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The aim of this work was to obtain a proof-of-concept for the administration of monoclonal antibody- ((m)Ab) based therapeutics directly to the lungs using dry powder for inhalation formulations (DPIf) to treat asthma more efficiently than current marketed treatments. Indeed, while effective mAb treatments for asthma exist, they are all administered subcutaneously, which reduces patient comfort and compliance because of their invasiveness. Moreover, the inhalation route is currently used as the gold standard for treating pulmonary diseases and has proven to be the best choice, whenever possible, to achieve both better outcomes and fewer side effects. Furthermore, DPIf are usually more stable than liquid formulations because of a decrease in the free Gibbs energy and lower kinetics of degradation. Regarding the target, we chose the human (h) interleukin- (IL) 13 as the inflammatory mediator based on a literature review conducted at the beginning of this thesis. Indeed, as of 2014, the most promising therapeutics, besides IL-5 inhibiting treatments, were without a doubt the IL-13 inhibiting treatments with two anti-IL-13 treatments and an anti-IL-4/IL-13 dual treatment in phase III randomized clinical trial (RCT).The first part of the work was, therefore, about developing the anti-hIL-13 molecules from scratch. Two strategies were considered: (i) generating a conventional Ab antigen-binding fragment (FAB) and (ii) generating an antigen-binding fragment from atypic Camelidae immunoglobulin (Ig) G that lacks light chains, also called nanobodies (Nb). Fragments were considered rather than complete mAb because these molecules have a simpler structure, which comes with several advantages: they are easier to formulate and characterize, they require lower mass doses, and are also generally easier and cheaper to produce. Furthermore, they are much less immunogenic by nature and lack the Fc portion responsible for unwanted immune system activations. The generation of the anti, Doctorat en Sciences biomédicales et pharmaceutiques (Pharmacie), info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

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info:eu-repo/semantics/published

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Despite advances in targeted therapies and immunotherapy in lung cancer, chemotherapy remains the backbone of treatment in most patients at different stages of the disease. Inhaled chemotherapy is a promising strategy to target lung tumours and to limit the induced severe systemic toxicities. Cisplatin dry powder for inhalation (CIS-DPI) was tested as an innovative way to deliver cisplatin locally via the pulmonary route with minimal systemic toxicities. In vivo, CIS-DPI demonstrated a dose-dependent antiproliferative activity in the M109 orthotopic murine lung tumour model and upregulated the immune checkpoint PD-L1 on lung tumour cells. Combination of CIS-DPI with the immune checkpoint inhibitor anti-PD1 showed significantly reduced tumour size, increased the number of responders and prolonged median survival over time in comparison to the anti-PD1 monotherapy. Furthermore, the CIS-DPI and anti-PD1 combination induced an intra-tumour recruitment of conventional dendritic cells and tumour infiltrating lymphocytes, highlighting an anti-tumour immune response. This study demonstrates that combining CIS-DPI with anti-PD1 is a promising strategy to improve lung cancer therapy., SCOPUS: ar.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published

IL-13 is a pleiotropic cytokine mainly secreted by Th2 cells. It reacts with many different types of cells involved in allergy, inflammation, and fibrosis, e.g. mastocytes, B cells, and fibroblasts. The role of IL-13 in conditions involving one or several of these phenotypes has therefore been extensively investigated. The inhibition of this cytokine in animal models for various pathologies yielded highly promising results. However, most human trials relying on anti-IL-13 conventional mAbs have failed to achieve a significant improvement of the envisaged disorders. Where some studies might have suffered from several weaknesses, the strategies themselves, such as targeting only IL-13 using conventional mAbs or employing a systemic administration, could be questioned. Nanobodies are recombinant Ag-binding fragments derived from the variable part of H chain-only Abs occurring in Camelidae. Thanks to their single-domain structure, small size (≈15 kDa), good stability, and solubility, they can be engineered into multispecific constructs for combined therapies or for use in new strategies such as formulations for local administration, e.g. pulmonary administration. In this study, we describe the generation of 38 nanobodies that can be subdivided into five CDR3 families. Nine nanobodies were found to have a good affinity profile (KD = 1-200 nM), but none were able to strongly inhibit IL-13 biological activity in vitro (IC50 > 50 µM: HEK-Blue IL-13/IL-4 cells). Multimeric constructs were therefore designed from these inhibitors and resulted in an up to 36-fold improvement in affinity and up to 300-fold enhancement of the biological activity while conserving a high specificity toward IL-13., SCOPUS: ar.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published

