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V okviru diplomskega dela smo pripravili vodno raztopino iona [Zn(NH3)4]2+. V vodni raztopini amoniaka smo raztopili cinkov oksid in dodali različne kisline: kinaldinsko, pikolinsko ali pirazinojsko kislino. V vseh primerih se je na cinkov(II) ion koordiniral anion uporabljene kisline (kinaldinat, pikolinat ali pirazinoat). Le v primeru kinaldinata je na cinkov(II) ion ostala koordinirana ena molekula amoniaka. Tako so bile pripravljene naslednje koordinacijske spojine cinka(II): [Zn(quin)2(NH3)], [Zn(pic)2(H2O)2]·2H2O, [Zn(pyra)2(H2O)2] in [Zn(pyra)2(H2O)]n. Na analogen način smo pripravili vodno raztopino z ionom [Cu(NH3)4]2+ in to reagirali z istimi kislinami. Tako so bile pripravljene naslednje koordinacijske spojine bakra(II): [Cu(quin)2(H2O)], [Cu(pic)2]n·2nH2O in [Cu(pyra)2]n. An aqueous solution of [Zn(NH3)4]2+ was prepared within this diploma work. The solution was prepared by dissolving zinc(II) oxide in aqueous ammonia solution. Different acids were added to this solution: quinaldinic acid, picolinic acid or pyrazinoic acid. In all cases, the anionic forms of the used acids, i.e., quinaldinate, picolinate or pyrazinoate, coordinated to zinc(II). In the case of quinaldinate reaction system, one molecule of ammonia remained coordinated to zinc(II). Thereby we isolated the following zinc(II) coordination compounds: [Zn(quin)2(NH3)], [Zn(pic)2(H2O)2]·2H2O, [Zn(pyra)2(H2O)2] and [Zn(pyra)2(H2O)]n. By analogy, an aqueous solution of the [Cu(NH3)4]2+ ion was prepared and reacted with the same acids. Thereby the following copper(II) coordination compounds were prepared: [Cu(quin)2(H2O)], [Cu(pic)2]n·2nH2O and [Cu(pyra)2]n.

The purpose of this final work is to evaluate the average annual emission of ammonia ballast gas from a selected pig farm in Hejná of Horažďovice in the Pilsen region. Instruments from the BAT center of the University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice were used for the measurements. This problem around the ammonia (NH3) ballast gas is further compared with the European Union directive and also evaluated according to the given statistical methods. In order to improve relations between agriculture and the environment, it is above all necessary to reduce emissions of all stress gases (NH3, CO2, N2O, CH4), but especially ammonia. Due to the increasing use of intensive agriculture, ammonia affects not only the environment but also the creation of the landscape, where it affects important landscape elements such as soil, air and water. Agriculture is considered to be the largest producer of ammonia up to 90 % worldwide. The use of the latest products for reducing the concentration of ammonia in the stable environment, in the processing of manure and slurry and protective measures when establishing manure and pits is a suitable method to prevent large-scale ammonia leakage into the air. The final work also has in its content a literature search, which mentions pig breeding in general, statistics and the economics of pig breeding.

Ammonia is currently receiving more interest as a carbon-free alternative fuel for internal combustion engines (ICE). A promising energy carrier, easy to store and transport, being liquid, and non-carbon-based emissions which make ammonia a green fuel to decarbonize ICE and to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. This paper aims to illustrate the impacts of replacing diesel fuel with ammonia in an ammonia/diesel dual fuel engine. Hence, the effects of various ammonia diesel ratios on emissions and engine performance were experimentally investigated. In addition, a developed 1D model is used to analyze the combustion characteristics of ammonia and diesel. Results show 84.2% of input energy can be provided by ammonia meanwhile indicated thermal efficiency (ITE) is increased by increasing the diesel substitution. Moreover, increasing the ammonia energy share (AES) changed the combustion mode from diffusion combustion in pure diesel operation to premixed combustion in dual fuel mode. Therefore, combustion duration and combustion phasing decreased by 6.8CAD and 32CAD, respectively. Although ammonia significantly reduced CO2, CO, and particulate matter (PM) emissions, it also increased NOX emissions and unburned ammonia (14800 ppm). Furthermore, diesel must be replaced with more than 35.9% ammonia to decrease GHG emissions, since ammonia combustion produces N2O (90 ppm) that offsets the reduction of CO2.

The subject of the bachelor's thesis is a comparison of methodologies for measuring emissions from pig farming according to the BREF document and the VERA protocol. The work evaluates the differences and matches in ammonia measurements according to the two techniques mentioned.

