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Objectives: To determine the relative frequency, demographic and pathologic profiles of patients diagnosed with cysts of the jaws. Materials and Methods: Biopsy records of the participating institutions from 2000 to 2020 were reviewed for lesions diagnosed in the cyst category. Demographic data, the location of the cysts and pathologic diagnoses were collected. Data were analyzed by appropriate statistics using IBM SPSS software version 28.0. Results: From 148,353 accessioned cases, 25,628 cases (17.28%) were diagnosed in the cyst category. Mean age of the patients ± SD = 42.62 ± 19.36 years. Paediatric patients (aged ≤ 16 years) accounted for 9.63%, while geriatric patients (aged ≥ 65) comprised 14.22% of all the patients. The male‐to‐female ratio was 1.27:1. The majority of the lesions were encountered in the mandible. The most prevalent cyst was radicular cyst followed by dentigerous cyst and odontogenic keratocyst. In the paediatric group, dentigerous cyst was the most prevalent, whereas in the geriatric group, radicular cyst was the most common. Conclusions: In general, the results of this study are in accordance with previous studies. This study provides an invaluable database for clinicians when formulating clinical differential diagnoses as well as for pathologists in rendering the final diagnosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ameloblastoma is the second most common benign odontogenic tumor with various histopathologic features. Except for the unicystic type of ameloblastoma, the different microscopic patterns of this tumor show no significant correlation with long-term clinical behavior. During recent decades, additional challenging subtypes of ameloblastoma, including "Keratoameloblastoma" (KA), have been introduced in the literature. Here, we present a case of KA and discuss the important diagnostic microscopic features. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: At present, the status of oral and maxillofacial pathology (OMFP) in the country is not properly good. This study aimed to investigate the current status and develop practical approaches to improve occupational condition of the specialty in the future from the viewpoint of the beneficiaries. Materials and Methods: This was a descriptive cross-sectional study. The participants were oral and maxillofacial pathologists of the country (200 individuals), OMFP residents (9 individuals), and final year dental students at six dentistry school of the country at 2020 (200 individuals) through multicenter design. At the first phase, the related questionnaires were developed and assessed psychometrically. Reliability of the questionnaires, internal consistency, and repeatability were computed and confirmed. At the second phase, the survey questionnaires on the current and future condition were sent electronically to the study groups. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistical tests (mean, standard deviation, percentage) and the Pearson test using SPSS. Results: At the first phase, after primary design of the study too, 23 variables with content validity ratio below 0.56 and content validity index (CVI) below 0.79 were omitted. The questionnaire for the specialists was confirmed with Cronbach's alpha of 0.75 and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) as 0.83, and the questionnaire for the students and the residents were confirmed with Cronbach's alpha of 0.95 and ICC of 0.80. Results of the second phase showed that score of tendency of students to select OMFP specialty to continue education was 1.58 ± 0.57 from 5. Satisfaction score of specialists on specialized activity of this specialty is 2.7 ± 1.52 from 5. The most important reason for the students to select this specialty was "interest in being faculty member," and the "difficulty of the specialty" was the most probable reason for not selecting this specialty. The most important priority of the residents was "interest in specialty" and for the specialists was "being faculty member." The most important reason to change attitude regarding the specialty by the specialists was mentioned as "high occupational and profession responsibility as well as low income" with the score of 1.38 ± 3.99. "Fundamental revision in the educational curriculum of the specialty" with a score of 4.60 ± 0.93 from 5 was considered as the most important revisionary approach from the viewpoint of specialists. Conclusion: At present, the main problem regarding the OMPF specialty in the country is "high number of graduates and lack of the present occupational opportunities." Evaluation and validation of the relevant specialized departments, producing occupational opportunities, and fundamental revision in the educational curriculum to train well-powered specialists are necessary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The COVID‐19 pandemic has a great impact on all aspects of higher education worldwide. In Iran, after several months of lockdown, all dental schools coped with the challenge of "reopening." School of Dentistry of Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS) planned to facilitate the process of reopening using a "step‐by‐step" approach. The aim of this study was sharing our experiences of reopening of the school during the pandemic. Methods: TUMS School of Dentistry planned a "step‐by‐step" approach of reopening of school to both provide infrastructure of online education for theoretical credits and reassure all staff and students about infection control for practical courses. Also, a two‐section survey on students' satisfaction with a variety of aspects of reopening process and the clinical performance of students in different clinical courses was conducted. Results: Findings showed 65.1% of the students, attended the survey, were satisfied with reopening of the school. Also, 86.4% were satisfied with the new online method of education for theoretical courses. Regarding personal protective equipment (PPE) provided for the students, 22.9% and 56.5% of them were satisfied and moderately satisfied, respectively. Additionally, 78.2% of the students were satisfied with the newly developed online assessment method. Conclusion: Although reopening of schools during COVID‐19 pandemic seems enigmatic for all authorities and students, the "step‐by‐step" plan designed by TUMS School of dentistry including emotional and infrastructural prerequisites might be a reliable method for all people, who are in charge of management of dental school in uncertain crisis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Statement