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In the present study, we evaluated the effect of spray-drying formulations and operating parameters of a laboratory-scale spray-dryer on the characteristics of spray-dried powders containing two Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteriophages exhibiting different morphotypes: a podovirus (LUZ19) and a myovirus (14-1). We optimized the production process for bacteriophage-loaded powders, with an emphasis on long-term storage under ICH (international conference on harmonization) conditions. D-trehalose-/L-isoleucine-containing bacteriophage mixtures were spray-dried from aqueous solutions using a Büchi Mini Spray-dryer B-290 (Flawil, Switzerland). A response surface methodology was used for the optimization of the spray-drying process, with the following as-evaluated parameters: Inlet temperature, spray gas flow rate, and the D-trehalose/L-isoleucine ratio. The dried powders were characterized in terms of yield, residual moisture content, and bacteriophage lytic activity. L-isoleucine has demonstrated a positive impact on the activity of LUZ19, but a negative impact on 14-1. We observed a negligible impact of the inlet temperature and a positive correlation of the spray gas flow rate with bacteriophage activity. After optimization, we were able to obtain dry powder preparations of both bacteriophages, which were stable for a minimum of one year under different ICH storage conditions (up to and including 40 °C and 75% relative humidity)., info:eu-repo/semantics/published

Since the approval of recombinant human insulin in 1982, there has been a growing interest in the use of biotherapeutics, and more particularly of monoclonal antibodies (mAb)-based products due to their multiple advantages compared to small chemical entities. Nonetheless, mAbs also show some drawbacks, one of them being their sensitivity to diverse instability pathways due to their complex structure. Therefore, attention needs to be paid during formulation and storage of such entities. While administration of mAbs using non-invasive routes has been extensively investigated, it still faces several challenges, especially regarding systemic therapy. Thus, parenteral route currently remains the main route of administration for antibodies (Abs). However, frequent injections are required in order to maintain Ab plasma levels into the therapeutic range, which may induce peak-to-trough fluctuations in blood levels due to multiple dosing as well as poor patient compliance. Consequently, methods to increase the half-life of Abs have gained interest over the last decades, and more particularly the use of sustained-delivery systems based on poly(lactide-co-glycolide) acid (PLGA) derivatives. In this work, the spray-drying of a water-in-oil emulsion (w/o) was selected as the formulation technique to produce Ab-loaded PLGA microparticles. Based on the requirement of sustained-release delivery systems, different objectives were set regarding the characteristics of the microparticles, i.e. a drug loading (DL) of at least 20%, a continuous in vitro and in vivo Ab release over a minimum of one month with a limited burst release and the possibility to maintain Ab stability during manufacturing, storage and release., Doctorat en Sciences biomédicales et pharmaceutiques (Pharmacie), info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Malgré les progrès réalisées en matière de traitement et de diagnostic, le cancer du poumon demeure le plus répandu et le plus mortel dans le monde. La chimiothérapie conventionnelle, associant un composé de platine (cisplatine ou carboplatine) à un autre agent antinéoplasique est utilisée à quasiment tous les stades. Comme celle-ci est administrée par voie intraveineuse (IV), elle entraîne des effets secondaires systémiques importants dont certains sont dose- limitant (DLT) comme la néphrotoxicité pour le cisplatine ou la myélotoxicité pour le doublet carboplatine-paclitaxel. Par conséquent, ces agents sont administrés selon des cycles bien espacés pendant lesquels les tissus se rétablissent, et ce incluant la tumeur ;conduisant à une repopulation tumorale. En effet, une corrélation significative a été établie entre la concentration de platine dans les tumeurs pulmonaires et l’efficacité du traitement. Le but de ce travail était d’évaluer le potentiel de combiner une poudre sèche pour inhalation (CIS-DPI-50) avec le traitement de chimiothérapie IV, afin d’exposer la tumeur à l’agent cytotoxique de manière continue.La première partie de ce travail a permis de développer le CIS-DPI-50. Afin d’éviter qu’une haute concentration en cisplatine ne soit complètement solubilisée une fois dans les poumons, et afin d’assurer une exposition suffisante, il était essentiel de développer des formulations à libération contrôlée et à rétention pulmonaire suffisante. Ceci consistait en l’optimisation d’une formulation à base de microparticules lipidiques solides (CIS-DPI-TS) préalablement développée par Levet et al. Cette formulation a été reproduite afin d’évaluer son efficacité chez des souris greffées avec le modèle M109-HiFR (0.5 mg/kg, trois fois par cycle pendant deux cycles) et a démontré une survie similaire au CIS-IV (1.5 mg/kg, une fois par cycle pendant deux cycles). Cela a été effectué en (i) utilisant des excipients de grade pharmaceutique, reconnus comme sûrs (GRAS) (4, Doctorat en Sciences biomédicales et pharmaceutiques (Pharmacie), info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Thèse réalisée dans le cadre d'une collaboration avec UCB Pharma et la région Wallonne s'inscrivant dans le cadre du projet SAS. Le but de ce projet était de développer des implants sous-cutanés imprimés en trois dimensions pour permettre une libération d’anticorps thérapeutique de manière prolongée au cours du temps. En effet, les thérapies disponibles sont souvent administrées par voie intraveineuse, ce qui peut réduire la compliance des patients dû à l’inconfort et à la fréquence de ces administrations. Les systèmes de délivrance, tels que des implants, peuvent limiter les fréquences d’administration grâce à l’insertion d’un dispositif qui libèrera le principe actif au cours du temps durant une période donnée. Les implants s’inscrivent comme une alternative aux microsphères qui sont également des dispositifs développés et investigués en vue de favoriser l’adhésion et la compliance des patients. L’avènement du 3D dans le milieu pharmaceutique a montré une certaine frénésie liée au développement de la médecine personnalisée et à l’innovation du procédé dans ce secteur. La sélection d’un matériau biocompatible et biorésorbable tel que le PLGA représente une véritable plus-value dans le développement d’implant. Etant donné que ces implants sont biodégradables, le retrait n’est pas à envisager, ce qui limite les désagréments du patient à un seul acte chirurgical lors de l’implantation. Au cours de ce travail, une approche pragmatique a d’abord été abordée sur les procédés d’extrusion à chaud et de l’impression 3D en utilisant un polymère couramment employé dans l’impression grand public, le PLA. L’investigation des paramètres d’impressions (température d’impression, epaisseur de couche et vitesse d’impression) et l’usage de divers plastifiants (la triacétine (TA), le polyethylène glycol 400 (PEG 400), le citrate de triéthyle (TEC) et l’acétyle citrate de triéthyle (ATEC)) pour faciliter les procédés à chaud et dans l’idée de réduire les températures d’extrusion et d’i, Doctorat en Sciences biomédicales et pharmaceutiques (Pharmacie), info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

