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The backscattering linear depolarization ratios of major types of tropospheric aerosol particles (Asian and Saharan mineral dust, sea salt, and ammonium sulfate) were measured using a laboratory chamber for interpreting the polarization lidar measurement of tropospheric aerosols. The values obtained from Asian and Saharan mineral particles were 0.39 [+ or -] 0.04 to 0.05 (mean [+ or -] standard deviation) for a high number of concentrations in the supermicrometer range and 0.17 [+ or -] 0.03 to 0.14 [+ or -] 0.03 in the submicrometer range. The values were 0.08 [+ or -] 0.01 for sea-salt crystals, 0.04 [+ or -] 0.003 for ammonium sulfate crystals, and 0.01 [+ or -] [less than or equal to] 0.001 for both liquid droplets in the submicrometer range. These values can serve as a reference for estimating aerosol type using lidar measurement. OCIS codes: 010.3640, 010.1100.

Optical parameters of simulated ambient individual ammonmm sulfate and soot-mixed particles were calculated using the discrete-dipole approximation method with different model geometries. Knowledge of the mixing state and the approximation by a suited idealized geometry reduces the errors of the optical properties by [+ or -] 50% to [+ or -] 10%. The influence of the soot content and the mixing state on the optical properties of the total aerosol was estimated. For the total aerosol population, the size distribution and the absolute soot content had the largest influence. The exact geometry of the ammonium sulfate and soot-mixed particles can be neglected. OCIS codes: 010.1290, 010.1110.

The synthesis of new fluorinated lithium and ammonium sulfonimides by using the corresponding sulfonyl fluorides is described. The intermediates oxonium sulfonimides are neutralized and the obtained sulfonimides are shown to be potential electrolytes for lithium batteries or fuel cells.