Search

Glucagon plays a central role in amino acid (AA) homeostasis. The dog is an established model of glucagon biology, and recently, metabolomic changes in people associated with glucagon infusions have been reported. Glucagon also has effects on the kidney; however, changes in urinary AA concentrations associated with glucagon remain under investigation. Therefore, we aimed to fill these gaps in the canine model by determining the effects of glucagon on the canine plasma metabolome and measuring urine AA concentrations. Employing two constant rate glucagon infusions (CRI) - low-dose (CRI-LO: 3 ng/kg/min) and high-dose (CRI-HI: 50 ng/kg/min) on five research beagles, we monitored interstitial glucose and conducted untargeted liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) on plasma samples and urine AA concentrations collected pre- and post-infusion. The CRI-HI induced a transient glucose peak (90-120 min), returning near baseline by infusion end, while only the CRI-LO resulted in 372 significantly altered plasma metabolites, primarily reductions (333). Similarly, CRI-HI affected 414 metabolites, with 369 reductions, evidenced by distinct clustering post-infusion via data reduction (PCA and sPLS-DA). CRI-HI notably decreased circulating AA levels, impacting various AA-related and energy-generating metabolic pathways. Urine analysis revealed increased 3-methyl-l-histidine and glutamine, and decreased alanine concentrations post-infusion. These findings demonstrate glucagons glucose-independent modulation of the canine plasma metabolome and highlight the dogs relevance as a translational model for glucagon biology. Understanding these effects contributes to managing dysregulated glucagon conditions and informs treatments impacting glucagon homeostasis.

• It emphasizes the critical importance of novel therapeutic approaches. • It is the first to discusses the functions of L-cysteine in the anxiety. • It provides an overview of the basic features of L-cysteine. • It presents potential mechanism of L-cysteine in the treatment of anxiety. • It reviews the pathogenesis and neuroanatomical basis of anxiety disorders. Anxiety disorders are prevalent chronic psychological disease with complex pathogenic mechanisms. Current anxiolytics have limited efficacy and numerous side effects in many anxiety patients, highlighting the urgent need for new therapies. Recent research has been focusing on nutritional supplements, particularly amino acids, as potential therapies for anxiety disorders. Among these, L-Cysteine plays a crucial role in various biological processes. L-Cysteine exhibits antioxidant properties that can enhance the antioxidant functions of the central nervous system (CNS). Furthermore, metabolites of L-cysteine, such as glutathione and hydrogen sulfide have been shown to alleviate anxiety through distinct molecular mechanisms. Long-term administration of L-Cysteine has anxiolytic, antidepressant, and memory-improving effects. L-Cysteine depletion can lead to increased oxidative stress in the brain. This review delves into the potential mechanisms of L-Cysteine and its main products, glutathione (GSH) and hydrogen sulfide (H2S) in the management of anxiety and related diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Axially chiral biaryl δ‐amino acids possess significantly different conformational properties and chiral environment from centrally chiral amino acids, therefore, have drawn considerable attention in the fields of synthetic and medicinal chemistry. Herein, a novel chiral phenanthroline‐potassium catalyst has been developed by constructing a well‐organized axially chiral ligand composed of one 1,10‐phenanthroline unit and two axially chiral 1,1′‐bi‐2‐naphthol (BINOL) units. In the presence of this catalyst, good to excellent yields and enantioselectivities (up to 99 % yield, 98 : 2 er) have been achieved in the ring‐opening alcoholytic dynamic kinetic resolution of a variety of biaryl lactams, thereby providing an efficient protocol for catalytic asymmetric synthesis of unnatural axially chiral biaryl δ‐amino acid derivatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alternative mRNA splicing promotes the diversity of protein isoforms. Metabolic regulation of mRNA splicing enables cells to adapt their proteome to external stimuli. The interplay between metabolites and alternative mRNA splicing can take place through biochemical and biophysical changes of cellular compartments in which splicing takes place and/or through interactions between metabolites and splicing factors. Central cell signaling pathways that are regulated by metabolites crosstalk with alternative splicing regulators. Alternative mRNA splicing enables the diversification of the proteome from a static genome and confers plasticity and adaptiveness on cells. Although this is often explored in development, where hard-wired programs drive the differentiation and specialization, alternative mRNA splicing also offers a way for cells to react to sudden changes in outside stimuli such as small-molecule metabolites. Fluctuations in metabolite levels and availability in particular convey crucial information to which cells react and adapt. We summarize and highlight findings surrounding the metabolic regulation of mRNA splicing. We discuss the principles underlying the biochemistry and biophysical properties of mRNA splicing, and propose how these could intersect with metabolite levels. Further, we present examples in which metabolites directly influence RNA-binding proteins and splicing factors. We also discuss the interplay between alternative mRNA splicing and metabolite-responsive signaling pathways. We hope to inspire future research to obtain a holistic picture of alternative mRNA splicing in response to metabolic cues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The list of standard abbreviations for JDS is available at adsa.org/jds-abbreviations-24. Nonstandard abbreviations are available in the Notes. Researchers have reported the benefits of feeding rumen-protected methionine (RPM) during the peripartum on the health parameters of dairy cows. Rumen-protected Met has reportedly improved milk yield, milk components, and liver health, but the literature is scarce on its effects in commercial herds. Therefore, we aimed to determine the effects of feeding RPM (Smartamine M, Adisseo Inc., Antony, France) prepartum (8 g/cow per day) and postpartum (15 g/cow per day) on performance, metabolic profile, and culling rate of Holstein cows in a commercial herd. One hundred sixty-six (n = 166) Holstein cows, 58 nulliparous and 108 parous, were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 dietary treatments, consisting of TMR top-dressed with RPM (RPMet; 2.35% and 2.24% Met of MP for close-up and fresh cows, respectively) or without (control [CON] 2.03% and 1.89% Met of MP for close-up and fresh cows, respectively), fed from 21 ± 6 d prepartum until 16 ± 5 d postpartum. From 17 DIM until dry-off, all cows received RPMet. Daily milk yield was recorded, and milk samples were collected in the first and second weeks after calving to determine their composition. Blood samples were collected before the morning feeding on −14, −7, +1, +7, and +14 d relative to calving. Mortality and morbidity were recorded during the first 60 DIM. Cows supplemented with RPMet had greater milk yield during the first 16 DIM (31.76 vs. 30.37 kg/d; SEM = 1.04, respectively), and had greater milk fat content (4.45 vs. 4.10%; SEM = 0.11, respectively), but not milk total protein (3.47 vs. 3.39%; SEM = 0.04, respectively) and casein contents (2.74 vs. 2.66%; SEM = 0.04, respectively) than CON cows. Cows in RPMet had increased plasma Met concentrations than cows in CON (24.9 vs. 21.0 µmol/L; SEM = 1.2, respectively). Although morbidity was similar between treatments, the culling rate from calving until 60 DIM was lower for RPMet cows than for CON cows (2.4% vs. 12.1%; SEM = 0.02). In conclusion, cows receiving RPMet have greater milk yield, improved milk fat content, and a lower culling rate at 60 DIM than CON cows. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plant disease control faces a lot of challenges due to its overdependence on chemicals that have strict restrictions and regulatory requirements. With the increase in drug‐resistant pathogens and continual crop losses due to disease outbreaks, much attention has been brought to a new set of emerging antibiotics called antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). AMPs are a group of multifunctional, short‐sequence peptides that are usually cationic in nature and found in all living organisms. They are part of the innate immune system of different organisms and exhibit a wide range of inhibitory effects on microorganisms, making them potential therapeutic factors efficacious as an alternate resource for plant disease management. AMPs interact with the anionic cell membrane of the pathogen and cause cell lysis or inhibit crucial intracellular targets. AMPs can be isolated from almost all life forms ranging from microbes to mammals. In addition to these sources, AMPs are also being synthesized using recombinant methods with the goal of overcoming the constraints of natural AMPs with regard to stability, activity and toxicity. Recent advancements have been made to develop transgenic plants expressing AMPs that has proved to perform better than the use of antibiotics. This review highlights the different kinds of AMPs produced by plants and microorganisms along with their mode of action, target pathogens, structural characteristics and advancements in this field, which