Ammonia is a promising alternative fuel that can replace current fossil fuels. Hydrogen carrier, zero carbon base emissions, liquid unlike hydrogen, and can be produced using renewable resources, making ammonia a future green fuel for the internal combustion engine. This study aims to show the procedure of utilizing ammonia as a primary fuel with biodiesel in a dual-fuel mode. Hence, a single-cylinder diesel engine was retrofitted to inject ammonia into the intake manifold, and then a pilot dose of biodiesel is sprayed into the cylinder to initiate combustion of the premixed ammonia-air mixture. The effects of various ammonia mass flow rates with a constant biodiesel dose on engine performance and emissions were investigated. Furthermore, a one-dimensional model has been developed to analyze the combustion of ammonia and biodiesel. The results reveal that 69.4% of the biodiesel input energy can be replaced by ammonia but increasing the ammonia mass flow rate slightly decreases the brake thermal efficiency. Moreover, increasing the ammonia load contribution significantly reduced the emissions of CO2, CO, and HC but increased the emission of NO. It was found that ammonia delayed the start of combustion by 2.6CAD compared with pure biodiesel due to the low in-cylinder temperature and the high resistance of ammonia to autoignition. However, the combustion duration of biodiesel/ammonia decreased 19CAD compared with only biodiesel operation at full load, since most of the heat was released during the premixed combustion phase.

This diploma thesis deals with pollutants that escape into the air during intensive breeding of broiler chickens. The biggest polluter is ammonia gas, which mainly results in the creation of the greenhouse effect and thus contributes to global warming. Many scientists are working on ways to reduce this unwanted gas, and are therefore developing modern stables technologies for all types of livestock on intensive farms. The final work evaluates the production of emissions from broiler farming. In particular, the evaluation of the annual ammonia emissions and the reduction of the production of this gas in the selected agricultural holding. The measurement was performed at the private agricultural company ZEFA Nová Pec, spol. s r. o. in the broiler chicken farm, located near Strunkovice nad Blanicí.

Sidestream partial nitritation and deammonification (pN/A) of high-strength ammonia wastewater is a well- established technology. Its expansion to the mainstream is, however mainly impeded by poor retention of anaerobic ammonia oxidizing bacteria (AnAOB), insufficient repression of nitrite oxidizing bacteria (NOB) and difficult control of soluble chemical oxygen demand and nitrite levels. At the municipal wastewater treatment plant in Strass (Austria) the microbial consortium was exhaustively monitored at full-scale over one and a half year with regular transfer of sidestream DEMON® biomass and further retention and enrichment of granular anammox biomass via hydrocyclone operation. Routine process parameters were surveyed and the response and evolution of the microbiota was followed by molecular tools, ex-situ activity tests and further, AnAOB quantification through particle tracking and heme measurement. After eight months of operation, the first anaerobic, simultaneous depletion of ammonia and nitrite was observed ex-situ, together with a direction to higher nitrite generation (68% of total NOx-N) as compared to nitrate under aerobic conditions. Our dissolved oxygen (DO) scheme allowed for transient anoxic conditions and had a strong influence on nitrite levels and the NOB community, where Nitrobacter eventually dominated Nitrospira. The establishment of a minor but stable AnAOB biomass was accompanied by the rise of Chloroflexi and distinct emergence of Chlorobi, a trend not seen in the sidestream system. Interestingly, the most pronounced switch in the microbial community and noticeable NOB repression occurred during unfavorable conditions, i.e. the cold winter season and high organic load. Further abatement of NOB was achieved through bioaugmentation of aerobic ammonia oxidizing bacteria (AerAOB) from the sidestream-DEMON® tank. Performance of the sidestream pN/A was not impaired by this operational scheme and the average volumetric nitrogen removal rate of the mainstream even doubled in the second half of the monitoring campaign. We conclude that a combination of both, regular sidestream-DEMON® biomass transfer and granular SRT increase via hydrocyclone operation was crucial for AnAOB establishment within the mainstream.

This bachelor thesis deals with the issue of protection of residents in case of development of a major emergency associated with a leakage of dangerous chemical substance in the area of a town Klatovy. The theoretical part of the bachelor thesis describes the basic concepts that relate to the issue. There are also characterized by hazardous chemicals is incorporated herein their classification, characteristics or transport and marking. One theoretical chapter is devoted to the chemical ammonia, which is in the city is relatively widely used. The practical part shows the risks that threaten the city of Klatovy. The second part shows the results of a questionnaire survey that was conducted. The questionnaire contained 20 questions and was directed at residents of the town Klatovy. The total number of respondents who completed this questionnaire was 144. The aim of this text was to focus on the issue of leakage of dangerous chemicals substance in the area of a town Klatovy and evaluate information to citizens in case of emergencies associated with toxic chemicals. As part of the bachelor's thesis, one research question was asked: "Do the residents of the town of Klatovy have information on how to behave in the event of a leak of a dangerous chemical substance?". The set goal was fulfilled and the research question was answered. The benefit of this bachelor thesis is to obtain a summary of knowladge of residents of the town of Klatovy about how they behave and how they would proceed in an extraordinary event associated with toxic chemicals. The bachelor thesis can serve as a study material.

