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Diabetes mellitus (DM) is characterized by an absolute decline in insulin secretion and peripheral resistance and is the most prevalent metabolic and endocrine disorder. However, the pathogenesis of DM also includes adipocyte insulin resistance, increased glucagon secretion, increased renal glomerular glucose absorption, and neurotransmitter dysfunction. Although there is a wide spectrum of therapeutics available for glycemic control, owing to the identification of various pathogenic determinants of DM, management of DM remains challenging and complex. Current therapeutic interventions against DM focus mostly on glycemic control without considering the other pathological determinants that eventually lead to treatment failure and the progression of DM. Furthermore, long-term use of these conventionally available anti-diabetic drugs leads to various side effects, henceforth development of novel drugs against DM remains an unending search strategy for researchers. Various studies conducted in various parts of the world have proposed that these novel therapeutic interventions target multiple and alternate pathogenic hotspots involved in DM. The current review article discusses novel therapeutic options that hold particular promise to support their safety and discuss the side effects resulting from their use so that these novel candidate drugs can be effectively fabricated into potential drugs for the treatment of DM.

Author(s): Oliver M. Shannon [sup.1] , Ammar W. Ashor [sup.2] , Filippo Scialo [sup.3] [sup.4] , Gabriele Saretzki [sup.3] , Carmen Martin-Ruiz [sup.5] , Jose Lara [sup.6] , Jamie Matu [...], Ageing is a multifactorial process associated with reduced function and increased risk of morbidity and mortality. Recently, nine cellular and molecular hallmarks of ageing have been identified, which characterise the ageing process, and collectively, may be key determinants of the ageing trajectory. These include genomic instability, telomere attrition, epigenetic alterations, loss of proteostasis, deregulated nutrient sensing, mitochondrial dysfunction, cellular senescence, stem cell exhaustion and altered intercellular communication. Healthier dietary patterns reduce the risk of age-related diseases and increase longevity and may influence positively one or more of these hallmarks. The Mediterranean dietary pattern (MedDiet) is a plant-based eating pattern that was typical of countries such as Greece, Spain, and Italy pre-globalisation of the food system and which is associated with better health during ageing. Here we review the potential effects of a MedDiet on each of the nine hallmarks of ageing, and provide evidence that the MedDiet as a whole, or individual elements of this dietary pattern, may influence each hallmark positively--effects which may contribute to the beneficial effects of this dietary pattern on age-related disease risk and longevity. We also highlight potential avenues for future research.

A prospective study on 193 patients through 3 years from February 2020 till January 2023 patients complain of colorectal carcinoma in different locations. 43 patients (23%) had a history of open or laparoscopic cholecystectomy since a different time ranging from 9 to more than 30 years, who have no family history of colorectal cancer or inflammatory bowel diseases, adenomatous polyps, and no history of familial adenomatous polyposis, (predisposing factors of colorectal cancer). most common location of malignancy for those patients with a history of cholecystectomy in the RT side of the colon 21 patients (48.8%) and the least location in the ano-rectum region one patient (2.4%). The most common time that we diagnosed colorectal carcinoma after 21 to 25 years from the time of cholecystectomy which occurred in 18 patients (41.9%) and the least after 9 years only one patient (2.4). While the microscopic appearance of colorectal cancer in patients with a history of cholecystectomy is, adenocarcinoma occurs in 38 patients (88.4%) and squamous carcinoma occurs in 5 patients (11.6%). While the macroscopic appearance of colorectal cancer occurs most commonly in ulcerative types in 29 patients (67.5%) and least annular type 5 patients (11.6%) and the most common age occur between the age of 60 and 69 years in 24 patients (55.8%) and leas occur at the age of 40 to 49 years only 2 patients (4.6%), about the grading of the tumor moderate differentiated type, is the most common type in 67.5% Aim of the study to know the incidence of colorectal carcinoma after cholecystectomy, locations of tumors, and related time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]