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Tyre rubber materials are viscoelastic in nature and generates heat during its operation due to hysteresis loss. Rubber being a poor thermal conductor, heat dissipation is a concern from product durability point of view. Further, during tyre manufacturing, curing is an essential process where heat conduction of rubber materials plays an important role to achieve desirable cure state. Therefore, thermal properties of rubber compounds are important inputs for tyre designing and manufacturing process. With this background, the present work focuses on characterising thermal properties (thermal conductivity, specific heat, thermal diffusivity, etc.) of rubber compounds using a Hot Disc Thermal Conductivity (TPS-2200, Sweden). In this work, new generation fillers, such as carbon nano tube were used in the rubber compounds to improve thermal conduction and thermal properties are compared with conventional carbon black based rubber compound. These new generation fillers are anisotropic in nature and have a colossal difference in the axial (in-plane) and radial (through-plane) heat flow. For these heterogeneous materials, anisotropic methods are more decisive compared to the isotropic one to obtain their actual thermal conductivity behaviour. Hence, a comprehensive investigation of heat profiles with varying morphology and texture has been elucidated in this work for detailed understanding of tyre curing with better prediction of product performance.

To be true, the name of this specific pathological lesion is not widely encountered in our dayto- day surgical practice, but still, pilomatricoma or pilomatrixoma is notifiable skin neoplasm for which diagnosis can be made histopathological and only after an adequate excision. This case report is of a 23-year-old young female medical student who presented with swelling in neck, that histopathologically diagnosed as pilomatricoma. The purpose of reporting this specific case is that this pathology is rare in occurrence, but more rarely diagnosed because of lack of confirmatory pathological analysis and it is immensely essential to be kept in the differentials of all superficial skin tumors in surgical practice. J Shaheed Suhrawardy Med Coll 2021; 13(1): 86-88

The present study was aimed at standardizing fertilizer and lime requirement for tissue banana (Grand Naine) cultivation in acidic soil of mid hill of Arunachal Pradesh The experiment was conducted at ICAR RC farm Gori, ICAR RC for NEH Region, AP centre, Basar. The effect of twelve different treatments of combination of fertilizers and Lime was studied on growth parameters of banana plant, post harvest fruit quality parameters and on the soil chemical and physical parameter their availability & uptake of major nutrients were also studied. The results revealed. Plant growth parameters like pseudo stem circumference (36.96 cm) and Plant height (92.85 cm) was highest in the treatment receiving L1F2. Similarly, treatment L2F2 recorded highest number of leaves (5.96), suckers (1.41) and leaf area (3586 cm2). Treatment L2F1 recorded lowest stem circumference (22.3 cm), number of leaves (3.52) and leaf area (1420 cm2). Similarly, treatment having L3F1 recorded lowest number of suckers (0.41). The plants treated with (50% lime + 100% RDF) performed best in terms of both yield and quality attributes. The effects of lime application significantly improve pH of soil that resulted in the improved the availability of phosphorous. Application of 125% fertilizer was not found to significantly enhance the yield of Banana. The lime application significantly improve the soil nutrient concentration Viz Available N, P K, Ca pH and reduced Al concentration that resulted into enhance banana production compare to the control.

