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Absract Background Obstetrics as a speciality has a very long association with the transfusion services and poses its own set of immunohematological (IHL) challenges. A study was carried out to evaluate the spectrum of IHL issues in obstetrics in our setup and to suggest a way forward. Methods This study was carried out in a transfusion services setup catering to antenatal care (ANC) clientele in two tertiary-level health care setups. Samples were collected from all ANC patients requiring transfusion and patients reporting for Indirect Coombs Test (ICT). Data included ICT positive cases with implicated alloantibodies, those requiring specialised procedures and the foetal outcome. The results were described using descriptive statistics by frequencies and percentages. Results A total of 4683 eligible samples were included in the study, out of 21,893 antenatal patients visiting our setup during study period. One hundred thirty-six ANC patient samples were found to be ICT positive. The most common single alloantibody was anti-D (n = 77, 57.5%). Double antibody positivity was found in 28 patients. Multiple alloantibodies were found in 1 patient. Up to 48% of these allo-anti D cases necessitated specialised procedures. Conclusion The IHL issues of obstetrics faced in our setup are no less than that in Indian population. We have much higher frequency of double alloantibody in our ANC population. The authors propose that all multiparous ANC patients, especially with a history of transfusion, irrespective of Rh D status should be screened for irregular alloantibodies to circumvent these issues and the last-minute rush for provision of compatible units.

This review demonstrates the redox-neutral synthetic approaches towards valuable heterocycles such as isoquinolines, indoles, isoquinolones, and tetrahydroquinolines via high-valent Cp*Co(iii) catalysis.

An external oxidant free Ru(II)-catalyzed C-H functionalization/annulation of primary benzylamines with sulfoxonium ylides has been developed for the synthesis of isoquinolines. The reaction utilizes free amine as a directing group, which is generally considered to be a poor directing group. This work presents the first example of Ru-catalyzed C-H functionalization of benzylamines under redox-neutral conditions. The detection of the amine-directed ruthenacyclic intermediate using high-resolution mass spectrometry corroborated the involvement of free amine as a directing group.

We have developed Cp*Co(III)-catalyzed reverse regioselective [4+2] annulation of N-chlorobenzamides/acrylamides with vinyl silanes for the synthesis of 4-silylated isoquinolones. The reaction was performed at ambient temperature under redox-neutral conditions. The reaction utilizes the N-Cl bond as an internal oxidant and furnished the required products with excellent regioselectivities and demonstrated high functional group tolerance. Moreover, 4-silylated isoquinolone derivatives were readily converted into 3,4-dihydroisoquinolones via protodesilylation thus making vinyl silane an ethylene surrogate.

Cp*Co(iii)-catalyzed [4+1] annulation of sulfoxonium ylides with anthranils has been developed for the synthesis of indole-indolone scaffolds. The dual functionality of anthranils was exploited, wherein the nitrogen has been used for C-H amination and the aldehyde group was utilized in the subsequent intramolecular aldol condensation to furnish the corresponding annulated products.

Context: There is an ever-growing concern for the safety of blood transfusion with regard to the transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis C (HCV) virus, and hepatitis B virus (HBV). About 11 million blood units are being collected in India every year. Instances of viral transmission through transfusion still occur as a result of donations that take place while a donor is in the pre-seroconversion window phase. Aim: The aim of the study is to analyze 4 years data of nucleic acid testing (NAT) for our blood donor population and validate the benefits of implementing individual donor NAT (ID-NAT). Subjects and Methods: A total of 54,895 blood donor samples were tested by ID-NAT method between January 2016 and December 2019. ID-NAT results and corresponding serological test results were collected and correlated for the identification of ID-NAT yield cases (seronegative/NAT positive) to identify the potential infected samples which may not be detected by the serological testing. Results: Of the 54,895 samples tested, there were total 71 samples which were serologically negative but detected by ID-NAT (ID-NAT yield). Among these 71 ID-NAT Yields, 3 were HIV, 12 were HCV, 46 were HBV, and 10 cases were reactive for HBV-HCV co-infections. Our combined ID-NAT yield rate was estimated to be 1 in 773 donations tested. Conclusion: Higher incidence of NAT only reactive donors poses a risk of transfusion transmissible infections in blood centers not adopting NAT. HBV NAT displays the highest yield, thereby recommending the universal adoption of NAT for all three viral markers, namely HIV, HBV, and HCV in our country.

