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The main focus of this research is to modify the straight pipe of the Citronella essential oil distillation condenser using a helical coil pipe to shorten the distillation time. This study aims to obtain an effective shell-side fluid volumetric rate to shorten the distillation time. The volumetric rate of the shell side fluid varies from 0.72 to 3.66 LPM at a constant pitch ratio of 2.10. Recording of data in the form of temperature, volumetric rate of shell side water, and tube side steam after steady state is reached. The experimental results show that the effectiveness increases with the increase in the volumetric flow rate of the shell side fluid, where the maximum effectiveness at the volumetric flow rate of 3.66 LPM is 69.99%, while the minimum effectiveness at the volumetric flow rate of 0.72 LPM is 44.39%. The results of the validation of the effectiveness of the condenser show a trend curve that is identical to the previous research, with an average deviation of 5.67%. The maximum volumetric flow rate with a minimum distillation time of 120 minutes with a condensate volume of 8 ml or 240 minutes is smaller than the result of straight-pipe condenser distillation by UKM. The maximum effectiveness is due to an increase in the Reynolds number on the shell side, which results in an increase in the actual heat transfer. It can be concluded that the maximum condenser effectiveness at a maximum volumetric rate of 3.66 LPM could be used for refining Citronella essential oil by SMEs.

Abstract Objectives Acute compartment syndrome (ACS) can be caused by multiple causes that affect people of different ages. It is considered an orthopedic emergency condition that requires immediate diagnosis and surgical intervention to avoid devastating complications and irreversible damages. This systematic review aimed to present the etiology of trauma-related forearm ACS. Methods A systematic review was performed on four different databases: Embase, Medline, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) and Cochrane Database of systematic review register databases via Ovid, with no restriction on dates (last date was June 30, 2021). It included all the studies containing data about the etiology of trauma-related forearm ACS. Results A total of 4893 articles were retrieved: 122 met the inclusion criteria, 39 were excluded, 25 were out of scope and 14 had insufficient details. Hence, this review constituted 83 articles and 684 patients. The etiology of ACS causing forearm ACS was classified into three groups: fracture-related, soft tissue injury-related and vascular injury-related. The fracture-related group was the most common group (65.4%), followed by soft tissue injury (30.7%), then vascular injuries (3.9%). Furthermore, supracondylar humerus fractures were the most common cause of fractures related to forearm ACS. Blunt traumas were the most common cause of soft tissue injuries-related forearm ACS, and brachial artery injuries were the most common cause of vascular-related forearm ACS. Conclusion Frequent assessment of patients with the most prevalent etiologies of forearm ACS is recommended for early detection of forearm ACS and to save limbs.

Background: Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) is known to play a key role in the etiology of constant endodontic infections. Recently, suggestions of natural alternatives to overcome the downsides of sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) have been discussed in the literature. Aims: The present study investigates the antibacterial effect and compares the bacteria-killing time of six possible natural alternatives in comparison to 2.5% NaOCl, namely net Manuka Honey (MaH), crude black seed oil (BSO), 100% apple vinegar (AV), castor oil, crude sesame oil, and a novel plant extract (Bactil®). Materials and Methods: Agar well-diffusion assay was used to determine the antibacterial effect of the products against E. faecalis. Muller‒Hinton broth (MH broth) was used to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBC). Time-kill assay was performed to investigate the killing time required by the tested product to inhibit E. faecalis at 30, 60, 90, and 120 s. Results: Four out of the six tested products (crude BSO, 0.2% Bactil®, 100% AV, and net MH) exhibited an antibacterial activity against E. faecalis. While after MBC and MIC determination, only two of the products (0.4% BSO and 0.2% Bactil®) were able to inhibit the growth of E. faecalis within 30 s of exposure similar to the positive control 2.5% NaOCl. Conclusion: Within the limitations of this study, both 0.4% BSO and 0.2% Bactil® were as effective as 2.5% NaOCl against E. faecalis and could be suggested for further testing as promising natural alternatives to disinfect the root canal system.