Highlights • Life-threatening surgical emergency in a 17-year-old boy with common symptoms, abdominal pain and vomiting. • Likely to be misdiagnosed due to the rarity of the disease. • High index of clinical suspicion is crucial. Borchardt’s triad can be very helpful in acute cases. • Quickly identified and Successfully treated. • Timely treatment can prevent grave complications., Introduction Gastric volvulus is a rare medical emergency that can be fatal if not recognized early. Its rarity makes it quite challenging to diagnose but delaying in diagnosis and treatment can lead to fatal complications. Meticulous assessment and broadened differential diagnosis are thus crucial. Organoaxial volvulus, in which the stomach rotates 180 degrees around its long axis, is the most common subtype of gastric volvulus, occurring predominantly in infants and older adults. Presentation of the case Here, we present a case of acute organoaxial gastric volvulus in a 17-year-old male presenting to a low-resource hospital in Bangladesh with severe upper abdominal pain and postprandial vomiting. Initial assessment revealed severe epigastric tenderness and mild dehydration. Plain abdominal x-ray showed a hugely distended bowel with single air fluid level and thoracic herniation of the stomach. The patient was resuscitated then sent to the operating theatre for urgent laparotomy and sleeve gastrectomy with anterior gastropexy. Treatment was successful, and the patient survived. Discussion Acute gastric volvulus, a life-threatening surgical emergency can be treated successfully if identified timely. Though the CT scan is diagnostic, Borchardt’s triad can be helpful as well. Conclusion This is the second consecutive case managed by the same surgeon in the same hospital, highlighting that high index of clinical suspicion is an important tool to diagnose this condition early. Timely diagnosis and treatment are essential to avoid fatal complications, denoting the importance of documenting such cases.

On Jan. 5, 2018, at the request of NASA, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), the Committee on the Decadal Survey for Earth Science and Applications from Space (ESAS) of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering and Medicine (NASEM) Space Studies Board, Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences released the 2017 Decadal Survey, “Thriving on Our Changing Planet: A Decadal Strategy for Earth Observations from Space” [1]. The 700-page document is the second such Earth sciences survey produced by NASEM. The first, “Earth Science and Applications from Space: National Imperatives for the Next Decade and Beyond,” was released in 2007. The 2018 study designated a global “Surface Biology and Geology” (SBG) investigation that would include both imaging spectroscopy and thermal infrared observations [1]. This suite of measurements would address a wide range of global science questions. Its themes include: flows of energy, carbon, water, and nutrients sustaining terrestrial and marine ecosystems; the variability of the land surface and the fluxes of water and energy; inventory of the world's volcanoes, and the composition and temperature of volcanic products immediately following eruptions; other natural hazards including wildfires; snow accumulation and melt; water balance from the headwaters to the continent; land and water use effects on evapotranspiration; functional traits and diversity of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems and vegetation; and more. Figure 1 shows example spectra from these surfaces, illustrating the enormous diversity of scene content that would be observed. Tables 1 and 2 show examples of the core and higher-level products that the SBG mission would produce.

Introduction: Male breast malignancy is a relatively rare condition among all the malignancies. It accounts for 0.2% of all malignant cases & less than 1% of all breast cancer. Methods and Materials: A retrospective observational study was done among the male patients with breast malignancy, admitted in Surgery ward in Shaheed Suhrawardy Medical College Hospital, Bangladesh from January 2014 to December, 2018. Results: Our series includes 09 patients. The mean age of the patient was 60 years. Most of the patients complaint breast lump with some degrees of skin colour changes. One has previous history of breast surgery (lumpectomy). Eight (8) patients went under simple mastectomy with axillary clearance after tissue diagnosis. One (1) patient got neo- adjuvant chemotherapy followed by surgery. Specimen was sent for histopathological & receptor study. Among them Infiltrating was ductal carcinoma was found in 07 cases, Sarcoma was in 01 (one) case & papillary carcinoma in 01 (one) case with 66.6 % positive oestrogen and progesterone receptor activity. Conclusion: Surgeons should be kept in mind that male breast malignancy is not uncommon and all male breast lumps should be evaluated properly before surgery. J Shaheed Suhrawardy Med Coll, June 2019, Vol.11(1); 48-51