Investigation of exhaust emissions and ammonia flow behavior in the exhaust system incorporating with Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) unit is discussed. An aftertreatment system is designed to work without additional urea injection to improve feasible temperature of operating and reduce size. This study is focused on obtaining optimal parameters for catalysis using gaseus ammonia as reducing agent. Its effectiveness is considered as a function of basic parameters of exhaust gases mixture and SCR material characteristics. A 3D geometry of SCR with porous volume has been simulated using Ansys Fluent. Moreover, a 1D model of ammonia dual-fuel CI engine has been obtained. Results were focused on obtaining local temperature, velocity, and exhaust gases composition to predict optimal probes placement, pipes insulation parameters, and characteristic dimensions.

This diploma thesis focuses on the creation of a 3D model of real poultry housing, which will be used for the needs of computer simulations. The dimensions needed for the elaboration of the thesis, were measured in a real hall for poultry breeding. The model is created in free student version of computer 3D modeling program SolidWorks. In the research part of this thesis are introduced ammonia limit values and systems for their reduction in poultry housing. The next section describes Revolution 4.0 and how it relates to poultry housing. The following part deals with clever technologies used in agriculture and their connection with poultry farming. The practical part deals with the workflow of creating and building a model.

The thesis deals with the topic of environmental pollution, especially by greenhouse and stress gases emitting in agricultural livestock production. Furthermore, we are seeking measures to reduce this pollution. The work itself is focused on measuring, evaluating and subsequent determining of the concentration of gas emissions. These are ammonia, nitrous oxide, carbon dioxide and methane produced in a selected dairy farm. Measurements for this thesis took place on the farm of Mr František Rouha in Velešín, in a stable where dairy cattle are housed in tie stalls. Devices from the BAT centre of the University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, which are specially designed for this purpose, were used for these measurements.

We describe the successful possibility of the immobilization of a photocatalyst on foam, which is beneficial from a practical point of view. An immobilized photocatalyst is possible for use in a continuous experiment and can be easily separated from the reactor after the reaction concludes. Parent TiO2, La/TiO2, and Nd/TiO2 photocatalysts (containing 0.1 wt.% of lanthanide) were prepared by the sol-gel method and immobilized on Al2O3/SiO2 foam (VUKOPOR A) by the dip-coating method. The photocatalysts were investigated for the photocatalytic hydrogen generation from an aqueous ammonia solution under UVA light (365 nm). The evolution of hydrogen was compared with photolysis, which was limited to zero. The higher hydrogen generation was observed in the presence of 0.1 wt.% La/TiO2 than in 0.1 wt.% Nd/TiO2. This is, besides other things, related to the higher level of the conduction band, which was observed for 0.1 wt.% La/TiO2. The higher conduction band&rsquo, s position is more effective for hydrogen production from ammonia decomposition.

The production of emissions of odorous substances, which are mainly produced in the livestock breeding, is growing with the increasing intensification of agricultural production. This bachelor thesis is focused on monitoring of odor emissions arising from intensive poultry farming on deep litter Measurements were carried out in the broiler fattening hall located in the company called Farma u lesa in Sudoměřice u Bechyně. Monitored emissions were evaluated in 2019. The samples were evaluated by the dynamic olfaktometry, which is, according to the standard ČSN EN 13 725, the reference method for determing the evaluation of emissions of odorous substances from livestock breeding. The resulting odor emission values ranged from 0,02 to 0,27 OUE . ks-1 . s-1. The results were compared with the recommended emission values given in the BREF reference document and it can be claim that the odor produced from this company is in low values.

The purpose of this thesis is to evaluate a working environment in the classroom. The following parameters have been evaluated: noise, lighting, temperature, odours and gases in the air such as ammonia, nitrous oxide, carbon dioxide and methane. Measured values were compared with the legislation limits. Altogether 19 schools from South Bohemia Region were involved in the project.