The rapid development of smart home and deep learning attract many types of research to meet the needs of the homeowner that make the right decisions based on preset settings or based on user behavior in the smart home. And because some gases cause air pollution, affect human health, cause lung cancer, breathing problems. and cause a fire as well. Many gases in our home can pose many dangers. One of the risks of using LPG is leakage in cylinders, gas installations, stoves, or LPG heaters. This paper focused on using technological development to alert about a gas leak inside the home to preserve the general health of people. The proposed system, a gas sensor is used to measure the value of gas in the atmosphere. This part is an important part of the smart home, which is taking precautionary measures by using the gas sensor and controller, in addition to using a mobile network system to send an alert message to the user about gas leakage from the mentioned sources. The proposed system is characterized by its low cost and allows the homeowner to monitor the gas leak inside the home from outside.

Heat transfer represented by jet impingement was considered due to the grown demand for such applications in the industry such as heat exchangers, metal cutting, and electronic's component cooling. Hence, ZnO/water nanofluid is embraced to enhance the heat exchanged by impinge nanofluid through a square jet. Five nanofluid were prepared thoroughly with different ZnO concentrations range of (0.1–0.5%) besides a plain de-ionized water for comparison. Validation was performed by comparing the outcome with comparable analogous studies and exhibited a content deviation. The parameter (H/Dh) which denotes the (exit of nozzle-to-hot plat spacing over the hydraulic jet diameter) was varied to be 2–8. The acquired results showed that the adoption of nanofluid in such an arrangement gives further magnification in heat transfer (Nu = 113.9%) at high Reynold's number and nanoparticle concentration (φ = 0.5%, Re = 17500, and H/Dh = 2). Whereas the minimum gained heat (Nu = 43.8%) was detected at nanoparticle concentration of (ɸ = 0.1%), Reynold's number of (Re = 5000), and H/Dh spacing of 8 respectively. It was found that applying excessive heat flux on the target plate causes rapid evaporation once the flow hits the surface plate, which leads to poor thermal performance. Eventually, the gained data were correlated and the empirical correlation is proposed.

Background: Currently, phacoemulsification is a very common cataract surgical procedure in which the lens is emulsified and aspirated from the eye through a small corneal incision. Aim: To compare early regional corneal thickness changes following phacoemulsification done by experienced surgeons versus trainee surgeons. Setting: A prospective cohort study was done at Ibn Al Haitham tertiary eye hospital in Baghdad, Iraq. Methods: The data were collected for 5 months, from 01 March 2018 until 31 July 2018. Adult patients undergoing phacoemulsification and intraocular lens surgery were prospectively evaluated and divided into two groups. Group 1 comprised those operated by experienced surgeons, whilst Group 2 patients were operated by trainee surgeons. Slit lamp examination and endothelial specular microscopy were assessed with the measurement of central corneal thickness (CCT) and peripheral corneal thickness (PCT), using Scheimpflug imaging (Pentacam). Results: There was a significant statistical difference in post-operative CCT between Groups 1 and 2, being 596.72 ± 50.69 µm compared to 631.54 ± 67.84 µm in Groups 1 and 2, respectively, with a mean difference of 34.82 µm (p = 0.000). More difference was observed in post-operative PCT (148.38 µm) as it was 734.8 ± 88.55 µm in the experienced group, compared to 883.18 ± 128.43 µm in the trainee group (p = 0.005). Conclusion: Phacoemulsification done by trainee surgeons was associated with higher CCT and PCT.