An integrated photo-flow oxidative reaction (UV-FOR) platform approach is presented for the synthesis of phthalides. The current protocol is catalyst-free, and uses economical and abundant hydro-carbons and hydrocarbon derivatives such as benzoic acid, benzene, and xylene, as starting materials. The reaction is performed using oxygen as a green oxidant in a time- and labour-efficient manner. This integrated approach has been shown to be successful in making a UV-FOR platform suitable for the on-demand synthesis of phthalides and their further syntheses to 2-arylmethylbenzoic acids and arylogous Michael addition products under relatively mild conditions. The current protocol was further extended to the gram scale synthesis of an ischemic stroke-relevant active pharmaceutical ingredient (API), 3-N-butylphthalide (NBP), in a continuous flow process.

The first Cp*Ir(iii)-catalyzed C-H/N-H bond functionalization of sulfoximines with α-diazocarbonyl compounds has been developed for the synthesis of 1,2-benzothiazines under redox-neutral conditions. The reactions proceed at room temperature with excellent functional group tolerance and high yields without the requirement of any silver additive.

Total syntheses of three different lamellarins have been accomplished using a Ru(II)-catalyzed (3 + 2) annulation strategy to construct the central pyrrole ring. The striking features of this synthesis are the use of PEG-400 as a green solvent for the (3 + 2) annulation reaction and multiple catalytic reactions with excellent overall yield. The present route also enables the synthesis of various lamellarin analogues devoid of a B ring.

We developed a catalyst-, reagent-, and additive-free protocol with 100% atom economy for the synthesis of diarylmethyl phosphine oxides via 1,6-hydrophosphonylation of p-quinone methides using water as a green solvent. The reaction showed broad scope with excellent functional group tolerance. The practicability of this method was demonstrated by carrying out the reaction on the gram scale whereby product was obtained in high yield by the filtration technique avoiding chromatographic purification.

Herein, we report Cp*Ir(III)-catalyzed C-H/O-H-bond functionalization of salicylaldehydes with α-diazocarbonyl compounds for the synthesis of chromones under redox-neutral conditions. The reaction proceeds at room temperature and displays excellent functional group tolerance along with high yields of the corresponding products. The developed reaction protocol was successfully applied for the late-stage functionalization of estrone derivative.

Synthetic efforts towards the total synthesis of the revised structure of marine macrolide palmerolide C is reported. Synthesis of the triol unit present in the C8,C9, C10 positions was achieved from d -ribose while Johnson orthoester rearrangement and a Wittig reaction were used to construct the C1–C7 component of the macrolactone. The key macrolactone unit was assembled using intermolecular Heck coupling reaction and Yamaguchi lactonization.

Background & Aim One of the most significant factors affecting the engraftment of a PBSC transplant is the cell dose of progenitor cells. Though it is commonly expressed in terms of CD34+ cells per kg actual recipient body weight(ABW), there are studies suggesting a cell dose calculated using ideal body weight(IBW) leads to faster engraftment of neutrophils and possibly platelets as well. A single centre, retrospective, observational study was carried out which compared the results for engraftment post allogeneic as well as autologous HSCT, using both these weight criteria. Methods, Results & Conclusion Material and Methods The study evaluated the data from 103 patients (autologous-76, allogenic- 27) who had undergone PBSC transplant for various disease conditions at our centre from Jan 2016 to Dec 2019 and had engrafted successfully. PBSC harvest was performed using COM.TEC (Fresenius Kabi AG, Germany) cell separator and CD 34+ enumeration was carried out as per ISHAGE guidelines using BD FACS Calibur (BD Biosciences, USA). IBW was calculated using the formula 50 + [2.3 X (Height in inches - 60)] for males and 45 + [2.3X (Height in inches - 60)] for females. The minimum required CD34+ cells/kg ABW was 2 × 106/kg. Time to neutrophil engraftment was defined as the number of days required to first achieve a neutrophil count ≥ 0.5 × 109/L after PBSC infusion and for platelet engraftment first of three continuous days with platelet count ≥ 20 × 109/L, without platelet transfusion. Statistical analysis was carried out using SPSS software(version 24, IBM). Results and Conclusion The median CD34+ (viable) cell count was 4.12 × 106/kg ABW and 4.86 × 106/kg IBW. The median time to neutrophil engraftment was 11 days while that for platelet was 13 days. The data was further analysed using non-parametric Mann Whitney U test and Spearman's Rank Correlation, on the entire group of patients as wells as subsets of autologous and allogeneic transplants. The dose of progenitor cells calculated using both IBW as well as ABW correlated with the time to engraftment. The Spearman's Rho(ρ) for neutrophil engraftment with IBW was 0.37 and with ABW was 0.33, which was statistically significant(p