of the Problem: Oral epithelial dysplasia (OED) is a common potentially malignant lesion of oral cavity that should be managed to prevent likely malignant transformation. Purpose: Here, we present a combination of binary grading system with complementary immunohistochemical (IHC) staining for Ki67 biomarker to provide a reproducible OED grading system. Materials and Method: In this cross-sectional study, seventy out of one hundred OED specimens, which were accompanied by IHC stained microscopic slides for Ki67 antigen were evaluated by four independent oral pathologists. Both three-tier and binary grading systems based on WHO microscopic criteria were employed, blindly in a four-step method with at least twoweek interval between each observation. Intra- and inter-observational reliability was assessed using Kappa statistical analysis. Results: OED diagnosis based on binary system showed significant intra-observer reliability comparing to three-tier system without biomarker. Moreover, OED diagnosis based on binary system using Ki67 biomarker showed significant inter-observer reliability comparing to diagnosis in three tier system and based on binary system without Ki67 biomarker showed significant inter-observer reliability comparing to diagnosis based on three-tier system without Ki67. Conclusion: Here, we found that application of IHC staining for Ki67 biomarker in binary system might provide a more reliable grading method for oral pathologist form different educational background. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim: Mortality associated with post-coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) rhino-orbital cerebral mucormycosis (ROCM) is an evolving concern. Association of COVID-19, corticosteroid therapy, and uncontrolled diabetes mellitus (DM) are considered predisposing factors for ROCM. We present two cases of successful treatment leading to patient survival for post-COVID-19, stage 4c-ROCM. Case Presentation: Two middle-aged men with poorly controlled DM were referred to our hospital for post-COVID-19 ROCM. They had received intravenous antivirals and dexamethasone as treatment in a primary center. Both patients had unilateral oculofacial pain and swelling followed by acute visual loss, unilateral proptosis, facial palsy, and trigeminal hypoesthesia. A computed tomography scan revealed opacity and bony erosion of paranasal sinuses (PNS). Obtained specimens confirmed mucormycosis agent on histopathological examination. After the failure of conservative treatments, retrobulbar injections of liposomal-amphotericin B, PNS debridement, and orbital exenteration, both patients developed blurred consciousness owing to the extension of the infection into the intracranial cavity. Brain magnetic resonance imaging revealed a right frontal lobe abscess in case 1 and a left frontal sinus abscess and involvement in case 2. Both underwent transcranial debridement and resection of necrotic tissue and drainage of the abscess. At follow-up, the patients were in good condition, and the fungal cultures were negative for mucormycosis agents. Conclusion: ROCM may be a complication of COVID-19 in high-risk patients. Control of the patient’s underlying systemic condition and prompt treatment with antifungal agents, along with timely aggressive resection of cerebral abscess and necrotic paranasal tissues, are the mainstays of management for ROCM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we developed an injectable in situ forming hydrogel/microparticle system consisting of two drugs, melatonin and methylprednisolone, to investigate the capability of the system for chondrogenesis in vitro and in vivo. The chemical, mechanical, and rheological properties of the hydrogel/microparticle were investigated. For in vitro evaluation, the adipose‐derived stem cells might be mixed with hydrogel/microparticles, then cellular viability was analyzed by acridine orange/propidium iodide and 4′,6‐diamidino‐2‐phenylindole staining and also dimethylmethylene blue assay were conducted to find the amount of proteoglycan. The real‐time polymerase chain reaction for aggrecan, sex‐determining region Y–Box 9, collagen I (COL1), and COL2 gene expression was performed after 14 and 21 days. For evaluation of cartilage regeneration, the samples were implanted in rabbit knees with cartilaginous experimental defects. Defects were created in both knees of three groups of rabbits. Group 1 was the control with no injection, and Groups 2 and 3 were loaded with hydrogel/cell and hydrogel/microparticle/cell; respectively. Then, after 3 and 6 months, histological evaluations of the defected sites were carried out. The amount of glycosaminoglycans after 14 and 21 days increased significantly in hydrogels/microparticles loaded with cells. The expression of marker genes was also significant in hydrogels/microparticles loaded with cells. According to histology analysis, the hydrogels/microparticles loaded with cells showed the best cartilage regeneration. Overall, our study revealed that the developed injectable hydrogel/microparticle can be used for cartilage regeneration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Backgrounds: Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma (OSCC) is the most common malignancy of the oral cavity. Phosphatase and TENsin homolog (PTEN) is a well-known tumor suppressive gene regulated by several biomarkers including a small single-stranded molecule, microRNA26b (miR-26b). Here, we studied the expression of PTEN and miR-26b in OSCC specimens in comparison with adjacent normal mucosa.Methods: The expressions of PTEN and miR-26b genes were evaluated at mRNA level in OSCC and adjacent normal fresh frozen tissues in 49 patients using Quantitative Real-Time PCR and analyzed their associations with clinicopathological factors.Results: The expression level of PTEN was significantly lower in OSCC specimens comparing with adjacent normal tissues (P-value = 0.000). The expression of PTEN was associated with T stage (P-value = 0.006) and N stage (P-value = 0.043). A nonsignificant decrease in miR-26b expression level was also observed in OSCC tissues. Additionally, in patients with more aggressive tumoral behavior, including vascular invasion (P-value = 0.012) and positive N stage (P-value = 0.02), significant decreases were found.Conclusions: These findings suggest that inactivation of PTEN may have an impact on initiation and progression of OSCC. Additionally, miR-26b might have a tumor suppressive role in OSCC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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