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Despite the advances in targeted therapies and immunotherapy for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients, the intravenous administration of carboplatin (CARB) and paclitaxel (PTX) in well-spaced cycles is widely indicated for the treatment of NSCLC from stage II to stage IV. Our strategy was to add a controlled-release cisplatin-based dry-powder for inhalation (CIS-DPI-ET) to the conventional CARB-PTX-IV doublet, administered during the treatment off-cycles to intensify the therapeutic response while avoiding the impairment of pulmonary, renal and haematological tolerance of these combinations. The co-administration of CIS-DPI-ET (0.5 mg/kg) and CARB-PTX-IV (17–10 mg/kg) the same day showed a higher proportion of neutrophils in BALF (35 ± 7% vs 1.3 ± 0.8%), with earlier regenerative anaemia than with CARB-PTX-IV alone. A first strategy of CARB-PTX-IV dose reduction by 25% also induced neutrophil recruitment, but in a lower proportion than with the first combination (20 ± 6% vs 0.3 ± 0.3%) and avoiding regenerative anaemia. A second strategy of delaying CIS-DPI-ET and CARB-PTX-IV administrations by 24 h avoided both the recruitment of neutrophils in BALF and regenerative anaemia. Moreover, all these groups showed higher cytotoxicity (LDH activity, protein content) with no higher renal toxicities. These two strategies seem interesting to be assessed in terms of antitumor efficacy in mice., SCOPUS: ar.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published

Despite recent advances, platinum-based chemotherapy (partially composed of cisplatin, CIS) remains the backbone of non-small-cell lung cancer treatment. As CIS presents a cumulative and dose-limiting nephrotoxicity, it is currently administered with an interruption phase of 3–4 weeks between treatment cycles. During these periods, the patient recovers from the treatment side effects but so does the tumour. Our strategy is to increase the treatment frequency by delivering a cisplatin controlled-release dry powder for inhalation (CIS-DPI) formulation during these off-cycles to expose the tumour environment for longer to CIS, increasing its effectiveness. This is promising as long as the pulmonary and renal toxicities remain acceptable. The aim of the present investigation was to evaluate the pulmonary and renal tolerance of CIS-DPI (three times per cycle) and CIS using the intravenous (IV) route (CIS-IV) (one time per cycle) as monotherapies and to optimize their combination in terms of dose and schedule. At the maximum tolerated dose (MTD), combining CIS-DPI and CIS-IV impaired the pulmonary and the renal tolerance. Therefore, pulmonary tolerance was improved when the CIS-IV dose was decreased by 25% (to 1.5 mg/kg) while maintaining the MTD for CIS-DPI. In addition to this dose adjustment, a delay of 24 h between CIS-DPI and CIS-IV administrations limited the acute kidney injury., SCOPUS: ar.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published

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