include isolation methods, synthetic AMPs and transgenic plants expressing AMPs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Various techniques have been employed in aesthetic medicine to combat skin aging, in particular that of the facial region. Hyaluronic acid is utilized to enhance moisture levels and extracellular matrix molecules. This study aims to histologically assess the effects of low molecular weight hyaluronic acid fragments combined with amino acids (HAAM) on facial skin rejuvenation through intradermal microinjections. Methods: A total of twenty women, with an average age of 45 and ranging from 35 to 64 years old, participated in the study, including 8 in menopause and 12 in the childbearing age group. Mesotherapy was used to administer HAAM to the patients. Prior to and three months after the treatment, each patient underwent small circular punch biopsies. Ultrasound examinations were conducted using B-mode, capturing 2D images in longitudinal or transverse orientations with frequencies ranging from 5 to 13 Mega-hertz (MY LAB X8, ESAOTE, Genova, Italy). A total of 60 ultrasound examinations were taken, with 30 collected before treatment and 30 after treatment. Results: The histological analysis demonstrates an increase in fibroblast activity resulting in the production of Type III reticular collagen, as well as an increased number of blood vessels and epidermal thickness. However, the analysis of ultrasound data before and after treatment showed no statistical difference in skin thickness in malar area, chin and mandibular angle. Conclusions: Histological assessments indicate that subcutaneous infiltration of HAAM has a substantial impact on the dermis of facial skin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Higher alcohol acetates (HAAs) are potent aroma‐active esters that impart desirable fruity and floral aromas. However, the conversion of higher alcohol precursors into HAAs is extremely low in winemaking. To investigate the underlying yeast–yeast interaction on targeted improvement of aromatic HAAs, we evaluated fermentation activity, cell viability, amino acid consumption and HAA production when Pichia kluyveri and Saccharomyces cerevisiae were inoculated concurrently or sequentially. RESULTS: Pichia kluyveri PK‐21 possessed the ability to survive and increased HAA level up to 5.2‐fold in mixed fermentation. Such an increment may benefit from the efficient conversion of higher alcohol precursors into HAAs (>27‐fold higher than S. cerevisiae). During mixed fermentation, the two yeasts exhibited crucial interactions regarding cell growth and amino acid competition. Saccharomyces cerevisiae dominated over the co‐inoculated P. kluyveri by efficient uptake of amino acids and biomass production. However, this dominance decreased in sequential fermentation, where P. kluyveri growth increased due to the consumption of preferred amino acids prior to S. cerevisiae. Pearson correlation analysis indicated that phenylalanine and aspartic acid may act as positive amino acids in boosting P. kluyveri growth and HAA production. Laboratory‐scale winemaking validated the fermentation performance of P. kluyveri in sequential inoculum, resulting in a balanced aroma profile with enhanced floral and tropical fruity characteristics in the final wines. CONCLUSION: This study proposes a microbial, non‐genetically engineered approach for targeted increase of HAA production in winemaking and the findings provide new insights into yeast–yeast interactions. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present the proof for the source of exchange flying ring of the biological bosonic state in homochirality of L-amino acids. It is a source of knot in parallel transport of Yang–Mills field in genetic code evolved from natural selection. It serves as a source of protein folding structure in L-amino acids over all the protein structure of a living organism. In the proof, we modified Frank’s model for homochirality and added more properties of nonlinearity and supersymmetry. The mirror symmetries transform their left and right homochiral hidden states of reversed reaction over Frank’s equation for spontaneous autocatalysis. We also change the rate of reaction in the model from the Euclidean norm to Minkowski metric with Lorentz invariant in special relativity theory. The speed of light in Minkowski space in this model is an analogy with a source of all species of all living organisms with common 20 L-amino acids as their constituents. The result of the proof agrees with the existence of L-amino acids in nature. By long-term of evolution, the number of concentration of left homochirality is more than the concentration of right homochirality in amino acids propositional to the Chern–Simons current. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Proline is a unique amino acid in that its side-chain is cyclised to the backbone, thus giving proline an exceptional rigidity and a considerably restricted conformational space. Polyproline forms two well-characterized helical structures: a left-handed polyproline helix (PPII) and a right-handed polyproline helix (PPI). Usually, sequences made only of prolyl residues are in PPII conformation, but even sequences not rich in proline but which are rich in glycine, lysine, glutamate, or aspartate have also a tendency to form PPII helices. Currently, the only way to study unambiguously PPII structure in solution is to use spectroscopies based on optical activity such as circular dichroism, vibrational circular dichroism and Raman optical activity. The importance of the PPII structure is emphasized by its ubiquitous presence in different organisms from yeast to human beings where proline-rich motifs and their binding domains are believed to be involved in vital biological processes. Some of the domains that are bound by proline-rich motifs include SH3 domains, WW domains, GYF domains and UEV domains, etc. The PPII structure has been demonstrated to be essential to biological activities such as signal transduction, transcription, cell motility, and immune response. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Photosystem I (PSI) light-harvesting antenna complexes LHCI contain spectral forms that absorb and emit photons of lower energy than that of its primary electron donor, P700. The most red-shifted fluorescence is associated with the Lhca4 complex. It has been suggested that this red emission is related to the inter-chlorophyll charge transfer (CT) states. In this work we present a systematic quantum-chemical study of the CT states in Lhca4, accounting for the influence of the protein environment by estimating the electrostatic interactions. We show that significant energy shifts result from these interactions and propose that the emission of the Lhca4 complex is related not only to the previously proposed a603+-a608-state, but also to the a602+-a603-state. We also investigate how different protonation patterns of protein amino acids affect the energetics of the CT states. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Allium is important vegetables and seasonings in China, Tibet is rich in unique resources of the genus Allium, but lacks development and utilization. Methods: We compared the biological features and comprehensively evaluating the quality of twelve germplasm resources of the genus Allium collected from Tibet. Results: The results revealed that nine germplasm resources were bolting and bloom normally except for SC015, SC019, and SC048, all twelve germplasm resources were able to vegetative growth. The individual differences in moisture, soluble sugar, and protein content among the twelve germplasm resources were relatively small, with pyruvic acid content ranging from 0.11 to 1.12 mg/g and a large variation coefficient. A total of 8 categories and 97 volatile compounds were detected in twelve germplasm resources, the majority possessed the highest proportions of aldehydes and organosulfur compounds, but there were certain differences between the different Allium species. Additionally, 11 to 16 types of free amino acids were present in all germplasm resources, proline exhibited the highest content. The total content of essential and non-essential amino acids in SC009 was the highest. Carbon (C) accounted for the largest proportion of all elements, and the contents of other mineral elements varied greatly among the different plants. Conclusion: In conclusion, combined with biological performance and comprehensive evaluation of quality, SC009 is the excellent germplasm resource suitable for growth and capable of reproduction with good quality. These results improved the exploitation and utilization of the genus Allium in Tibet, as well as provided germplasm resources for high-quality breeding of the genus Allium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Premise: The origin of diversity is a fundamental biological question. Gene duplications are one mechanism that provides raw material for the emergence of novel traits, but evolutionary outcomes depend on which genes are retained and how they become functionalized. Yet, following different duplication types (polyploidy and tandem duplication), the events driving gene retention and functionalization remain poorly understood. Here we used Cakile maritima, a species that is tolerant to salt and heavy metals and shares an ancient whole‐genome triplication with closely related salt‐sensitive mustard crops (Brassica), as a model to explore the evolution of abiotic stress tolerance following polyploidy. Methods: Using a combination of ionomics, free amino acid profiling, and comparative genomics, we characterize aspects of salt stress response in C. maritima and identify retained duplicate genes that have likely enabled adaptation to salt and mild levels of cadmium. Results: Cakile maritima is tolerant to both cadmium and salt treatments through uptake of cadmium in the roots. Proline constitutes greater than 30% of the free amino acid pool in C. maritima and likely contributes to abiotic stress tolerance. We find duplicated gene families are enriched in metabolic and transport processes and identify key transport genes that may be involved in C. maritima abiotic stress tolerance. Conclusions: These findings identify pathways and genes that could be used to enhance plant resilience and provide a putative understanding of the roles of duplication types and retention on the evolution of abiotic stress response. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The Cluster bean is an economically significant annual legume, widely known as guar. Plant productivity is frequently constrained by drought conditions. Objective: In this work, we have identified the untargeted drought stress-responsive metabolites in mature leaves of cluster beans under drought and control condition. Methods: To analyse the untargeted metabolites, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) technique was used. Supervised partial least-squares discriminate analysis and heat map were used to identify the most significant metabolites for drought tolerance. Results: The mature leaves of drought-treated C. tetragonoloba cv. 'HG-365' which is a drought-tolerant cultivar, showed various types of amino acids, fatty acids, sugar alcohols and sugars as the major classes of metabolites recognized by GC-MS metabolome analysis. Metabolite profiling of guar leaves showed 23 altered metabolites. Eight metabolites (proline, valine, D-pinitol, palmitic acid, dodecanoic acid, threonine, glucose, and glycerol monostearate) with VIP score greater than one were considered as biomarkers and three metabolite biomarkers (D-pinitol, valine, and glycerol monostearate) were found for the first time in guar under drought stress. In this work, four amino acids (alanine, valine, serine and aspartic acid) were also studied, which played a significant role in drought-tolerant pathway in guar. Conclusion: This study provides information on the first-ever GC-MS metabolic profiling of guar. This work gives in-depth details on guar's untargeted drought-responsive metabolites and biomarkers, which can plausibly be used for further identification of biochemical pathways, enzymes, and the location of various genes under drought stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The identification of chemicals that modulate plant development and adaptive responses to stresses has attracted increasing attention for agricultural applications. Recent basic studies have identified functional amino acids that are essential for plant organogenesis, indicating that amino acids can regulate plant growth. In this study, we newly identified 2‐aminopimelic acid (2APA), a nonproteinogenic amino acid, as a novel bioactive compound involved in root morphogenesis. This biological effect was confirmed in several plant species. Our phenotypic analysis revealed that the bioactive 2APA is an l‐form stereoisomer. Overall, our study identified a promising root growth regulator and provided insight into the intricate metabolism related to root morphology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbon dioxide (CO2) hydrates have garnered significant interest as a promising technology for CO2 capture and storage due to its high storage capacity and moderate operating conditions. The kinetics of CO2 hydrate formation is a critical factor in determining the feasibility of hydrate-based CO2 capture and storage technologies. This study systematically investigates the promotional effects of the amino acid L-tryptophan (L-trp) on CO2 hydrate formation kinetics and morphology under stirred and unstirred conditions. In the stirred system, experiments were conducted in a high-pressure 100 mL reactor with 0.05, 0.10, and 0.30 wt% L-trp solution. CO2 gas uptake kinetics and morphological evolution were monitored using a high-resolution digital camera. Results showed that L-trp promoted CO2 hydrate formation kinetics without delay, with rapid CO2 consumption upon nucleation. Morphological evolution revealed rapid hydrate formation, wall-climbing growth, and dendritic morphology filling the bulk solution. Under unstirred conditions, experiments were performed in a larger 1 L reactor with 0.1 wt% and 0.5 wt% L-trp solutions to assess the influence of additive concentration on hydrate formation thermodynamics and kinetics. Results demonstrated that L-trp influenced both thermodynamics and kinetics of CO2 hydrate formation. Thermodynamically, 0.1 wt% L-trp resulted in the highest hydrate formation, indicating an optimal concentration for thermodynamic promotion. Kinetically, increasing L-trp concentration from 0.1 wt% to 0.5 wt% reduced formation time, demonstrating a proportional relationship between L-trp concentration and formation kinetics. These findings provide insights into the role of L-trp in promoting CO2 hydrate formation and the interplay between additive concentration, thermodynamics, and kinetics. The results can inform the development of effective hydrate-based technologies for CO2 sequestration, highlighting the potential of amino acids as promoters in gas hydrate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Amplicon sequencing is an effective and increasingly applied method for studying viral communities in the environment. Here, we present vAMPirus, a user‐friendly, comprehensive, and versatile DNA and RNA virus amplicon sequence analysis program, designed to support investigators in exploring virus amplicon sequencing data and running informed, reproducible analyses. vAMPirus intakes raw virus amplicon libraries and, by default, performs nucleotide‐ and amino acid‐based analyses to produce results such as sequence abundance information, taxonomic classifications, phylogenies and community diversity metrics. The vAMPirus analytical framework leverages 16 different opensource tools and provides optional approaches that can increase the ratio of biological signal‐to‐noise and thereby reveal patterns that would have otherwise been masked. Here, we validate the vAMPirus analytical framework and illustrate its implementation as a general virus amplicon sequencing workflow by recapitulating findings from two previously published double‐stranded DNA virus datasets. As a case study, we also apply the program to explore the diversity and distribution of a coral reef‐associated RNA virus. vAMPirus is streamlined within Nextflow, offering straightforward scalability, standardization and communication of virus lineage‐specific analyses. The vAMPirus framework is designed to be adaptable; community‐driven analytical standards will continue to be incorporated as the field advances. vAMPirus supports researchers in revealing patterns of virus diversity and population dynamics in nature, while promoting study reproducibility and comparability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

1. An experiment was conducted to determine the effect of the source of fat (soybean oil or tallow) on the ileal endogenous amino acid (EAA) losses in broilers. 2. Three nitrogen (N)-free diets; a control diet with no added fat and test diets with 60 g/kg of either soybean oil or tallow were formulated. Titanium dioxide (5 g/kg) was added to all diets as an indigestible marker. Each diet was assigned to six replicate cages (eight birds per cage) from d 18 to 21 post-hatch. On d 21, the digesta were collected from the lower half of the ileum. 3. The endogenous losses of nitrogen and amino acids (AA) were lower (p = 0.08; p = 0.001) in broilers fed diets with soybean oil or tallow, respectively, compared to those fed the diet with no fat. Source of fat had no influence (p > 0.05) on EAA losses. 4. The most abundant AA in the ileal endogenous protein was glutamic acid, followed by aspartic acid, threonine, leucine, serine, valine and proline. In general, the concentrations of AA in the endogenous protein were lower (p < 0.05) with added fat. The exceptions were methionine, cysteine, proline and serine, which were unaffected. The effect of fat source on the AA contents of endogenous protein were inconsistent and differed depending on the AA. 5. The inclusion of fats decreased EAA losses which implied they have beneficial effects beyond direct energy contribution. It can be proposed that the reduction of EAA flow may be an additional mechanism contributing to the extra-caloric effect of dietary fats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The list of standard abbreviations for JDS is available at adsa.org/jds-abbreviations-24. Nonstandard abbreviations are available in the Notes. Milk protein production is the largest draw on AA supplies for lactating dairy cattle. Prior NRC predictions of milk protein production have been absorbed protein (MP)-based and used a first-limiting nutrient concept to integrate the effects of energy and protein, which yielded poor accuracy and precision (root mean squared error [RMSE] >21%). Using a meta-data set gathered, various alternative equation forms considering MP, absorbed total EAA, absorbed individual EAA, and digested energy (DE) supplies as additive drivers of production were evaluated, and all were found to be superior in statistical performance to the first limitation approach (RMSE = 14%–15%). Inclusion of DE