Článek popisuje absorpční proces plynného amoniaku do kapalné vody v deskovém tepelném výměníku, který je považován za kritickou část absorpčního chladicího systému. Jsou aplikovány dva přístupy pro numerickou simulaci absorpce. První přístup spočívá v simulaci jak vlastního rozpouštění atomů plynného amoniaku v kapalné vodě, tak i jejich následné chemické reakci s molekulami vody za vzniku hydroxidu. Ve druhém, zjednodušeném, přístupu je simulována pouze první část absorpce, tedy jen rozpouštění molekul bez jejich následné reakce. This paper describes the absorption process of gaseous ammonia into liquid water in the plate heat exchanger, which is considered to be the crucial part of an absorption cooling system. Two approaches are utilized to numerically simulate this absorption process. In the first approach, the dissolution of gaseous ammonia into liquid water, as well as the following chemical reaction between the dissolved liquid ammonia and liquid water, are modeled. In the second approach, only the dissolution of ammonia into water is considered. The Henry’s Law with Van’t Hoff correlation is used for the simulation of the ammonia absorption process, namely the calculation of the concentration of ammonia in gas and in liquid. The Henry’s law is utilized since its line has the best correlation with the ammonia-water equilibrium line for the concentrations, which is taken into account in the numerical simulations. The ammonia mass flux from gas to liquid phase and its concentration at the outlet of the computational domain is determined as a result of the simulations.

Lahan basah buatan adalah sistem yang melibatkan tanaman, tanah, mikroba sebagai pengolahan limbah cair. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji efektifitas sistem lahan basah buatan dalam pengolahan limbah cair rumah sakit X dan mengkaji kemampuan jenis tanaman Canna Indica , Echinodorus palaefolius dan Iris pseudoacorus sebagai biofilter limbah cair rumah sakit X . Lahan basah buatan dibuat menggunakan media pasir, karbon aktif, dan kerikil dalam skala laboratorium. Analisis data menggunakan uji Anova dan Uji BNT dengan penggunaan jenis tanaman sebagai perlakuan biofilter, yaitu Canna Indica, Echinodorus palaefolius plant, Iris pseudoacorus, penggabungan ketiga tanaman, dan tidak ada tanaman sebagai kontrol. Waktu detensi 3, 6, dan 9 hari sebagai perlakuan hari dengan tiga kali ulangan. Parameter utama adalah Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), dan amoniak. Parameter pendukung warna, bau, suhu, dan pH. Lahan basah buatan terbukti efektif dalam pengolahan limbah cair rumah sakit X dan ada perlakuan yang memberikan pengaruh beda nyata terhadap perubahan kualitas air limbah. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan efisiensi penurunan BOD dan COD terjadi pada waktu detensi 6 hari. Variasi waktu berpengaruh terhadap penurunan konsentrasi BOD dan COD. Penggabungan ketiga tanaman ( C . Indica , E. palaefolius dan I . pseudoacorus ) terbukti efektif sebagai biofilter dalam penurunan parameter pH (11,2%) dan warna (27,4%), serta tanaman Echinodorus palaefolius terbukti efektif sebagai biofilter dalam penurunan parameter amoniak (34%), namun pengggunaan tanaman (biofilter) dalam lahan basah buatan tidak terbukti efektif pada penurunan BOD, COD, dan suhu. Hasil penelitian ini telah memenuhi persyaratan yang ditetapkan oleh Permen KLHK No: P. 68/Menlhk/Setjen/Kum.1/8/2016 tentang Baku mutu air Limbah domestik. Abstract An artificial wetland is a system which involves plants, soil, and microbes in the wastewater treatment. This research aims to examine the effectiveness of artificial wetland to be used for the hospital’s wastewater treatment. It also reviews the role of Canna Indica , Echinodorus palaefolius , and Iris pseudoacorus to serve as biofilters of the hospital’s wastewater. The artificial wetland is made of sand, active carbon, and gravels in lab-scale amount. The data was analysed by using Anova test and BNT test. The analysis involved several types of plants serving as a biofilter treatment, namely Canna Indica , Echinodurus palaefolius , Iris pseudoacorus , and the combination of these three plants. None served as a control plant. The detention times were 3, 6, and 9 days compounded with three-time repetitions. The main parameters were Biological Oxygen Demand ( BOD ) , Chemical Oxygen Demand ( COD ) , and amoniak. Supporing parameters included colour, odor, temperature, and pH. The artificial wetland was considered effective in the hospital’s wastewater treatment. The results also documented that some treatments had a significantly different effect towards the change of wastewater quality. The research indicated that the efficiency of BOD’s and COD’s decline occured at 6 days of detention. The variety of time affected the concetration decline of BOD and COD. The combination of three plants ( E. palaefolius , I . pseudoacorus , and C . Indica ) was proven effective as a biofilter which reduces pH parameter (11,2%) and colour parameter (27,4%). In addition, The Echinodorus palaefolius plant was reported effective to reduce amoniak parameter (34%). However, the use of plants (biofilter) in the artificial wetland was not effective towards the decline of BOD, COD, and temperature. The results of this research therefore have met the requirement stipulated by the Goverment regulation of KLHK (Ministry of Environment and Forestry) No : P.68/Menlhk/Setjen/Kum.1/8/2016 on the quality standards of the domestic wastewater.