Purpose: To study changes in flap thickness made with two different microkeratome heads across different corneal locations using anterior segment optical coherence tomography (OCT). Methods: In this prospective, non-randomized, consecutive case series, subjects who had their laser in-situ keratomileusis (LASIK) flaps made using 90 μm (MSU90) or 130 μm (MSU130) disposable M2 microkeratome heads were examined using OCT. The measurements were performed at three locations (central and 2.5 mm to either side) at 1 day, 1 week, and 1 month postoperatively. Results: The central flap thickness was 123 ± 15, 130 ± 14, and 127 ± 13 μm, respectively, at 1 day, 1 week, and 1 month postoperatively in the MSU90 group (41 eyes) and 142 ± 20, 147 ± 19, and 143 ± 15 μm, respectively, in the MSU130 group (47 eyes). At 1 month, peripheral flap thickness was 161 ± 17 and 159 ± 13 μm, respectively, at 2.5 mm to the right and left of corneal center in the MSU90 group. The corresponding figures were 170 ± 14 and 167 ± 13 μm, respectively, in the MSU130 group. There was a statistically significant difference between the two groups at all locations (P < 0.001). No statistically significant change in flap thickness was detected in either group at any assessment time. There was a partial positive correlation (after controlling for preoperative manifest refractive spherical equivalent) between central flap thickness and preoperative ultrasound central pachymetry (r = 0.739, P = 0.036) in the MSU90 group but not in the MSU130 group. Conclusion: Using OCT, changes in flap thickness were minimal in the first month after LASIK. Flap thickness correlated strongly with central corneal thickness if a 90 μm head was used.

A solo passive heat transfer enhancement technique represented by nanoparticle additives was embraced in this study due to the nanofluid technology potentials. A single circular jet (3 mm diameter) was used at Reynold number range of (1000–8000) with nozzle-to-jet Distance (Z) varied from 40 to 70 mm. Validation was conducted prior to commence the experimental tests and an accepted deviations were detected. The obtained outcomes showed the potential of CuO-water nanofluid to improve the heat transfer remarkably. Such enhancement increase as both Reynold number and volume fraction increase. Moreover, the Nozzle-to-target plate distance has the dominant effect over the volume fraction effect. Where the heat transfer decreases as the nozzle-to-target plate (Z) increase even if the volume fraction increase. Eventually, the maximum enhancement in Nusselt number was 2.9% and minimum enhancement was about 0.87%. Keywords: Nanofluid, Heat transfer, Impingement jet, Volume fraction, Single jet, Nusselt number

Depolymerization reaction is considered one of the most significant ways of converting waste polyethylene terephthalate in to terephthalic acid. The water polyethylene terephthalate bottle waste was collected from different places in Baghdad. The collection step shows that there is plenty amount of polyethylene terephthalate suitable to be an important source of terephthalic acid production.PET plastic waste conversion to terephthalic acid by depolymerization process was examined. The effect of ethylene glycol amount, reaction time (up to 90 minutes) and reaction temperature (from 70 to 170° C) on the polyethylene terephthalate conversion was obtained.The kinetic study shows that the ordination of the depolymerization reaction of PET is first order irreversible reaction with 31103.5 J/mole activation energy.A 97.9 % terephthalic acid purity has been obtained by purification with N, N-dimethylformamide.

Background: Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is a parasitic cutaneous infection caused by Leishmania parasite. The histopathology is usually granulomatous in nature. Aims: The aim of the present study is to elucidate the histology of CL and evaluate the presence and the frequency of panniculitis among the affected patients. Settings and Design: Case series interventional study. Materials and Methods: Thirty-five patients with CL were diagnosed clinically between December-2012 and May-2013. Diagnostic confirmation established by smears, culture, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The histopathological assessment was carried out to study the general pathology and to look for the presence of panniculitis. Statistical Analysis Used: Simple statistics utilized via SPSS version 16.0 (SPSS, Inc., Chicago, USA). Results: Eighteen women and 17 men with CL were enrolled in the present work with a mean duration of their disease was 3 months. The results of the diagnostic tests were as follow: The smear was positive in 21 (60%) of cases, Leishman-Donovan (LD) bodies were seen in 7 (20%) patients, culture was positive in 24 (68%), and PCR was positive in 32 (91.4%) patients. The epidermal changes included acanthosis, pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia, ulceration, focal spongiosis, and interface dermatitis while the dermal changes were dependent on the spectrum of the disease, so in the ulcerative lesions there was lymphohistiocytic infiltration with foci of plasma cells and sometimes aggregate of LD bodies, whereas in the dry lesions the pathology is mainly of epithelioid granuloma. Panniculitis was seen in 16 (46%) cases as a diffuse lymphohistiocytic infiltration of both the septum and lobules of the subcutaneous layer of the skin. Conclusion: Panniculitis is an important feature of CL that must be differentiated from other diseases that can simulate CL such as chronic skin infections, Discoid lupus erythematosus, and cutaneous lymphoma.