intake and a quadratic term for MP or absorbed EAA supplies were found to be necessary to achieve intercept estimates (nonproductive protein use) that were similar to the factorial estimates of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (2021). The partial linear slope for MP was found to be 0.409, which is consistent with the observed slope bias of −0.34 g/g when a slope of 0.67 was used for MP efficiency in a first-limiting nutrient system. Replacement of MP with the supplies of individual absorbed EAA expressed in grams per day and a common quadratic across the EAA resulted in unbiased predictions with improved statistical performance as compared with MP-based models. Based on Akaike's information criterion and biological consistency, the best equations included absorbed His, Ile, Lys, Met, Thr, the NEAA, and individual DE intakes from fatty acids, NDF, residual OM, and starch. Several also contained a term for absorbed Leu. These equations generally had RMSE of 14.3% and a concordance correlation of 0.76. Based on the common quadratic and individual linear terms, milk protein response plateaus were predicted at approximately 320 g/d of absorbed His, Ile, and Lys; 395 g/d of absorbed Thr; 550 g/d of absorbed Met; and 70 g/d of absorbed Leu. Therefore, responses to each except Leu are almost linear throughout the normal in vivo range. De-aggregation of the quadratic term and parsing to individual absorbed EAA resulted in nonbiological estimates for several EAA indicating over-parameterization. Expression of the EAA as g/100 g total absorbed EAA or as ratios of DE intake and using linear and quadratic terms for each EAA resulted in similar statistical performance, but the solutions had identifiability problems and several nonbiological parameter estimates. The use of ratios also introduced nonlinearity in the independent variables which violates linear regression assumptions. Further screening of the global model using absorbed EAA expressed as grams per day with a common quadratic using an all-models approach, and exhaustive cross-evaluation indicated the parameter estimates for BW, all 4 DE terms, His, Ile, Lys, Met, and the common quadratic term were stable, whereas estimates for Leu and Thr were known with less certainty. Use of independent and additive terms and a quadratic expression in the equation results in variable efficiencies of conversion. The additivity also provides partial substitution among the nutrients. Both of these prevent establishment of fixed nutrient requirements in support of milk protein production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Key message: Metabolomic and transcriptomic analyses revealed an intensification of energy metabolism in rice grains under DMA stress, possibly causing the consumption of sugars or non-sugars and the development of unfilled grains Excessive dimethylarsinic acid (DMA) causes rice straighthead disease, a physiological disorder typically with erect panicle due to empty grain at maturity. Although the toxicity of DMA and its uptake and transport in rice are well recognized, the underlying mechanism of unfilled grains remains unclear. Therefore, a pot experiment was conducted using a susceptible variety (Ruanhuayou1179, RHY) and a resistant one (Nanjingxiangzhan, NJXZ) via the metabolomic and transcriptomic approaches to explore the mechanisms of empty grains in diseased rice under DMA stress. The results demonstrate an increase in total and methylated As in grains of RHY and NJXZ under DMA addition, with RHY containing higher levels of DMA. DMA addition increased the soluble sugar content in grains of RHY and NJXZ by 17.1% and 14.3% compared to the control, respectively, but significantly reduced the levels of amino acid, soluble protein, and starch. The decrease of grain Zn and B contents was also observed, and inadequate Zn might be a key factor limiting rice grain yield under DMA stress. Notably, DMA addition altered the expression levels of genes involved in the transport of sugar, amino acids, nitrates/peptides, and mineral ions. In sugar and amino acid metabolism, the reduction of metabolites and the upregulated expression of genes reflect positive regulation at the level of energy metabolism, implying that the reduction of grain starch and proteins might be ascribed to generate sufficient energy to resist the stress. This study provides a useful reference for understanding the molecular mechanism of grain emptying under DMA stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of varying magnetic field intensities (0–10 mT) on the quality attributes of steamed bread with 40% potato pulp substitution (SBPP) was investigated in this study. The results demonstrated that the SBPP treated with magnetic field of 4 mT exhibited the highest total phenolic (0.55 GAE mg/g DW), increased ABTS and DPPH radical scavenging capacity (77.55% and 86.03%, respectively), and displayed a more pronounced cross-linking structure. Nutritional evaluation of SBPP demonstrated that magnetic field significantly influenced the amino acid contents and in vitro starch digestibility. Moreover, the application of magnetic field resulted in SBPP with desirable aroma quality, acceptable color and texture features, as well as pleasant appearance characteristics, including specific volume, spread ratio, and crumb structure. These findings suggest that the application of magnetic fields holds great promise as an effective technology for enhancing the quality of SBPP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Komak (Lablab purpureus (L.) sweet) is a highly productive plant used for sustainable cultivation. However, beans are currently underutilized. A complete database including physicochemical characteristics is important for developing new foods derived from komak beans. This study aimed to determine the physical (weight, dimensions and color) and chemical (macromolecules, amino acids, sugars, minerals, phytic acid, tannin and volatile compounds) profiles, as well as the trypsin inhibitory activity of different varieties of komak beans, viz. white and black beans. The levels of the studied parameters differed significantly (p < 0.05) between the beans. However, the common profile of komak beans was characterized by a moderate level of protein (26 %), high carbohydrate (66 %) and low fat (2 %), with a weight ranging from 25 to 45 g and low anti-nutritional factor expressed as trypsin inhibitory activity (2 TIU/mg). Additionally, analytical results using HS-SPME-GC/MS revealed that 1-octen-3-ol and benzyl alcohol were the main unpleasant volatile compounds produced upon heating beans. The major mineral compound in black beans is potassium, whereas the white variety contains higher amounts of magnesium, calcium and iron. Interestingly, both beans provided favorable compounds contributing to the umami taste, as the most dominant amino acids were glutamic and aspartic acids. Finally, as white beans were lower in antinutritive compounds (phytic acid and tannin), this measure may encourage further studies to expand the development of this variety to promote underutilized beans as alternative food sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study evaluates and contrasts the concurrent application of nitrogen (N) fertilizer and diverse forms of iron (Fe) fertilizer on the physiological growth and components of wine grape berries. The objective is to provide both theoretical insights and practical support to enhance berry quality and optimize wine fermentation processes. Eight treatments were established encompassing two main treatments (without urea and with urea application) and four sub-treatments (ferrous sulfate, ferrous gluconate, EDTA-Fe, and ferric citrate). Results indicate that the synergistic application of N fertilizer and chelated Fe fertilizer significantly improves the photosynthetic characteristics of grape leaves, leading to a remarkable enhancement in leaf chlorophyll content (13.7–83.9%). Moreover, the combined application of N and Fe fertilizers significantly boosts berry tannin levels (11.2–21.5%), anthocyanins (2.8–117%), and total phenols (1.9–41.2%). Additionally, there is a notable increase in the relative abundance of amino acids and flavonoids, contributing to an augmented yield (3.9–36.1%). Correlation analysis suggests that the synergistic application of N and Fe improves berry quality by augmenting N and Fe content in the leaves, promoting photosynthesis, improving water-use efficiency, and increasing leaf chlorophyll content. Overall, the comprehensive score of the principal component analysis reveals that the synergistic application of N fertilizer and chelated Fe fertilizer has the most significant effect, leading to substantial improvements in the quality and yield of the berries. These findings provide critical theoretical support for future fertilizer strategies aimed at enhancing the quality and nutritional value of berries and wine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diet and health are strongly linked, though the strict changes in diet required to improve health outcomes are usually difficult to sustain. We sought to understand whether short-term bouts of amino acid–specific modifications to the diet of Drosophila melanogaster could mimic the lifespan and stress resistance benefits of dietary restriction, without the requirement for drastic reductions in food intake. We found that flies that were transiently fed diets lacking the essential amino acid isoleucine, but otherwise nutritionally complete, exhibited enhanced nicotine tolerance, indicating elevated detoxification capacity. The protection