In my work I have dealt with the comparison of different types of biochar based solid materials, which could serve as a filling for ammonia capture filters. Three samples of biochar prepared from anaerobically stabilized sewage sludge were used to test the most suitable material at temperatures of 200 ř C, 400 ř C and 600 ř C, 3 samples of biochar prepared from oak wood at temperatures of 260 ř C, 400 ř C and 600 ř C, 2 samples of biochar prepared from a mixture of sewage sludge and wood chips pre-dried in a pilot scale biological drying plant, dried anaerobically stabilized sewage sludge and charcoal. The materials were impregnated with 50% sulfuric acid solution. They were then exposed to ammonia vapors for the time needed to complete the reaction on the surface of the impregnated material. Due to the chemical reaction, ammonium sulfate is produced, which can be used as a fertilizer in agriculture. It is known that the addition of biochar has a positive effect on the soil. In the case of a combination of biochar and ammonium sulphate, this may be an interesting soil additive. It could be an alternative to so-called scrubbers, where ammonia is trapped by bubbling dilute sulfuric acid. Transportation and application of the ammonium sulphate solution thus formed is not economically advantageous. To...

Polish agriculture is obliged to reduce ammonia (NH3) emissions, compared to 2005, by 1% annually in 2020-29 and by 17% annually from 2030. A significant source of emissions is the use of slurry. In Poland, it is mainly broadcast on the field surface and incorporated 4-24 hours after application. The ALFAM2 model was used to characterize the NH3 emissions from the slurry broadcast depending on the specific parameters for Poland: doses of slurry, its dry matter, air temperature, wind speed, precipitation and the pH of the slurry. In relation to the NH3 emission from the slurry applied broadcast to the field surface, the emissions resulting from the application of slurry by trailing hoses, trailing shoe, open slot injection, shallow and deep injection were estimated. On the basis of the obtained results, the emission reduction values were estimated for the basic practices of its application. / Streszczenie. Rolnictwo polskie zobowiązane jest do redukcji emisji amoniaku (NH3), w stosunku do 2005 r., o 1% corocznie w latach 2020-29 oraz o 17% corocznie od 2030 r. Znaczącym źródłem emisji jest stosowanie gnojowicy. W Polsce aplikuje się ją głównie rozbryzgowo na powierzchnię pola i przyoruje po 4-24 godzinach od aplikacji. W pracy zastosowano model ALFAM2 do scharakteryzowania emisji NH3 z rozbryzgowego stosowania gnojowicy w zależności od specyficznych dla Polski: dawek gnojowicy, jej suchej masy, temperatury powietrza, prędkości wiatru, opadów oraz pH gnojowicy. W stosunku do emisji NH3 z gnojowicy stosowanej na powierzchnię pola oszacowano emisje powstające przy aplikacji gnojowicy za pomocą wężów wleczonych, wężów z redlicami oraz aplikacji do otwartych szczelin, płytko doglebowo i głęboko doglebowo. Na podstawie uzyskanych wyników oszacowano wielkości redukcji emisji dla podstawowych praktyk jej aplikacji., 10.22630/PRS.2019.19.2.21

This thesis deals with the topic of airpollutin caused by the greenhouse gases and ammonia which rises by cash breeding of dairy cows. Worldwide agriculture is considered as one of the biggest producer of ammonia. The thesis describes the environment and its components, law and legislation connected with this topic. The second part of the thesis deals with the measured and evaluated gases. The measurement took place at a collective farm in Skalka (farm Lipí), where dairy cows are bred. Both - the main measuring device and the distributor of consumption spots were supplied by the company INNOVA. Last part of the thesis mentions the ways how to reduce the stable gases production.

The aim of this final diploma thesis is to evaluate the production specific emission of greenhouse and load gases from selected pig breeding located in Hodětín near Bechyně, South Bohemian Region. The work focuses on the breeding hall, where the pregnant sows and the nursing sows including piglets are located separately. A total of 6 measurements were carried out, which are further compared with each other and with the latest edition of the reference document BREF. The thesis answers the questions and the selected farm is evaluated according to the principles of "Good Agricultural Practice" according to the available BAT techniques listed in the BREF reference document. The season plays a role in assessing and evaluating individual measurements. In winter, ammonia concentration is higher due to less frequent ventilation, causing low temperature and high humidity in the breeding hall. These two basic aspects are described and it is explained why this is the case and why workers approach this solution to the situation. In conclusion, there are methods and recommendations to contribute to lower emissions in selected pig breeding.