Objectives: Behçet’s disease (BD) is an immune-mediated small vessel systemic vasculitis. Human β-defensins are antimicrobial peptides associated with many inflammatory diseases and are encoded by the β-defensin family of multiple-copy genes. However, their role in BD necessitates further investigation. The aim of the present study was to investigate the possible association of BD in its various clinical forms with defensin β-4(DEFB4) genomic copy numbers. Methods: This case-control study was conducted from January to September 2011 and included 50 control subjects and 27 unrelated Iraqi BD patients registered at Baghdad Teaching Hospital, Bagdad, Iraq. Copy numbers of the DEFB4 gene were determined using the comparative cycle threshold method by duplex real-time polymerase chain reaction technology at the Department of Dermatology of Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany. Results: DEFB4 genomic copy numbers were significantly higher in the BD group compared to the control group (P = 0.010). However, no statistically significant association was found between copy numbers and clinical variables within the BD group. Conclusion: The DEFB4 copy number polymorphism may be associated with BD; however, it is not associated with different clinical manifestations of the disease.

Various techniques have been tested on heat transfer enhancement to upgrade the involving equipment, mainly in thermal transport devices. These techniques unveiled significant effects when utilized in heat exchangers. One of the most essential techniques used is the passive heat transfer technique. Corrugations represent a passive technique. In addition, it provides effective heat transfer enhancement because it combined the features of extended surfaces, turbulators and artificial roughness. Therefore, A Computational Fluid Dynamics was employed for water flowing at low Reynolds number in spiral corrugated tubes. This article aimed for the determination of the thermal performance of unique smooth corrugation profile. The Performance Evaluation Criteria were calculated for corrugated tubes, and the simulation results of both Nusselt number and friction factor were compared with those of standard plain and corrugated tubes for validation purposes. Results showed the best thermal performance range of 1.8–2.3 for the tube which has the severity of 45.455 × 10−3 for Reynolds number range of 100–700. The heat transfer enhancement range was 21.684%–60.5402% with friction factor increase of 19.2–36.4%. This indicated that this creative corrugation can improve the heat transfer significantly with appreciably increasing friction factor.

Background: Molluscum contagiosum is a common viral skin disease that usually has a self-clearing course. Objectives: to study the process of involution of molluscum contagiosum through utilizing histological examination. Patients and Methods: Different sizes and stages of evolution of lesions from 50 patients with molluscum contagiosum were included. Deep shave biopsies were taken from each patient for histopathological examination. Results: All lesions showed a single punctum and this was confirmed by histopathological examination. Each individual lesion showed an epidermal hyperplasia consisting of many lobes which subdivided into lobules that contain the molluscum bodies. The intra-cytoplasmic molluscum inclusion bodies increase in the number and size as the cells differentiate toward the surface of the epidermis to accumulate at a central meeting point equivalent to the clinical sign of umblication at which the infected cells undergo cytocidal disintegration releasing its viral contents into the skin surface. The general histological architecture resemble that of keratoacanthoma. Conclusion: The central umblication represent the site of the future involution that contains the final growth phase of the infected epidermal cells where it ends by a process of cellular death and disintegration releasing its viral contents into the surface of the skin at the craterform opening which is called punctum. This process of self-involution may resemble that of keratoacanthoma where there are many similar pathological features in both conditions.

