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Sweet flag (Acorus calamus) is a well-known plant all over the world due to its specific bioactive components β- asarone in plants.The present study reports the quantitative estimation of rhizome oil of the sweet flag plant; obtain from the various district ofUttarakhand, and different geographical surroundings. GC-MS is used to estimate the quantity of rhizome oil. Although leaves areenriched by the several medicinal constituents revealed by the previous studies, rhizome, and the oil it is being investigated. The maincomponent which was identified was Cis-ocimene, Linalool, Trans methyl isoeugenol, β and α-asarone, and euasarone. β-asarone inthe different samples; showed a higher percentage as compared to another component. It was observed that the Gopeshwar regionsample had the 74.36 least percentage and the Pauri sample had the 92.22 highest percentage of β-Asarone. Meanwhile, the Gopeshwarregion sample had 17.25 highest percentage, and the Pauri sample had 1.57 least percentage of α-Asarone. Fungal infection is prevalentnowadays. The oil from all regions subjected to antifungal activity against the Aspirigilla fumigates, A. Parasiticus, MicrosporumCanis, M. gypsum, Cladosporium, Aspergillus niger. The inhibition zone diameter (IZD) against Aspirigilla fumigates, A. parasiticusand was a maximum of 10cm for the Gopeshwar sample,9cm for the Ramnagar sample as compared to the reference drug gentamicin.

The study introduced anti-hyperglycemic influence of aqueous extract of Ocimum basilicum seeds (AEOBS) in Streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetic rats and estimating its potential to ameliorate altered level of biochemical parameters, serum electrolytes level and haematological indices along with its effect on body weight of treated rats. The albino rats were selected to observe oral glucose tolerance test by oral intake of aq. glucose solution (4g/kg, body weight) in normal rats and estimation of blood glucose level after administration of AEOBS at 250mg/kg, 500mg/kg and standard drug glibenclamide at 0.6mg/kg, body weight. Antidiabetic activity was evaluated in chronic study models by STZ induced diabetes in rats followed by blood glucose estimation. Chronic study model was selected to carry out further studies to evaluate the effect of AEOBS at 250mg/kg, 500mg/kg and standard drug on body weight, alterations in biochemical parameters including AST, ALT, ALP, total bilirubin and total protein, alterations in serum electrolytes like Na+, K+, Cl-, HCO3- along with estimation of haematological indices like red blood cells (RBC), white blood cells (WBC), hemoglobin (Hb), lymphocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils, monocytes and basophils. AEOBS significantly reduced the blood glucose level of diabetic rats at both doses. Body weight was also improved significantly. Similarly, the levels of biochemical parameters, serum electrolytes, and haematological indices were significantly ameliorated at both doses of AEOBS. The histopathological results revealed reconstitution of pancreatic islets towards normal cellular architecture in rats treated with AEOBS. The results illustrated that AEOBS have eminent antidiabetic potential in STZ effectuated diabetes in rats and can be extensively used for the treatment of diabetes mellitus-II and its associated complications including anaemia, diabetic nephropathy, liver dysfunction, and immunosuppression.

The antimicrobial activity of Petroleum-ether, Benzene, Chloroform, methanol and aqueous extracts of crude leaves of Eupatorium adenophorum Spreng were tested against the growth of Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus , Staphylococcus aureus , Escherichia coli , Klebsiella aerogenes and Pseudomonas aeruginosa by Paper disk diffusion technique. Nearly all the extracts were found to exhibit moderate to good antibacterial activity against the bacterial pathogens tested and the petroleum ether extract recorded largest zone of inhibition against B. subtilis . The positive results so obtained were compared with that of the reference standard antibiotic ciprofloxacin. Antifungal activity of the above extracts were tested on fungal strains Aspergilus niger , Aspergilus candidus and Candida albicans using Fluconazole as the standard drug. The result shows significant antimicrobial activity of extracts against tested fungi and bacteria.

Eupatorium adenophorum Spreng belonging to the family Astercaceae is an annual herb. It grows up to one meter high, bears small white-colored flowers. Even though this plant has gained scientific importance recently, there is a need for the pharmacognostic standardization. Hence, in the present work the leaf and petiol part of the plant were subjected to various microscopical and physical evaluations. In the microscopical studies, the different cell structures and arrangements were studied and in physical evaluation the ash values and extractive values were studied. The various pharmacognostical constants were obtained which could help in the development of a suitable monograph for the plant.