The diploma thesis deals with environmental pollution and offers measures how to reduce it. It also deals with greenhouse gasses and load gasses such as ammonia, methane and others which are produced in agricultural livestock production. The thesis deals with the determination and measurement of concentrations of load gases such as ammonia and methane. Subsequently, the production specific emission is calculated, which is discussed at the end of the work and a measure for its reduction is proposed. A winter bed with deep litter was provided for the whole 24-hour measurement. The Innova measuring instrument was used for correct microclimate measurement and other special instruments were used to evaluate the results. Means for reducing gas emissions are proposed in the thesis.

V času, ko se vse bolj zavedamo težav, ki jih našemu okolju povzroča uporaba različnih sintetičnih hladiv v hladilnih sistemih, postaja vse bolj aktualna uporaba naravnih hladiv. Mednje sodi tudi amoniak, ki je odlično hladivo, vendar je njegova uporaba še vedno precej omejena zaradi visoke tehnične zahtevnosti, kakor tudi zaradi vprašanja varnosti za zdravje ljudi, ki je povezano z velikimi količinami amoniaka v klasičnih industrijskih hladilnih sistemih. V magistrskem delu so predstavljeni možni ukrepi s katerimi lahko zmanjšamo potrebno količino amoniaka v hladilnem sistemu. Predstavljen je klasičen amoniačni hladilni sistem na primeru hladilnice za ohlajevanje in skladiščenje jabolk. Nato je predstavljen še ekvivalenten hladilni sistem v katerem smo z uporabo nekaterih, v tem magistrskem delu predstavljenih možnih ukrepov, zmanjšali potrebno količino amoniaka za normalno obratovanje sistema za skoraj 85%. Usage of natural refrigerants is becoming more and more popular, partly due to increased awareness of environmental problems caused by synthetic refrigerants. Ammonia is a natural refrigerant with excellent properties, however, its use is still relatively limited due to high technical complexity as well as due to safety and human health concerns associated with large amounts present in conventional industrial refrigeration systems. In the master’s thesis we explore possible measures to reduce the amount of ammonia needed in a refrigeration system. We present a conventional ammonia refrigeration system on an example of a cold store for cooling and storage of apples. Furthermore, we present an equivalent refrigeration system in which the amount of ammonia required for normal operation of the system is reduced by almost 85%.

In this paper a graphite oxide is investigated as a possible sensing layer of room temperature ammonia chemiresistive gas sensor. The sensing properties were tested in a wide range of ammonia concentrations in air (10-1000 ppm) and under different humidity levels (3-65 %). It was concluded that the graphite oxide based sensor possessed high response to NH3 in synthetic air (R/R0 ranged from 2.5 to 7.4 % for concentrations of 100-500 ppm and 3 % relative humidity) with negligible cross-sensitivity towards H2 and CH4. It was determined that the sensor recovery rate was improved with ammonia concentration growth. Increasing of ambient relative humidity led to increase of sensor response. The highest response of 22.2 % for 100 ppm of ammonia was achieved at 65 % relative humidity level. V článku je oxid grafitu jako možná citlivá vrstva chemorezistivního senzoru na amoniak pracujícího při pokojové teplotě. Snímací vlastnosti byly testovány v širokém rozmezí koncentrací amoniaku ve vzduchu (10-1000 ppm) a při různé vlhkosti (3-65 %). Byl učiněn závěr, že senzor s oxidem grafitu vykazoval vysoké odezvu na NH3 v syntetickém vzduchu R/R0 v rozmezí 2,5 až 7,4 % pro koncentrace 100-500 ppm a 3 % relativní vlhkosti) se zanedbatelnou krossenzitivitou vůči H2 a CH4. Bylo zjištěno, že rychlost zotavení senzoru se zlepšovala s rostoucí koncentrace amoniaku. Zvýšení relativní vlhkosti prostředí vedlo ke zvýšení odezvy senzoru. Na úrovni relativní vlhkosti 65 % bylo dosaženo nejvyšší odezvy 22,2 % pro 100 ppm amoniaku.