An experimental study on the effect of filter types, relative humidity and using two stage filters on the weight efficiency and pressure drop across the filter was carried out, to complete the study a test rig is designed and built, the rig consist of three sections air duct, of 30 cm ×30 cm cross sectional area, with overall length of 220 cm. Six types of air filters are used in a single stage filters; namely spongy, polyester, synthetic one and two layer aluminum filters. A molten Aluminum powder dust (Type Aluxite No. 25, 98% less than 35 microns and 2% less than 10 microns) is used. In two stage filters study the bag filter is used as a secondary filter while the primary can be any type of the five filters mentioned above. The study shows that the spongy filters gives a maximum efficiency when is used as a single stage filter as compared with the other filters type. Increasing of working environment relative humidity improves the weight efficiency for both single and two stage filters. Two stage filters can improved the filtration process, it is found that the combination of spongy filter and bag filters give a maximum of weight efficiency of about 92% when the relative humidity equals to 90% . Space distance between two stage filters affect the weight efficiency, it is found that the best distance between the spongy filter and bag filter is between 15 to 20 cm.

Background: Hodgkin disease was the first cancer in which the curative potential of combination chemotherapy was demonstrated. The affected patients are often young and there is a great potential for adding years of productive life by giving curative therapy even when the disease is advanced. Objective: to describe the experience of the hematology unit,Baghdad Teaching Hospital, in the management of 40 adult patients with Hodgkin disease. Patients and Methods: a retrospective cohort study of forty adult Iraqi patients with Hodgkin disease between 2005 and 2013 in the hematology unit. Patients were treated initially with 6-8 cycles of ABVD chemotherapy protocol (doxorubicine+ bleomycin+ vinblastin+ dacarbazine) , nine patients received additional involved field radiotherapy for residual masses or bulky disease. Overall survival and progression free survivals were estimated using Kaplan Meier survival plot. Results: The mean age was 28.6±12.88 years with females forming 61.5% of patients, mean duration of follow up was 27.9± 20.6 months. Staging showed that 55% and 27.5% had stage II and III respectively. B symptoms were found in 72.5% patients , bulky disease in 42.5% patients. Complete Response+ Complete Response undetermined was seen in 85% of cases. First Relapse occurred in 14%, and death in 7.5% of the patients. The 8 year overall survival and progression free survival were 82% and 50% respectively while the mean overall survival and progression free survival times were 84.7 and 59.9 months respectively. Conclusion: The results of the treatment of adult patients with Hodgkin disease in our unit is rather comparable to the results from other studies.

Background: Gasoline constituents and its derivatives had many hazardous effects on the general health of humans. Thus, gasoline stations workers may be affected by different types of related diseases.This study was conducted to assess selected salivary elements and their relation with dental caries, oral hygiene status and periodontal diseases among gasoline stations workers in comparison with individuals have no regular exposure to gasoline. Materials and methods: The study group consists of thirty male subjects with an age range (33-39) years who worked in different gasoline stations in different areas of Baghdad city and thirty persons that matching in age and gender and not exposed to gasoline were selected as a control group. Dental caries was recorded by lesion severity through the application of D1-4 MFS index of (Manji et al). Plaque index of Silness and Loe and calculus index of Ramfjord were used for recording oral hygiene status. Periodontal diseases were evaluated by using the gingival index of Loe and Silness and periodontal pocket depth of Carranza. Stimulated salivary samples were collected and chemically analyzed to determine the concentration of salivary calcium, phosphorous, iron, copper and lead ions. Results: Caries experience (DMFS) was higher among the study group compared with the control group with significant difference (P