Cobalt(III)-catalyzed (3 + 2) oxidative annulation of enamides and alkynes for the synthesis of pyrroles has been developed under exceedingly mild conditions. The reaction works well with various internal alkynes with broad scope and functional group tolerance. In most cases, the reaction proceeds at room temperature leading to N-acetyl pyrroles in excellent yields. Synthetically useful N-H pyrroles can also be obtained at elevated temperature.

A cobalt-catalyzed C-H cyanation reaction of arenes has been developed using N-cyanosuccinimide as a new electrophilic cyanating agent. The reaction proceeds with high selectivity to afford monocyanated products with excellent functional group tolerance. Substrate scope was found to be broad enough to include a wide range of heterocycles including 6-arylpurines.

Cp*Co(III)-catalyzed C–H functionalization cascade of N-methoxyamides with alkynedione has been reported for the synthesis of indolizidine scaffolds under redox-neutral conditions. The reaction displays broad functional group tolerance along with excellent yield. The reaction proceeds with kinetically relevant C–H bond activation through carboxylate assistance with excellent diastereoselectivity and complete opposite selectivity with respect to alkyne insertion.

Background & Aim Apheresis derived Peripheral Blood Stem cell(PBSC) products usually contain very few RBCs, so RBC depletion is not routinely performed for these products. Though rare, an acute hemolytic transfusion reaction was observed at the authors' Institution, when a blood group O positive patient was transfused with PBSC product of group B, having relatively lower hematocrit (9. 6 %). After this adverse event, RBC depletion was carried out in this case as well as all other subsequent major ABO-incompatible PBSC Transplants, using a modified Hydroxy Ethyl Starch (HES) sedimentation method.There is very limited literature which describes the process of RBC depletion in PBSC product. There were multiple challenges faced and the procedure was carried out after various modifications in the conventional method. Methods, Results & Conclusion Method During the process of removal of RBCs using 6 % HES, a major source for the loss of buffy coat was identified as the formation of a Vortex, due to the relatively heavier weight of the buffy coat. Various modifications, like ensuring a controlled release of sedimented RBCs, pausing the flow of RBCs as soon as the Vortex appeared and breaking down the procedure into time-dependent smaller phases, mitigated the loss of buffy coat and stem cells. The time taken for depletion was increased to 4 hours, compared to 2 hours described for marrow-derived HSCs. Encouraged by the success of result of first RBC depletion, it was carried out in four more ABO Incompatible PBSC transplants. Results CD 34 count, TLC, and Hb of the product were measured before as well as after RBC depletion (Table attached). Recovered CD 34 was found to be in the range of 75-80 % in all the cases. The depletion process was highly effective as the final product had less than 1 gm% of hemoglobin. No adverse transfusion reaction was observed during transfusion of PBSCs in any recipient. Chimerism studies by VNTR analysis showed increasing donor chimerism. Successful engraftment was achieved in 80% of these cases. Conclusion As automated platforms and cell sorters for RBC depletion in PBSC are not available at most of the centers in developing counties, use of HES can be successfully employed using the modified method suggested, especially in case of an unexpected acute hemolytic transfusion reaction. Considering the limited literature available regarding this procedure, this case series provides significant insight into the expected challenges and modifications to resolve them.

Cationic Co(III)-catalyzed C–H/N–N bond functionalization of arylhydrazones with internal alkynes has been developed for the synthesis of isoquinoline derivatives. The arylhydrazones are easy to prepare and require inexpensive and commercially available hydrazine hydrate. The reaction works well with a variety of internal alkynes and arylhydrazones and offers broad scope, good functional group tolerance, and high yields under redox-neutral conditions in the presence of air.