from isoleucine deprivation increased with the duration of exposure, up to a maximum at 7-day isoleucine deprivation for flies 2, 3, or 4 weeks of age, and a 5-day deprivation when flies were 5 weeks of age. Because of these beneficial effects on toxin resistance, we intermittently deprived flies of isoleucine during the first 6 weeks of adulthood and monitored the effect on lifespan. Lifespan was significantly extended when flies experienced short-term isoleucine deprivation at 3 and 5 weeks of age, regardless of whether they were also deprived at 1 week. These results indicate that short-term bouts of isoleucine deprivation can extend lifespan and highlight its cumulative and time-dependent benefits. Interestingly, we found that isoleucine-deprived flies lost their protection against nicotine within 3 days of returning to fully fed conditions. Therefore, the mechanisms underlying lifespan extension may involve transient damage clearance during the bouts of isoleucine deprivation rather than sustained enhanced detoxification capacity. These data highlight a new time-restricted, nutritionally precise method to extend life in Drosophila melanogaster and point to a more manageable dietary method to combat ageing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tea (Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze) is a popular beverage consumed worldwide. To establish fundamental scientific data, we analyzed the amino acids and volatile compounds in seven tea cultivars grown in Korea investigated phenotype also. Phenotypically, the leaf area and greenness index of young shoots and leaf blades were particularly different among the four Korean cultivars. Nine amino acids were detected from each cultivar, with the total amino acid and theanine contents being 9.08–41.42 and 2.81–24.60 mg/g, respectively. Moreover, 107 volatile compounds were identified as common components among tea cultivars using headspace solid-phase microextraction / gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (HS-SPME/GC-MS), and 38 key compounds were identified using partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA). The (Z)-linalool oxide (furanoid) concentrations were significantly high in Korean tea plant cultivars, and linalool concentrations were also high or low, but had high relative contents. Linalool and its various oxides are the major compounds responsible for the tea aroma. In conclusion, Korean tea cultivars have distinct characteristics, and the results of this study will form the basis for identifying Korean tea plant cultivars that can produce high-value tea products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Food & Fermentation Industries is the property of Food & Fermentation Industries and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

2‐Azabicyclo[2.2.1]hept‐5‐en‐3‐one (Vince lactam) is known to be a valuable building block in synthetic organic chemistry and drug research. It is an important precursor to access of some blockbuster antiviral drugs such as Carbovir or Abacavir as well as other carbocyclic neuraminidase inhibitors as antiviral agents. The ring C=C bond of the Vince lactam allows versatile chemical manipulations to create not only functionalized γ‐lactams, but also γ‐amino acid derivatives with a cyclopentane framework. The aim of the current account is to summarize the chemistry of Vince lactam, its synthetic utility and application in organic and medicinal chemistry over the last decade. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Amino acid PET is recommended for the initial diagnosis of brain lesions, but its value for identifying aggressive lesions remains to be established. The current study therefore evaluates the added-value of dynamic [18 F]FDOPA PET as an adjunct to conventional MRI for determining the aggressiveness of presumed glial lesions at diagnosis. Methods: Consecutive patients, with a minimal 1 year-follow-up, underwent contrast-enhanced MRI (CE MRI) and dynamic [18 F]FDOPA PET to characterize their suspected glial lesion. Lesions were classified semi-automatically by their CE MRI (MRI-/+), and PET parameters (static tumor-to-background ratio, TBR; dynamic time-to-peak ratio, TTPratio). Diagnostic accuracies of MRI and PET parameters for the differentiation of tumor aggressiveness were evaluated by chi-square test or receiver operating characteristic analyses. Aggressive lesions were either defined as lesions with dismal molecular characteristics based on the WHO 2021 classification of brain tumors or with compatible clinico-radiological profiles. Time-to-treatment failure (TTF) and overall survival (OS) were evaluated. Results: Of the 109 patients included, 46 had aggressive lesions (45 confirmed by histo-molecular analyses). CE MRI identified aggressive lesions with an accuracy of 73%. TBRmax (threshold of 3.2), and TTPratio (threshold of 5.4 min) respectively identified aggressive lesions with an accuracy of 83% and 76% and were independent of CE MRI and clinical factors in the multivariate analysis. Among the MRI-lesions, 11/56 (20%) were aggressive and respectively 55% and 50% of these aggressive lesions showed high TBRmax and short TTPratio in PET. High TBRmax and short TTPratio in PET were significantly associated to poorer survivals (p ≤ 0.009). Conclusion: Dynamic [18 F]FDOPA PET provides a similar diagnostic accuracy as contrast enhancement in MRI to identify the aggressiveness of suspected glial lesions at diagnosis. Both methods, however, are complementary and [18 F]FDOPA PET may be a useful additional tool in equivocal cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

β-carotene, a member of the polyolefin family, is the predominant carotenoid found in fruits and vegetables. It possesses the ability to prevent and alleviate various diseases, such as heart disease, cataracts, and cancer. As a result, it is highly sought after in the market due to its potential health benefits. The potential for β-carotene production through biosynthesis holds promising prospects. Significantly, cytoplasmic acetyl coenzyme A is a crucial precursor for β-carotene synthesis, highlighting the importance of increasing its content for efficient β-carotene production. In this study, the ATP-citrate lyase (ACL) from Aspergillus oryzae was introduced into the starter strain Saccharomyces cerevisiae ZS20, in which the CAB1 gene was also overexpressed, to increase the cytoplasmic acetyl-coenzyme A content.As a result, the β-carotene production significantly increased, reaching 333.3 mg/L in the flask fermentation of strain L5, which was a 2.1-fold increase compared to the starter strain. To further enhance the yield of β-carotene production, strain L5 was utilized to complement the deficient key genes responsible for adenine, lysine, leucine, and tryptophan synthesis, resulting in the development of strain L11.Initially, strain L11 demonstrated a β-carotene yield of 378.1 mg/L when cultivated in shaking flasks. Subsequently, through additional optimization of the fermentation process carried out in the fermenter, the yield was significantly enhanced to 1 152.7 mg/L. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Guava is a fruit tree with high potential in the semi-arid region of northeast Brazil. However, qualitative and quantitative water scarcity is a limiting factor for the expansion of irrigated agriculture. Thus, it is necessary to use techniques to mitigate the effects of salt stress, such as foliar application of proline. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of foliar application of proline as a mitigator of salt stress effects on the morphophysiology of guava cv. Paluma. The experiment was carried out under field conditions at the 'Rolando Enrique Rivas Castellón' Experimental Farm in São Domingos, PB, Brazil, using a randomized block design in a 5 × 4 factorial scheme referring to five levels of electrical conductivity of irrigation water, ECw (0.8, 1.5, 2.2, 2.9, and 3.5 dS m−1) and four concentrations of proline (0, 8, 16, and 24 mM). Salinity above 0.8 dS m−1 compromised gas exchange, photosynthetic pigment synthesis, photochemical efficiency, and growth of guava plants at 360 days after transplanting. Foliar application of proline at a concentration of 24 mM mitigated the effect of salt stress on the relative water content, stomatal conductance, and carotenoid contents in plants irrigated with 3.6 dS m−1 water. Meanwhile, a proline concentration of up to 18 mM resulted in higher transpiration, CO2 assimilation rate, instantaneous carboxylation efficiency, and absolute growth rate in stem diameter under ECw of 0.8 dS m−1. Proline concentration of up to 24 mM increased the biosynthesis of photosynthetic pigments and the relative growth rate in stem diameter of guava in the period from 190 to 360 days after transplanting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to investigate the umami characteristics of soy sauce using electronic tongue evaluation and amino acid composition and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization–time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI−TOF MS) analysis. The soy sauce peptides were isolated from soy sauce using XAD−16 macroporous resin combined with ethanol solution. The results showed that the soy sauce peptide fraction eluted by 60% ethanol (SS−60%) exhibited a prominent umami taste, and the umami scores were highly positively correlated with the amino acid nitrogen contents of soy sauces. The umami scores of SS−60% were significantly positively correlated with the contents of free amino acids. Especially, Phe showed the highest positive correlation with the umami scores. In addition, five characteristic ion peaks with m/z at 499, 561, 643, 649, and 855 were identified in the peptide mass fingerprinting. Therefore, this study provides new insights into the umami characteristics for the taste evaluation and reality identification of soy sauce. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the dietary effect of curcumin (CUR) on amino acid, 5′-nucleotides, fatty acid, and volatile compound profiles of chicken meat. A total of 400 healthy 1-day-old broiler male chicks were divided into 4 groups (n = 10) and fed either a basal diet or a diet with the addition of CUR with concentrations of 100 mg/kg, 150 mg/kg, and 200 mg/kg for 43 days. The results show that the addition of CUR in chicken diets is conducive to promoting the deposition of amino acids and increasing the content of 5′-nucleotides in chicken meat, reducing the contents of saturated fatty acid (SFA) and C20:4 n6 but increasing the ratio between polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) and SFA. In addition, the volatile compound profile shows that the main volatile compounds in chicken meat are aldehydes (including hexanal, heptanal, octanal, and nonanal), with significant increases in their contents observed among chickens in the CUR-intake group. Moreover, it has been found that (E, E)-2,4-nonadienal, trans-2-decenal, benzaldehyde, and trans-2-octenal in chicken meat can significantly increase its overall aroma, and the addition of CUR with 150 mg/kg had the best effect on improving nutritional quality and flavor of chicken meat. This study provides a basis for the comprehensive utilization of CUR as a feed additive with the potential to substitute antibiotics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is a malignancy with high incidence in China. Due to the lack of effective molecular targets, the prognosis of ESCC patients is poor. It is urgent to explore the pathogenesis of ESCC to identify promising therapeutic targets. Metabolic reprogramming is an emerging hallmark of ESCC, providing a novel perspective for revealing the biological features of ESCC. In the hypoxic and nutrient-limited tumor microenvironment, ESCC cells have to reprogram their metabolic phenotypes to fulfill the demands of bioenergetics, biosynthesis and redox homostasis of ESCC cells. In this review, we summarized the metabolic reprogramming of ESCC cells that involves glucose metabolism, lipid metabolism, and amino acid metabolism and explore how reprogrammed metabolism provokes novel opportunities for biomarkers and potential therapeutic targets of ESCC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The ratio of lysine (Lys) to methionine (Met) with 3.0: 1 is confirmed as the "ideal" profile for milk protein synthesis, but whether this ratio is suitable for milk protein synthesis under HS needs to be further studied. Methods: To evaluate the molecular mechanism by which HS and Lys to Met ratios affect mammary cell functional capacity, an immortalized bovine mammary epithelial cell line (MAC-T) is incubated with 5 doses of Met while maintaining a constant concentration of Lys. The MAC-T cells was treated for 6 h as follow: Lys: Met 3.0: 1 (control 37°C and IPAA 42°C) or treatments under HS (42°C) with different ratios of Lys: Met at 2.0: 1 (LM20), 2.5: 1 (LM25), 3.5: 1 (LM35) and 4.0: 1 (LM40). RNA sequencing was used to assess transcriptomewide alterations in mRNA abundance. Results: The significant difference between control and other groups was observed base on PCA analysis. A total of 2048 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in the IPAA group relative to the control group. Similarly, 226, 306, 148, 157 DEGs were detected in the LM20, LM25, LM35 and LM40 groups, respectively, relative to the IPAA group. The relative mRNA abundance of HSPA1A was upregulated and anti-apoptotic genes (BCL2L1 and BCL2) was down-regulated in the IPAA group, compared to the control group (p < 0.05). Compared with the IPAA group, the relative mRNA abundance of anti-apoptotic genes and casein genes (CSN1S2 and CSN2) was up-regulated in the LM25 group (p < 0.05). The DEGs between LM25 and IPAA groups were associated with the negative regulation of transcription RNA polymerase II promoter in response to stress (GO: 0051085, DEGs of BAG3, DNAJB1, HSPA1A) as well as the mTOR signaling pathway (ko04150, DEGs of ATP6V1C2, WNT11, WNT3A, and WNT9A). Several DEGs involved in amino acids metabolism (AFMID, HYKK, NOS3, RIMKLB) and glycolysis/gluconeogenesis (AFMID and MGAT5B) were up-regulated while DEGs involved in lipolysis and betaoxidation catabolic processes (ALOX12 and ALOX12B) were down-regulated. Conclusion: These results suggested that increasing Met supply (Lys: Met at 2.5: 1) may help mammary gland cells resist HS-induced cell damage, while possibly maintaining lactation capacity through regulation of gene expression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of different nitrogen (N) application levels on seed endophytes and grain nutritional quality are not yet clear. The impact of four N application levels on endophytes and amino acid accumulation in purple rice seeds was examined using 16S rRNA and ITS amplicon sequencing technology. This study integrates 16S rRNA, ITS amplicon sequencing technology and amino acid‐targeted detection to explore the effects of four different nitrogen application levels (0 kg hm−2, Y1N0; 180 kg hm−2, Y1N1; 270 kg hm−2, Y1N2; 360 kg hm−2, Y1N3) on the accumulation of endophytic bacteria, fungi and amino acid content in purple rice seeds and their interaction mechanisms. The findings indicated an increase in the contents of most amino acids with increasing N application. The dominant bacterial species in the community were mainly from the phyla Proteobacteria and Actinobacteriota, while the dominant fungal species were from the phyla Ascomycota and Basidiomycota. There was a significant difference in the richness of endophytic fungal communities between Y1N0 and Y1N2. Y1N1 showed significant differences in Mucoromycota compared to Y1N3. The quantity of operational taxonomic units (OTUs) in the bacterial and fungal community co‐occurrence network increased with increasing N fertilizer, showing strong correlations with Sporidiobolus, Chaetomium, Humicola, Botryotrichum, Ophiosphaeria and Dioszegia for most amino acids. These findings indicate that a high amount of N fertilizer greatly increases amino acid contents in purple rice seeds and improves the diversity and stability of endophytic fungal populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reducing the dietary crude protein (CP) could effectively reduce pressure on protein ingredient supplies. However, few data have been reported about the extent to which CP can be reduced and whether limiting the use of soybean meal leads to electrolyte imbalance. In this experiment, using the low protein (LP) diet [2% lower than NRC (2012)], seventy‐two piglets (35 days old) were randomly divided into 2 groups with 6 replicates of 6 piglets each: CON group (CP = 18.5%) and LP group (CP = 16.5%), to investigate the effect of the LP diet on electrolyte balance, acid‐base balance, intestinal structure and amino acid transport in piglets. The results revealed that the LP diet decreased the average daily gain and dietary CP digestibility, and damaged the villi structure of the small intestine. Compared with the CON diet, the potassium content decreased and the chlorine content increased in the LP diet, and similar trends were shown in piglet serum. The arterial pH, pCO2, HCO3−, and base excess of piglets in the LP group were lower than those in the CON group, while pO2 was higher than those in the CON group. Interestingly, the LP diet significantly increased the lysine content in piglet serum and significantly decreased the levels of arginine, leucine, and glutamic acid. Furthermore, the LP diet significantly affected the expression of some amino acid transport vectors (B0AT1, EAAC1, and y+LAT1). In summary, these findings suggested that the LP diet leads to acid‐base imbalance, amino acid transport disorder and amino acids imbalance in piglets, and the dietary electrolyte may be a key factor in the impact of the LP diet on piglet growth performance and intestinal health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The experiment aimed to investigate the effects of adding Panax notogineng residue to the feed on the growth performance, serum biochemical indexes, and meat quality of Xichou Wugu chickens. A total of 270 Xichou Wugu chickens with similar body weight and 28 days old were divided into three groups, with five replicates per group, each replicate consisted of 18 Xichou Wugu chickens, half in male and female. The control group was fed a basic diet, while the experimental group Ⅰ and group Ⅱ were supplemented with 4% and 8% Panax notogineng residue in the basic diet, respectively. The pre-test lasted for seven days and the experiment lasted for 60 days. The results showed that compared to the control group, the feed to gain ratio was significantly reduced in group Ⅱ (P<0.05), and the total muscle amino acids were significantly increased (P<0.05). The average daily feed intake, serum triglycerides, muscle fat, and saturated fatty acid content in group Ⅰ and group Ⅱ were all significantly decreased (P<0.05). the muscle moisture, unsaturated fatty acids, and essential fatty acid content were significantly increased in group Ⅰ and group Ⅱ (P<0.05). The study indicates that the addition of Panax notogineng residue to the feed can improve the growth performance, improve serum biochemical