One main technique for protecting the turbine blades is film cooling. Film cooling isolates the heat flow from the high-temperature flow. It is used against high-temperature flow. The main problem that hinders the flow isolation process is the counter-rotating vortex pair. It is generated because of the primary flow's interaction with the coolant. This leads to the upward spread of the jet film and poor film cooling effectiveness. One method used to improve the effectiveness of film cooling is vortex generation. In this study, two types of vortex generators were used at the upper location of film hole. They were used to suppress the counter-rotating vortex generator. Protrusion V-shaped and rectangular winglet pairs of vortex generators were used. They had a blowing ratio ranging from 0.5 to 2 at a 35-degree angle. The numerical results show that both types of vortex generators work to form additional anti-counter-rotating vortex generators. This lessens the effects of CRVP. Using vortex generators is more effective than not using them. This is because they reduce the negative effects of counter-rotating vortex pairs by reducing the vorticity of the downwash. Downwash vortices and counter-rotating vortex pairs are in competition with one another. Therefore, the positive effects of vortex generators will diminish as the blowing ratio rises. The results show higher film cooling performance for the flat plate when the blowing ratio is 1. This was observed for both types of vortex generators. Winglet vortex generator, in particular, showed this performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The advent of 5G and blockchain technologies has signified rapid growth in the digital space. Their unique capabilities have already redefined communication and decentralized networks; however, their possible combined role is the subject of this research article. Objective: The article investigates the implications of 5G technology being used for integration with blockchain and how its disruptive nature would affect Binance's cryptocurrency trading platform. A mixed-methods research strategy was followed that draws upon data analytics, in-depth case study investigations and expert consultations. The key point was finding out how unparalleled low latencies and high-throughput capacities from 5G would be a procedures-changer for blockchain operations. The results indicate that the network capabilities of 5G can compensate for some blockchain major difficulties, including scalability and energy consumption. Quicker data transfer speeds up validation processes which leads to faster blockchain transaction times. This combination of advantages makes it possible to use microtransactions and facilitates scaling in terms of volume per transaction while retaining good levels of security and decentralization. Furthermore, with opportunities such as rapid cross-border payments and extensive smart contract capabilities available too — Binance certainly seems well-positioned to lead the charge in leveraging this convergence. But then again, the integration is accompanied by other challenges as well – mainly regulatory and technological challenges of innovation brought along by two cutting-edge technologies. The integration of 5th-generation mobile networks and blockchain has massive potential for cryptocurrency projects such as Binance. This partnership is poised to transform the existing blockchain landscape, ushering in a whole new era of fintech experience with an increased capability for speed and operational efficiency along safety systems.

Background: Climate change is a pressing global issue with far-reaching consequences. Understanding and predicting its impacts is crucial for effective mitigation and adaptation strategies. With its ability to process vast amounts of data, deep learning offers a promising avenue for improving climate change impact predictions. Objective: This empirical study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of deep learning models in predicting climate change impacts. We explore whether these models can provide more accurate and reliable predictions than traditional methods. Methodology: Authors employ a comprehensive dataset of historical climate data and associated impact variables. Deep learning architectures, including convolutional neural networks (CNNs) and recurrent neural networks (RNNs), are trained and tested using this dataset. We also compare their performance against conventional regression models. Results: Article findings demonstrate that deep learning models outperform traditional methods in predicting climate change impacts.Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) and Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs) have shown remarkable precision and resilience in identifying intricate connections between climate variables and their consequences, including occurrences of severe weather events and the increase in sea levels. Conclusion: Deep learning approaches significantly promise to enhance our understanding of climate change impacts. They offer more accurate predictions and the potential to inform policy decisions and adaptation strategies effectively. As climate change continues accelerating, leveraging advanced machine learning techniques is essential for a sustainable future.

Abstract This paper presents a non‐isolated DC‐DC converter designed to validate ultra‐high voltage gain using a modified double boost mode. The objective is to achieve exceptionally high voltage gain by integrating a modified triple boost technique (MTBT), interleaved with second main and auxiliary third MOSFETs, and a modified switched inductor‐capacitor (MSLC), effectively doubling the voltage transfer gain. Furthermore, MSLC is combined with the auxiliary third and double main MOSFET to double the voltage gain while concurrently mitigating voltage stress on the auxiliary MOSFET and diodes in the proposed converter (the PC). Additionally, all diodes in the MTBT operate under zero current switching (ZCS) and the double main and auxiliary third MOSFET face very low current stress at ultra‐high voltage gain. The input current of the PC remains steady without pulsating at a low duty ratio, making the PC more suitable for renewable energy systems. The PC offers numerous advantages, exhibiting high efficiency and ensuring minimal voltage stress on power devices with low current stress on the power switches. Notably, PC aims to elevate input voltages from 30 V to a variable output range of 335 to 600 V, delivering 440 watts at 96.1% efficiency.