Cobalt(III)-catalyzed (3 + 2) oxidative annulation of enamides and alkynes for the synthesis of pyrroles has been developed under exceedingly mild conditions. The reaction works well with various internal alkynes with broad scope and functional group tolerance. In most cases, the reaction proceeds at room temperature leading to N-acetyl pyrroles in excellent yields. Synthetically useful N-H pyrroles can also be obtained at elevated temperature.

Cobalt-catalyzed C-H halogenation of biologically important 6-arylpurines has been reported under mild conditions with good functional group tolerance. The regioselective halogenation of thiophenes, as well as the synthetic applicability of the present protocol for the synthesis of arylated, sulfenylated and alkoxylated purine analogues was also demonstrated.

Cobalt-catalyzed C-H halogenation of biologically important 6-arylpurines has been reported under mild conditions with good functional group tolerance. The regioselective halogenation of thiophenes, as well as the synthetic applicability of the present protocol for the synthesis of arylated, sulfenylated and alkoxylated purine analogues was also demonstrated.

Enantioselective formal synthesis of macrolactone palmerolide A, a polyketide marine natural product, is described. Key strategies in the synthesis include the oxidative furan ring-opening of a chiral furyl carbinol for the installation of the 1,4-dienol core and a Jung nonaldol-aldol reaction for the dienamide core.

An enantiospecific synthesis of cyclohexane-1,2,3,4-tetrols was accomplished from l-(+)-tartaric acid. Pivotal steps in the synthetic sequence include zinc-mediated Boord-type fragmentation of an acetonide, ring-closing metathesis (RCM), and osmium-mediated dihydroxylation.

Predonation hemoglobin (Hb) for plateletpheresis donors is estimated by presently available invasive methods. Venous samples of only those donors whose Hb is more than 12.5 g/dl are screened for complete blood count and transfusion transmissible infections. There is a pressing need to substitute this invasive Hb test with noninvasive one to reduce donor discomfort and avoid further pricking the donor. We therefore went ahead with the aim of comparing a noninvasive Hb estimation method NBM 200 with the invasive method - Hemocue, taking SYSMEX KX-21 as a gold standard.500 voluntary consenting plateletpheresis donors qualifying the laid down criteria for platelet donation were included in the study. Hb readings obtained by the NBM 200 and Hemocue were compared to those obtained from the fully automated hematology analyzer SYSMEX KX-21.Coefficients of correlation were found to be statistically significant at0.0001 level of confidence. Results of Friedman's test on the three methods also showed significant difference in means. Bland-Altman plots and mountain plots also confirm the same. NBM 200 was found to be more sensitive, specific, and precise than Hemocue in detecting ineligible donors.NBM 200 was found to be more sensitive, specific, and precise as compared to Hemocue for predonation screening of Hb in plateletpheresis donors and the prime benefit it offers is that it is 'noninvasive' thereby assisting in stemming the platelet donor pool. The onus lies on the blood transfusion services to make use of appropriately validated gadgets that reduce the donor discomfort.

The title reaction gives monocyanated products with high selectivity and excellent functional group tolerance.

It is assumed that copper is involved both in the generation of “CN” units from DMF-ammonia and in the cyanation of aryl iodides (I).

A stereoselective synthesis of the C1-C18 region of marine natural product palmerolide A from chiral pool tartaric acid is presented. The key synthetic sequence includes the elaboration of a gamma-oxo-amide derived from tartaric acid and alkene formation involving Boord type fragmentation.

Cu(II)-catalyzed cyanation of aryl iodides has been developed using DMF and ammonium bicarbonate as the combined source of cyanide. It is assumed that copper is involved both in the generation of “CN” units from DMF–ammonia and in the cyanation of aryl halides. A range of electron-rich and fused (hetero)aryl iodides underwent cyanation resulting in moderate to good yields.

A formal total synthesis of the 20-membered marine macrolide, palmerolide A from chiral pool tartaric acid is described. Elaboration of a γ-hydroxy amide, which is derived from the desymmetrization of tartaric acid amide, and Boord olefination are the pivotal reactions employed for the synthesis of the chiral building blocks, and Stille coupling and ring-closing metathesis (RCM) are used to assemble the macrolactone.