The Earth Surface Mineral Dust Source Investigation, EMIT, is planned to operate from the International Space Station starting no earlier than the fall of 2021. EMIT will use visible to short wavelength infrared imaging spectroscopy to determine the mineral composition of the arid land dust source regions of the Earth to advance our knowledge of the radiative forcing effect of these aerosols. Mineral dust emitted into the atmosphere under high wind conditions is an element of the Earth system with many impacts to the Earth’s energy balance, atmosphere, surface, and oceans. The Earth’s mineral dust cycle with source, transport, and deposition phases are studied with advanced Earth System Models. Because the chemical composition, optical and surface properties of soil particles vary strongly with the mineral composition of the source, these models require knowledge of surface soil mineral dust source composition to accurately understand dust impacts on the Earth system now and in the future. At present, compositional knowledge of the Earth’s mineral dust source regions from existing data sets is uncertain as a result of limited measurements. EMIT will use spectroscopically-derived surface mineral composition to update the prescribed boundary conditions for state-of-the-art Earth System Models. The EMIT-initialized models will be used to investigate the impact of direct radiative forcing in the Earth system that depends strongly on the composition of the mineral dust aerosols emitted into the atmosphere. These new measurements and related products will be used to address the EMIT science objectives and made available to the science community for additional investigations. An overview of the EMIT science, development, and mission is presented in this paper.

Ragging has claimed hundreds of innocent lives and has ruined the careers of thousands of students. A total of 717 cases of ragging were reported in the English print media alone across the country from January 2007 to September 2013. However, the media reports tend to focus on extreme cases and do not reveal the true extent of ragging. Moreover, in the absence of empirical data, it is difficult to understand the processes involved in, and the ramifications of, ragging. This study examines the prevalence and types of ragging practices in educational institutions. The study covered 10,632 students from 37 educational institutions spread across 12 states in India. Findings show that almost 40 per cent students admitted to having experienced some kind of ragging. College-wise analysis of the results showed marked variations in the prevalence of ragging among colleges, thus pointing to the role of institutional factors in the occurrence of ragging. Variations in responses are also seen based on the kind of course pursued, gender, and place of residence of student, thus indicating that these are critical factors in influencing the prevalence, severity and kinds of ragging practices.

We show that the Lagrange multiplier (LM) unit root test exhibits size distortions when a break in the innovation variance exists but is ignored. We develop a modified LM unit root test that is based on a generalized least-squares transformation of the original series. The asymptotic null distribution of the new modified LM unit root test is derived. Finite-sample simulation evidence shows that the modified LM unit root test maintains its size and has reasonable power against the trend stationary alternative.

Seasonal calendar and daily farming activities are vital in understanding the farming system of a community and identifying the period of intensive agriculture and lean period for better resources management and planning. The objective of the current study was to evaluate seasonal calendar and gender disaggregated daily activities of indigenous Galo farmers of Arunachal Pradesh. Phenomenological approach was used to understand the system as the native farmers perceive it. The result reveals the rice-based farming system of the tribe with seasonal calendar of major crops that is guided by the climate of the location. Also, it was found that farming is a family activity of the community with well defined task for each family member based on gender. Women play a major role in the farming and also have vital responsibility in preservation and conservation of indigenous local crop varieties and seeds for next season. Generally it was seen that the labor burden of tribal women exceed than that of their male counterpart. Though the farmers seem to remain in the field throughout the year, their involvement in agricultural activities is actually very low. Monocropping nature of farming, long duration crop varieties and excessive dependence on natural factor leads to poor production and productivity of crops. The seasonal calendar may help the researchers and policy makers to understand the specific need of farmers and device tailored measures for sustainable development of the farming sector and livelihood improvement of the specific community under study.

We develop a simple methodology that allows practitioners to test for the presence of a unit root without a priori knowledge regarding the occurrence of a break under the null hypothesis. We use a pre-test that is readily available in the estimated regression used to calculate the unit root statistics, and so our methodology is very easy to implement. The t-statistic corresponding to the impulse dummy variables evaluated at break date estimator is used as a pre-test to ascertain whether a break exists under the null hypothesis. Finite sample simulations show that our methodology yields tests that maintain their size.