indexes, and enhance the meat quality of Xichou Wugu chickens, the addition of 4% Panax notogineng residue is the more suitable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP) was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the safety and efficacy of liquid l‐lysine base produced with a genetically modified strain of Corynebacterium glutamicum as a nutritional feed additive for all animal species. The l‐lysine base liquid produced with C. glutamicum NRRL B‐67535 and NRRL B‐67439 is currently authorised as a nutritional additive for all animal species. The present application is aimed at modifying the current authorisation to include C. glutamicum NRRL B‐68248 as a production strain. The new production strain qualifies for the qualified presumption of safety approach when used for production purposes. It was unambiguously identified as C. glutamicum and was shown not to harbour acquired antimicrobial resistance determinants for antibiotics of human and veterinary importance. All the introduced sequences or mutations were considered to be safe, and no viable cells or DNA of the NRRL B‐68248 strain was detected in the final product. Therefore, the final product does not pose any safety concern associated with the production strain. l‐Lysine base produced using C. glutamicum NRRL B‐68248 does not represent a risk for the target species, the consumer or the environment. The additive was considered to be neither irritant to skin or the eyes, nor a dermal sensitiser. l‐Lysine base produced with C. glutamicum NRRL B‐68248 is considered to be an efficacious source of the essential amino acid l‐lysine for non‐ruminant animal species. For the supplemental l‐lysine to be as efficacious in ruminants as in non‐ruminant species, it would require protection against degradation in the rumen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A method for the synthesis of γ‐amino sulfones through visible light‐induced oxidative decarboxylation and radical reductive addition is described. Various readily available N‐protected natural amino acids react with aromatic/aliphatic vinyl sulfones to directly produce γ‐amino sulfone derivatives. This reaction is also applicable to α‐N(O)‐acids and other aliphatic carboxylic acids, resulting in the corresponding sulfone derivatives. The method operates without the need for sacrificial reducing agents or additional hydrogen atom donors. The sole by‐product is CO2 released from decarboxylation, rendering the process both atom‐ and step‐economical. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research has focused on alternative plant materials or additives that can be used instead of fish meal due to limited stocks and increased feed prices, although it is important for carnivorous fish species. Taurine is a functional amino acid supplemented to low fish meal diets to improve the growth performance of fish. In this study, eight experimental diets with 0%, 0.5%, 1% and 2% ratios of taurine supplemented (T0, T0.5, T1 and T2) high (HFM) and low fish meal (LFM) diets were prepared (defined as HFMT0, HFMT0.5, HFMT1, HFMT2, LFMT0, LFMT0.5, LFMT1 and LFMT2). The experiment was carried out in twenty-four 400 L rectangular fiberglass tanks conducted in a marine water system, and fish (initial mean weight of 23.5 g) were stocked in each tank. The nutrition trial was carried out for 90 days with three replicates. Meagre fed with the HFMT1 diet had a higher final mean weight (FMW) and specific growth rate (SGR) than fish fed with HFMT0 and all LFM diets. Including taurine in all LFM diets also enhanced growth performance. The FMW and SGR of fish fed the LFMT0.5 diet were similar when compared to HFMT0 (P>0.05) and increased compared to that of other LFM diets with taurine (P<0.05). Meagre fed the LFM0.5 diet had a lower feed conversion rate (FCR) than those provided for all HFM diets, although there was no significant difference between treatments. Dietary taurine has decreased the hepatosomatic index (HSI), viscerosomatic index (VSI) and total ammonia-nitrogen excretion (TAN), irrespective of taurine and fish meal levels. Including dietary taurine at both fish meal levels enhances the number of red blood cells (RBC) and whole-body amino acids of meagre. The most remarkable conclusion of this study is the inclusion of taurine in low fish meal diets improved growth performance and profitability in meagre, and the level of 0.5% has been recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent randomized controlled trials (RCTs) have shown no benefit but dose-dependent harm by early full nutritional support in critically ill patients. Lack of benefit may be explained by anabolic resistance, suppression of cellular repair processes, and aggravation of hyperglycemia and insulin needs. Also early high amino acid doses did not provide benefit, but instead associated with harm in patients with organ dysfunctions. However, most studies focused on nutritional interventions initiated during the first days after intensive care unit admission. Although the intervention window of some RCTs extended into the post-acute phase of critical illness, no large RCTs studied nutritional interventions initiated beyond the first week. Hence, clear evidence-based guidance on when and how to initiate and advance nutrition is lacking. Prolonged underfeeding will come at a price as there is no validated metabolic monitor that indicates readiness for medical nutrition therapy, and an adequate response to nutrition, which likely varies between patients. Also micronutrient status cannot be assessed reliably, as inflammation can cause redistribution, so that plasma micronutrient concentrations are not necessarily reflective of total body stores. Moreover, high doses of individual micronutrients have not proven beneficial. Accordingly, current evidence provides clear guidance on which nutritional strategies to avoid, but the ideal nutritional regimen for individual patients remains unclear. In this narrative review, we summarize the findings of recent studies, discuss possible mechanisms explaining the results, point out pitfalls in interpretation of RCTs and their effect on clinical practice, and formulate suggestions for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Clonorchiasis remains a serious public health problem. However, the molecular mechanism underlying clonorchiasis remains largely unknown. Amino acid (AA) metabolism plays key roles in protein synthesis and energy sources, and improves immunity in pathological conditions. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the AA profiles of spleen in clonorchiasis and speculate the interaction between the host and parasite. Methods: Here targeted ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography multiple reaction monitoring mass spectrometry was applied to discover the AA profiles in spleen of rats infected with Clonorchis sinensis. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway enrichment analysis (KEGG) was performed to characterize the dysregulated metabolic pathways. Results: Pathway analysis revealed that phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan biosynthesis and β-alanine metabolism were significantly altered in clonorchiasis. There were no significant correlations between 14 significant differential AAs and interleukin (IL)-1β. Although arginine, asparagine, histidine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, proline, serine, threonine, tryptophan, tyrosine, and valine were positively correlated with IL-6, IL-10, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α as well as aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase; β-alanine and 4-hydroxyproline were negatively correlated with IL-6, IL-10, and TNF-α. Conclusion: This study reveals the dysregulation of AA metabolism in clonorchiasis and provides a useful insight of metabolic mechanisms at the molecular level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Moina sp. recently has attracted the interest of hatchery operators because it is a renewable resource and has a low production cost. The effect of live and frozen forms of Moina in replacing Artemia during the larval rearing of river catfish, Pangasius nasutus, Bleeker, 1863, was investigated for 21 days. The eight-day-old posthatchling larvae were fed with live Moina (LM), frozen Moina (FM), and live Artemia (LA), of which LA served as control. The feeding trials were done in triplicate. There was no significant difference in the final mean weight and specific growth rate between all treatments. However, the larvae exhibited significantly (P <.05) higher survival when fed with LM (27.2 ± 1.1%) against LA (15.9 ± 3.9%) and FM (1.1 ± 0.7%). As a conclusion, live Moina could be used to replace Artemia in the larval rearing of P. nasutus based on comparable growth performance and improved survival. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The capability of peptide and amino acid‐based molecules to act as ionogelators and eutectogelators entrapping ionic liquids (ILs) and deep eutectic solvents (DESs) forming ionogels and eutectogels has gathered attention in recent decades. The self‐assembly process, primarily driven by non‐covalent interactions as hydrogen bonding, remains serendipitous in nature. This review provides a comprehensive and detailed report on self‐assembly of unmodified and modified amino acids and peptides in the non‐conventional solvents, ILs and DESs. Understanding these processes holds great promise for the development of innovative soft‐materials, and to the progress of supramolecular systems in non‐conventional solvent environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our objectives were to determine the effects of reducing dietary CP concentration on nutrient digestibility, rumen function, N balance, and serum AA concentration for dairy cows in late lactation. At the initiation of the experimental period, we stratified Holstein cows (n = 128; mean ± SD 224 ± 54 DIM) by parity and days pregnant (86 ± 25 d) and assigned them to 1 of 16 pens. For 3 wk, all cows received a covariate diet containing 16.9% CP (DM basis). For the subsequent 12 wk, we assigned pens to 1 of 4 treatments containing 16.2%, 14.4%, 13.4%, or 11.9% CP (DM basis) in a randomized complete block design. Diets were fed as a TMR once daily. To reduce dietary CP, we replaced soybean meal with soybean hulls in the concentrate mix (DM basis). Diet evaluations suggested that several EAA, especially His, limited productivity as dietary CP declined. Digestibility of DM and CP decreased linearly with dietary CP reduction. Digestibility of NDF and potentially digestible NDF tended to respond in a quadratic pattern with the greatest digestibility at intermediate treatments. The reduction in dietary CP did not affect ruminal pH, but ruminal ammonia-N and branched-chain VFA concentrations declined linearly. The concentration of milk urea-N and plasma urea-N, secretion of milk N, and excretions of fecal N, urinary N, urinary urea-N, and unaccounted N decreased linearly with the reduction in dietary CP concentration. Urinary N expressed as a percentage of N intake was unaffected by dietary CP. Serum concentrations of total essential AA and NEAA were unaffected by dietary CP concentration. However, the ratio of essential to NEAA decreased with decreasing dietary CP. Serum 3-methylhistidine concentration increased linearly with decreasing dietary CP concentration, indicating greater skeletal muscle breakdown. Although our trial confirmed that reducing dietary CP decreased absolute excretion of urinary N, diet evaluations suggested that milk protein production decreased as certain essential AA became increasingly limited. Thus, reduced-CP diets have the potential to lessen reactive-N outputs of late-lactation cows, but more research is needed to design diets that minimize deleterious effects on productivity. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: Field experiments were conducted to assess the influence of in‐season split application of nitrogen (N) on grain protein, protein digestibility, and amino acid dynamics in grain sorghum, in three different environments. Treatments included a zero N check and eight treatments with varying N application timings and amounts. Findings: The five high N treatments had significantly greater grain protein content than all the lower N treatments. As the total protein increased, the kafirin portion of the protein increased, whereas the albumin‐globulin levels decreased. Nitrogen treatment had a significant effect on 13 of the 18 amino acids. High N applications significantly increased amino acids on a protein basis including alanine, glutamic acid, leucine, proline, and phenylalanine. Conclusions: Treatment N92 with N applied at 92 kg N ha−1 as split application at three different growth stages including planting, panicle initiation, and booting emerged as the optimum N treatment for increasing protein and amino acid concentration in grain sorghum. Significance and Novelty: The ideal N application approach identified can be used to screen a wide range of sorghum hybrids under varying levels of irrigation and the same N treatments can be adopted by producers to enhance grain protein in sorghum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metastasis and recurrence are the main causes of death in post-operative bladder cancer (BC), emphasizing the importance of exploring early-stage diagnostic markers. Serum biomarkers constitute a promising diagnostic approach for asymptomatic stage cancer as they are non-invasive, have high accuracy and low cost. To correlate concentrations of plasma amino acids with BC progression to assess their utility as an early-stage diagnostic. Newly diagnosed BC patients (n = 95) and normal controls (n = 96) were recruited during the period from 1 December 2018 to 30 December 2020. General and food frequency questionnaires established their basic information and dietary intake data. Venous blood samples were collected from fasting subjects and used to detect levels of plasma amino acids by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Verification was performed on the GSE13507 transcriptome gene expression matrix of BC from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. Eleven amino acids have been identified as altered in the plasma of newly diagnosed BC patients compared to controls (P < 0.05). Adjusted by gender, education, smoking and other factors, plasma ornithine level (OR = 0.256, 95% CI: 0.104–0.630) is a protective factor for BC, plasma levels of methionine (OR = 3.460, 95% CI: 1.384–8.651), arginine (OR = 3.851, 95% CI: 1.542–9.616), and glutamate (OR = 3.813, 95% CI: 1.543–9.419) are all risk factors for BC. ROC analysis demonstrated that the combination of plasma ornithine, methionine, arginine and glutamate could accurately diagnose BC (AUC = 0.84, 95% CI: 0.747–0.833). In addition, the mRNA level of arginase 1 was decreased (P < 0.05), while the inducible nitric oxide synthase was increased significantly, which may be linked with the disturbance of arginine metabolism in BC patients. Further analysis of GEO database confirmed the role of arginine metabolism. A biomarker panel containing four amino acids may provide a feasible strategy for the early diagnosis of BC. However, further validation is required through prospective studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Chinese Institute of Food Science & Technology is the property of Journal of Chinese Institute of Food Science & Technology Periodical Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The aim of this study was to compare the chemical composition of lesser duckweed (Lemna minor L.) obtained from the natural environment and cultured under laboratory conditions. In the fi rst variant, lesser duckweed was  collected from a natural pond (LDN). Subsequently, the plants were cleaned of other aquatic fl ora and fauna, dried, and ground. In the second variant, lesser  duckweed was cultured in an aquarium (LDC) illuminated from 04:00 to 24:00. The water temperature was 25 °C and the pH was maintained in the range of 6.5–7.3. The content of crude protein, fat, and fi bre was similar in LDN and LDC,  but the proportion of crude ash was higher in LDC. The content of total amino acids was 95.70 and 68.71 g/100 g crude protein in LDC and LDN, respectively. The concentrations of essential amino acids and nonessential amino acids were 43.75 and 51.96 g/100 g crude protein in LDC, respectively, and 32.10 and 36.61 g/100 g crude protein in LDN, respectively. Palmitic and stearic acids were found in higher quantities in LDN than LDC, whereas the oleic acid content was three-fold higher  in LDN compared to LDC. Moreover,  linoleic and α-linolenic  acid concentrations were higher in LDN than LDC. Mineral analysis revealed elevated levels of Ca, Na, and Zn, while P and Mg levels were lower in LDC. Additionally, the levels of δ-, γ-tocopherols and α-tocotrienol were found to be  higher in LDC, while δ- and γ-tocotrienols in LDC were below detectable limits.  So, the  signifi cant  infl uence of growth  conditions on the nutrient  composition  of L. minor was shown. Optimizing growth conditions is pivotal for enhancing lesser duckweed production. It seems that L. minor can be a valuable source of essential nutrients and could serve as a supplementary food source for both domestic animals and humans. Nonetheless, anti-nutritional components, including toxic metals, should be monitored. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Amino acids are vital components of the serum‐free medium that influence the expansion and function of NK cells. This study aimed to clarify the relationship between amino acid metabolism and expansion and cytotoxicity of NK cells. Based on analyzing the mino acid metabolism of NK‐92 cells and Design of Experiments (DOE), we optimized the combinations and concentrations of amino acids in NK‐92 cells culture medium. The results demonstrated that NK‐92 cells showed a pronounced demand for glutamine, serine, leucine, and arginine, in which glutamine played a central role. Significantly, at a glutamine concentration of 13 mM, NK‐92 cells expansion reached 161.9 folds, which was significantly higher than 55.5 folds at 2.5 mM. Additionally, under higher glutamine concentrations, NK‐92 cells expressed elevated levels of cytotoxic molecules, the level of cytotoxic molecules expressed by NK‐92 cells was increased and the cytotoxic rate was 68.42%, significantly higher than that of 58.08% under low concentration. In view of the close relationship between glutamine metabolism and intracellular redox state, we investigated the redox status within the cells. This study demonstrated that intracellular ROS levels in higher glutamine concentrations were significantly lower than those under lower concentration cultures with decreased intracellular GSH/GSSG ratio, NADPH/NADP+ ratio, and apoptosis rate. These findings indicate that NK‐92 cells exhibit improved redox status when cultured at higher glutamine concentrations. Overall, our research provides valuable insights into the development of serum‐free culture medium for ex vivo expansion of NK‐92 cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]