209 diabetic patients with a female predominance (126, 60.3%). The sex-ratio man/woman was 0.6. The median age of the population of study was 54 ± 2 years. In our series, 157 (75.1%) patients discovered their diabetes with the waning of an affection while the 52 (24.9%) other patients discovered their diabetes at the time of a systematic assessment. The PAD appeared by an intermittent claudication among 38 patients (18.2%). The ABI was normal for 126 patients (60.3%). The ABI was low for 51 patients (24.4%), unilateral in 3.8% of cases and bilateral in 20.6% of cases. The ABI was high among 32 patients (15.3%), unilateral in 7.2% of cases and bilateral in 8.1% of cases. The ABI extremes values were 0.11 and 2. In the population of study, 46 patients (22%) had a well-compensated PAD. The PAD was low compensated for 3 patients (1.4%) and severe for 2 patients (1%). The ABI was more frequent and significantly among women than men, with 32 cases (25.4%) against 19 (22.9%) cases (p = 0.021). The proportion of low ABI was more important among patients whose diabetes had evolved for more than 5 years (42.3% of cases) with a peak of frequency in the duration of 6 - 10 years (47.7% of cases). Conclusion: The PAD global prevalence among hospitalized diabetic patients appeared high with 24.4% patients presenting low ABI. Its early diagnosis among subjects at risk as for our study population allowed identifying asymptomatic subjects having another cardiovascular damage. Thus, the screening of obstructive arteriopathy of lower limb PAD by the measurement of ABI should be applied to all diabetic patients for a better assessment of atherosclerotic complication.

Introduction: Hemodialysis is a renal replacement technique that uses extracorporeal blood circulation (ECC) to purge the blood of patients with renal failure. It is used urgently in severe acute kidney injury (AKI) and complicated end stage renal disease (ESRD). The objective of this work was to determine the prevalence of each indication of emergency hemodialysis and its prognosis. Methods: We conducted a prospective, mono-centric study of descriptive and analytical type over a period of 6 months at the hemodialysis center of Aristide Le Dantec University Hospital. All patients with acute or chronic renal failure who underwent hemodialysis during an emergency were included. These emergencies were for the AKI or Chronic Kidney disease (CKD) the existence of one or more severity criteria: pulmonary œdema, hyperkalemia, severe metabolic acidosis, poorly tolerated uremia, persistent anuria and / or symptomatic hyponatraemia. Results: Eighty-one emergency hemodialysis patients were received during the study period out of a total of 660 hemodialysis patients serving a hospital prevalence of 12.2%. The mean age of the patients was 39.31 ± 18.78 years with a sex ratio of 1.02. The first indication of emergency hemodialysis was poorly tolerated uremia in 46 patients (56.7%) followed by threatening hyperkalemia with 43.2%. The evolution was highlighted by a complete recovery in 53% of patients with AKI whereas for patients with ESRD lifting the emergency was the rule. Fifteen patients (18.50%) had died, including 12 patients (14.80%) outside dialysis and 3 patients (3.75%) on dialysis. The occurrence of death was statistically correlated with hyperkalemia (p = 0.003) and metabolic acidosis (p = 0.001). Conclusion: Hemodialysis was performed urgently in 12.2% of cases. Poorly tolerated urine was the most common indication (56.7%). In the majority of cases we noted a good evolution with the emergency lifting. However we noted 15 deaths (18.5%).