A trichobezoar is a bezoar ( a mass found tapped in the gastrointestinal system) formed from the ingestion of hair. Trichobezoars are often associated with trichotillomania (compulsive hair pulling). Trichobezoars are rare, but can be fatal if undected1,2. Surgical intervention is often required. Gastric outlet obstruction (G.O.O) is one of the presenting complaints of trichobezoars in the stomach. Patients with this condition often have an underlying psychiatric illness & history may not be easily forthcoming. This condition mainly occurs in young female. We are presenting a case of gastric outlet obstruction in a young female of 25 years old. After taking history, clinical examination, necessary investigation it seemed to be a case of trichobezoar. Laparatomy done under general anaesthesia, then opened the stomach and found it was a case of trichobezoar.J Shaheed Suhrawardy Med Coll, December 2017, Vol.9(2); 85-87

Agroforestry is an alternative land use practice which supports the diversification of crop, conservation of natural resources, efficient functioning of the ecological system and CO2 assimilation in plant and soil ecosystem. Conjoint cultivation of tree and crop makes the land more productive with profitable revenue generation and also increases the green cover for better carbon sequestration. By deliberately integrating trees with the crop production system, agroforestry systems offer a promising avenue for carbon storage. Trees that provide multiple products and services, the proportion of total photosynthesis that is removed from the system is minimized, thereby facilitating storage of more carbon in the agroforestry system as compared to monocropping systems. Carbon sequestration has been suggested as a means to help mitigate the increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration. Agroforestry systems can better sequester carbon in soil and biomass and help to improve soil conditions. The soil organic carbon and net carbon sequestered were greater in the agroforestry system.

The climate change especially the changes in rainfall pattern is most crucial for Himalayan region as it leads to changes in river runoff and consequently affecting environment, agricultural productivity and human livelihood downstream. Current study aims to evaluate the rainfall trend and variability in the highest rainfall recipient sub-tropical hill regions of Arunachal Pradesh in Northeastern Himalayan region of India. Sen’s estimator is used for trend analysis and Mann-Kendall test to determine significance of the trend. The 37 years (1979-2015) data reveals no clear and consistent trend of average annual rainfall. But a wide inter and intra seasonal variation in the monthly rainfall has been observed. Also a significant shift in rainfall during pre-monsoon and Southwest monsoon was noticed leading to change in forest and agricultural growing seasons, mid-season dry spell during July and increase in extreme rainfall events during August, September and October. The trend analysis of rainfall will help in prediction of future climate scenarios in this Himalayan region and to understand the impact of climate change.

The genus Chenopodium from the Chenopodiaceae family comprises at least 150 plant species. These are distributed over a large geographical area from wild to domesticated forms with high diversity. Some species such as C. album and C. quinoa are notable for their nutritional value and are commonly consumed with diet. They are also well adapted to adverse climatic conditions and are important in the conservation of the environment. The pharmacological evaluation of Chenopodium plant species also ranged from the treatment of external ailment (wound healing activity) to the cellular level (anticancer and immunomodulatory activities). It is concluded that the genus has lots of potential for further scientific studies, search of the new bioactive molecules, and the development of the new herbal drug.

This paper examines four distinctive features of a skewness-adjusted binomial interest rate model. Specifically: 1) implied spot yield curves generated from a skewness-adjusted binomial interest rate tree are consistent with interest rate expectations theory; 2) implied forward rates and implied yields on futures contracts are equal when the skewness-adjusted binomial interest rate tree is calibrated to an end-of-the period distribution reflecting an increasing, decreasing, or stable interest rate trend; 3) the asymptotic properties of the skewness-adjusted binomial interest rate model elevate the importance of the mean in determining the up and down parameters for the case of a large number of sub-periods; 4) the skewness-adjusted Black-Derman-Toy model retains its arbitrage-free features, but loses them when the variability conditions are not adjusted to account for skewness.