The aim of the research was to verify the N2O direct and NH3 emission factors adopted in national inventories, and to estimate the direct and indirect N2O emissions in cultivation systems increasing carbon sequestration. Simulations were performed using the DNDC model for NUTS2 and Poland with the use of twenty-year series of meteorological data. It was found that the simulated direct emission of nitrous oxide for Poland was in line with the adopted emission factor. The simulated ammonia emission was greater than the assumed emission factor. Use in simulations of cultivation systems increasing the sequestration of organic carbon, such as conservation system and conventional system with manure fertilization, increased: surface leaching and runoff of nitrogen as well as direct and indirect N2O emission. The increase of these emissions must be compensated with an allowance increase in the amount of sequestered organic carbon in the soil if the greenhouse gas emissions balance is to be negative. / Synopsis. Celem badań była weryfikacja przyjętych w krajowych inwentaryzacjach emisji gazów cieplarnianych współczynników emisji bezpośredniej N2O i NH3 oraz oszacowanie emisji bezpośredniej i pośredniej N2O w systemach uprawy zwiększających sekwestrację węgla. Symulacje wykonywano przy użyciu modelu DNDC dla województw i Polski z użyciem dwudziestoletnich serii danych meteorologicznych. Stwierdzono, że symulowana emisja bezpośrednia podtlenku azotu dla Polski była zgodna z przyjętym współczynnikiem emisji. Symulowana emisja amoniaku była większa od przyjętego współczynnika emisji. Zastosowanie w symulacjach systemów uprawy zwiększających sekwestrację węgla organicznego, takich jak uprawa konserwująca oraz nawożenie obornikiem, zwiększało: wymycie i spływ powierzchniowy azotu oraz emisję bezpośrednią i pośrednią N2O. Wzrost tych emisji powinien być skompensowany z naddatkiem przyrostem ilości sekwestrowanego węgla organicznego w glebie, jeśli bilans emisji gazów cieplarnianych ma być ujemny., DOI: 10.22630/PRS.2018.18.2.35

The diploma thesis deals with the issue of stable climate, amount of gas emissions in pig breeding. It evaluates the technology used in the selected breed and suggests improvement. Part of the thesis is a literary research of the issue of breeding from a physical and legislative point of view. The measurements were carried out using Commeter D4141, Testo 435 and INNOVA 1412. The measured values are compared to the EU directive. By measuring, it was found that despite the technology used, the existing limits in breeds were exceeded by up to 47%. There are suggested options for how to change this situation.

Graphite oxide has been investigated as a possible room-temperature chemiresistive sensor of ammonia in a gas phase. Graphite oxide was synthesized from high purity graphite using the modified Hummers method. The graphite oxide sample was investigated using scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetry and differential scanning calorimetry. Sensing properties were tested in a wide range of ammonia concentrations in air (10–1000 ppm) and under different relative humidity levels (3%–65%). It was concluded that the graphite oxide–based sensor possessed a good response to NH3 in dry synthetic air (R/R0 ranged from 2.5% to 7.4% for concentrations of 100–500 ppm and 3% relative humidity) with negligible cross-sensitivity towards H2 and CH4. It was determined that the sensor recovery rate was improved with ammonia concentration growth. Increasing the ambient relative humidity led to an increase of the sensor response. The highest response of 22.2% for 100 ppm of ammonia was achieved at a 65% relative humidity level. Byl zkoumán oxid grafitu jako možný materiál pro chemiresistivní senzor amoniaku za pokojové teploty. Oxid grafitu byl syntetizován z vysoce čistého grafitu modifikovanou Hummers metodou. Vzorek oxidu grafitu byl analyzován pomocí skenovací elektronové mikroskopie, energiově disperzní rentgenové spektroskopie, rentgenové difrakce, thermogravimetrie a diferenční skenovací kalorimetrie. Senzorické vlastnosti byly testovány v širokém rozmezí koncentrací amoniaku ve vzduchu (10 – 1000 ppm) a za různé relativní vlhkosti (3-65 %). Byl učiněn závěr, že senzor na bázi oxidu grafitu má dobrou odezvu na NH3 v suchém syntetickém vzduchu (R/R0 se pohyboval od 2,5 % do 7,4 % pro koncentrace 100-500 ppm při relativní vlhkosti 3 %) se zanedbatelnou krossensitivitou na H2 a CH4. Bylo zjištěno, že se s růstem koncentrace amoniaku zkracovala doba zotavení senzoru. Zvyšení relativní vlhkosti prostředí vedlo k zvýšení odezvy senzoru. Při relativní vlhkost 65 % bylo dosaženo nejvyšší odezvy 22,2 % pro 100 ppm amoniaku.

This bachelor thesis is focused on solution the issue of environmental pollution, which falls within the sphere of the Earth. Furthermore, this work deals with the greenhouse gases and ammonia and other gases produced from agricultural livestock production. Agriculture is globally considered to be clearly the largest producer of ammonia. Further the work deals with good agricultural practice, the measurement and reduction solutions of stable microclimate and overal welfare. Custom work is focused on determining and measuring the concentration of gaseous emissions of carbon dioxide, methane, water vapor, nitrous oxide primarily ammonia. The measurement was carried out in the barn with a meat breed Aberdeen Angus on family farm Angus farma Rančice from Kamenný Újezd near České Budějovice. For the measurement of exhaust gas was used special device. Main measuring device was from the company INNOVA. Further, there are proposals include funds for reducing gas emissions

This diploma thesis aims to measure the harmful gas emissions and evaluate methods and technologies used in an observed fattening pigs company. Subsequently observed methods and technologies are compared with best available techniques BATs and economically evaluated. The thesis contains three hypotheses. 1. Do measured production emissions of ammonia from the selected plant comply with the limits and recommendation of EU directives? 2. Is the applied BAT suitable from the economical point of view even for Czech agriculturists? 3. Do measured values comply with the decrease of ammonia levels according to the calculated decrease in the BREF document? The measured values and subsequent evaluation show that the production emissions of ammonia comply with the EU directives. However, the measured ammonia emissions are significantly lower than the theoretical values calculated according to the legislation that takes into account the used technology. BAT-reducing technologies used in the plant are suitable for Czech agriculturists.