Almost all the tribes across the world have their own indigenous concept of rules, regulation and grievance redress system developed with the evolution of the community to maintain peace, justice and harmony. The indigenous people takes law as a way of life and understand it through experience and interactions. The objective of the current research was to study one unique justice delivery system to address non-criminal cases that cannot be dealt with normal procedure due to lack of evidence, witness and formal proof. The system is prevailing among the tribes of eastern Himalayan region of India. The phenomenological approach was used to study the system as it is in situ. The justice is delivered on the basis of unique system of decision making between two alternatives based on the shape of chicken liver. Involvement of spirituality and spirit make the system acceptable to both the complainant and defendant. The unique characteristic of the system is that it does not penalize the loser, instead the court pray for them and bless them for abiding the decision of the court in presence of the spirit. The justice delivery system aims to maintain harmony in the society as well as save the face of both the loser and winner. In the present system, the justice delivered may be not the just decision, but the loser accepts the decision considering it as the command of the god and spirit without keeping any grudges against the winner. The system demands participation of whole village irrespective of gender and ages, with fundamental aim of preserving the custom and hand down to the next generation.

We present empirical evidence regarding the structure of unemployment in the US disaggregated by race, ethnicity, and gender. Popp’s (2008) unit-root test reveals that the dynamics of unemployment for all groups is characterized by the hysteresis hypothesis except for Hispanic Males.

In this paper, we derive the asymptotic distribution of Popp's (2008) innovational outlier unit root test for trending series with a break. The results of Zivot and Andrews (1992) are applied to provide the limiting results of these new test statistics. We tabulate their asymptotic and finite sample critical values, and illustrate the use of the new statistics with an application to the unemployment rate series for 23 OECD countries.

This paper updates and extends the time-series evidence on the convergence of international incomes using a set of 29 countries over the period 1900-2001. Time-series tests for stochastic convergence are supplemented with tests which provide evidence on the notion of Beta-convergence predicted by the Solow model. The evidence indicates that the relative income series of 21 countries are consistent with stochastic convergence, and that Beta-convergence has occurred in at least 17 countries at some point over the 1900-2001 period. Further examination of the properties of the Beta- convergence test provides anecdotal evidence of conditional convergence during the post-war period in seven countries for which the convergence hypothesis was initially rejected. Analysis of the cross-country dispersion of incomes over time also suggests that convergence has occurred over the 1900-2001 period, with structural breaks associated with World War II in many countries causing a break in the convergence process.

In this paper, we extend the Johnson, Pawlukiwicz, and Mehta [1] skewness-adjusted binomial model to the pricing of futures options and examine in some detail the asymptotic properties of the skewness model as it applies to futures and spot options. The resulting skewness-adjusted futures options model shows that for a large number of subperiods, the price of futures options depends not only on the volatility and mean but also on the risk-free rate, asset-yield, and other carrying-cost parameters when skewness exists.

The objective of this study was to find a pattern in vocalizations of children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). We compared the intonational features of 15 children with ASD who showed speech, aged 4-10 years, with 10 age-matched typically developing controls. Exaggerated pitch, pitch range, pitch excursion and pitch contours were observed in speech of children with autism, but absent in age-matched controls. These exaggerated features, which are distinctive characteristics of motherese, were also seen in interactions of an independent group of 8 mothers of typical infants using child-directed speech. Our findings provide the first evidence of a distinct pattern in vocal output from children with autism. They also demonstrate that speech patterns might follow a delayed developmental trajectory in these children.

We show that Perron’s [Perron, P., 1990. Testing for a unit root in a time series with a changing mean. Journal of Business and Economic Statistics 8, 153–162] unit root test can be oversized when there is a break in the innovation variance. We propose a modified Perron test that maintains its size, and has power against the mean-break stationary alternative.

We examine the level of persistence in the unemployment gap across both race and gender in the United States. The empirical evidence suggests that all unemployment gaps exhibit low levels of persistence. While the gender unemployment gap has disappeared and stabilized in the post–1980 period, there continues to be a substantial gap between the unemployment rates of blacks and whites.

We present empirical evidence regarding differences in unemployment dynamics across gender for a group of twenty-three OECD countries. Our results indicate that there are substantial differences in the unemployment persistence for men and women across countries. Further, the female unemployment rates are relatively more persistent compared to the male unemployment rates.