This bachelor thesis is focused on integrated rescue system, on it´s components and preparedness of this components to avert danger of dangerous chemical substances, specifically is this thesis focused on ammonia, chlorine, natural gas and benzine. Object of this thesis is find out whether the selected components of the integrated rescue system are able to adequately respond to the hazards resulting from the leakage of these substances. One of the partial objectives is the assessment of the preparedness and assessment of the material resources, because of these reasons, was used a questionnaire, which was filled in by the members of the Czech Republic integrated rescue system. The results of the questionnaire survey are displayed with using descriptive statistics. Results which were interesting are shown graphically. This work can be used as a source of information, as a learning tool or it can be used for compare changes in the preparedness of selected subjects after few years. Some kind of technical unprepardeness of police department and medical rescue service. The fire department was well prepared, not only because of the current material resources, but also because of constant modernization of their technology. The knowledge of all components is good enough to carry out its tasks, but there were also have been notised some mistakes in discipline of hazardous substances, which means possible health threats for rescuers. The work also includes possible solutions, for example creation of lectures, for members of the integrated rescue system which would be led by university teachers.

Ammonia production associated with animal husbandry is important not only in terms of microclimate of stables, but also in terms of its impact on the environment and buildings located near the farms. Different approaches are applied to limit the production of ammonia and the negative effects on animals. The final effect of the measures involve a number of factors, which requires special technological equipment. It has been designed process for evaluating the binding ability of ammonia in clay minerals. It was detected that clay minerals with a smaller fraction had quicker efficiency compared to larger fractions. However a smaller fraction is associated with a higher dust, which is becoming a limiting factor. Application of biotechnological preparations in stables for fattening chickens showed that low pressure nebulizer device can be used not only for adjusting the relative humidity of air and for the application of biological products, which reduce the amount of ammonia in the stable. High or low pressure spraying have been tested in pig and poultry. The nebulizer device may be a tool to reduce the temperature in the barn. The dose and concentration of the specimen as well as the interval of application of specimen and placement of the nozzles in the stable area are important for the elimination of ammonia. The system can be recommended to well-insulated stables, where the short term reduction of ammonia in the stable air may be expected. Based on the results of measuring the effectiveness of biological air washer in pigs, the rise time of the device depends on active microorganisms on surfaces and can take depending on the microclimate parameters more than 3 months. Biological washing of air is sensitive to environmental conditions, which should be constant. When changing the water intended for circulation of air in the machine and ensure its effectiveness, it is recommended to change only one third, compared to one-half that is recommended by the manufacturer. The biological air washer helps to significantly improve air quality in the stables. Moreover, the loss of nitrogen is eliminated.

This bachelor thesis deals with influence of physicochemical indicators of water on the assigned fish stock, including the balance (TN, TP, N-NH4 +, BSK5, CHSKCr and NL105) and the retention of TP and TN in biomass of fish. The work also evaluates the growth ratio and mortality of the deployed fish and it also monitors the balance between primary and secondary production. In the introductory part of the thesis are theoretically described parameters, which were measured in SN2. The main part of the presented work describes the experiment and its conditions, methodology of measurement of individual parameters and summary of data in the form of tables and graphs to achieve a clear presentation of physico-chemical properties of water, balance of nutrients in the reservoir, fish production and abundance of zooplankton organisms. The data in this section was also summarized briefly under tables and charts. In spite of the frequent unfavorable values of the measured parameters, the fish stock aquired an excellent gain of 932.72 kg and 907 kg.ha-1 but the mortality of the carp was slightly higher due to the possible predation of water predators or different demands on the environment by different age groups of carp (Cyprinus carpio). The survival of other deployed fish was within normative losses, except for the fetus of Sander lucioperca, which was not able to survive under these conditions. The cause of fish survival in often extreme conditions can be due to the fact that it migrates to places where the conditions are more favorable or because the fish is in a good condition due to natural food supply. The nutrient balance in SN2 was positive for TP, TN and N-NH4 +. The measured values at the inlet were therefore higher than the SN2 effluent values. The content of organic matter (BSK5, CHSKCr, NL105) was higher at the SN2 outlet than its inlet. The weight on organic solvents and suspended solids has increased on drainage due to the development of production processes.