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Leukemia is one of the ten types of cancer that causes the biggest death in the world. Compared to other types of cancer, leukemia has a low life expectancy, so an early diagnosis of the cancer is necessary. A new strategy has been developed to identify various leukemia biomarkers by making blood cancer biosensors, especially by developing nanomaterial applications so that they can improve the performance of the biosensor. Although many biosensors have been developed, the detection of leukemia by using nanomaterials with electrochemical and optical methods is still less carried out compare to other types of cancer biosensors. Even the acoustic and calorimetric testing methods for the detection of leukemia by utilizing nanomaterials have not yet been carried out. Most of the reviewed works reported the use of gold nanoparticles and electrochemical characterization methods for leukemia detection with the object of study being conventional cancer cells. In order to be used clinically by the community, future research must be carried out with a lot of patient blood objects, develop non-invasive leukemia detection, and be able to detect all types of blood cancer specifically with one biosensor. This can lead to a fast and accurate diagnosis thus allowing for early treatment and easy periodic condition monitoring for various types of leukemia based on its biomarker and future design controlable via internet of things (IoT) so that why would be monitoring real times. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The people of Bolo Village, Ujung Pangkah District, Gresik Regency, choose to farm as a livelihood, both as farmers on their own land and on other people's land. Lime is a type of plant that is widely grown in the area. With a lime garden area of 450 hectares, lime farmers in this area can produce an average of 2-3 tons of lime per month per hectare. Lime from this subdistrict has also reached local and international markets, such as Malaysia and Singapore. The community also develops or processes lime into processed products that have higher economic value, for example processed into processed beverage products in the form of liquids, extracts, instant powders, or processed into belt products, cosmetics and so on. On the other hand, technological developments that are rapidly developing can basically be used to increase the marketability of limes, such as processing lime peels into more useful products, not just lime contents. Nanotechnology can be used to produce lime peel powder with a nanometer size using a tool called a ball mill and grinder. The process of making lime peel nanopowder using a ball mill is very simple. This tool has also been developed a lot so the price is also cheap. For this reason, the community service activities is carried out to provide education to lime farmers in the Ujung Pangkah sub-district, Gresik to process lime peels into powder and make it possible to obtain nanopowder which has high selling value and or produces processed lime into other products. The expected output is lime peel processed products into powders of various sizes, one of which is nanometer with a lime peel powder maker, in this case a ball mill and grinder with simple operations and low prices. In simple terms, especially large powders can be used as additional ingredients for spices, even tea mixtures. This community service activity can support the 12th point of the Sustainable Development Goals in promoting zero waste, namely responsible consumption and production; as well as on point 8, namely decent work and economic growth in encouraging the formation of MSMEs to utilize processed orange peels to increase their economic value. Thus, we also believe that the community service would not only increase the lime home industry in Bolo village significantly, but also increase awareness of the community about the environmental sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The interplay between structure and magnetic couplings is essential for scientific research and designing functional oxide BiFeO 3 (BFO)-CoFe 2 O 4 (CFO) heteroepitaxy on demand. Several research has been conducted to study this coupling mechanism such as by using various substrates to modify the strain state of BFO-CFO via misfit strain hence altering the magnetic anisotropy and further magnetoelectric coupling. In this present research, we investigate the effect of the composition ratio of CFO nanopillars on the magnetic properties of BFO-CFO heteroepitaxy to shed light on the relation between the strain and interfacial effect of nanopillars-matrix in this system. The difference ratio of BFO and CFO compositions in the system induces a modification of the vertical strain imposed on the BFO and CFO phases hence the interfacial coupling between them is also modified. The magnetic anisotropy of the samples varies depending upon the composition ratio of BFO and CFO phases indicating the effect of modulation of strain-state modification on magnetic coupling behavior in the BFO-CFO system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of two-dimensional (2D) materials for biomedical applications has accelerated exponentially. Contrary to their bulk counterparts, the exceptional properties of 2D materials make them highly prospective for contrast agents for bioimage, drug, and heat delivery in biomedical treatment. Nevertheless, empty space in the integration and utilisation of 2D materials in living biological systems, potential toxicity, as well as required complicated synthesis and high-cost production limit the real application of 2D materials in those advance medical treatments. On the other hand, green technology appears to be one of strategy to shed a light on the blurred employment of 2D in medical applications, thus, with the increasing reports of green technology that promote advanced technologies, here, we compile, summarise, and synthesise information on the biomedical technology of 2D materials through green technology point of view. Beginning with a fundamental understanding, of crystal structures, the working mechanism, and novel properties, this article examines the recent development of 2D materials. As well as 2D materials made from natural and biogenic resources, a recent development in green-related synthesis was also discussed. The biotechnology and biomedical-related application constraints are also discussed. The challenges, solutions, and prospects of the so-called green 2D materials are outlined. SYNOPSIS. The so-called green 2D materials could be used in biomedical applications more efficiently. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The unique properties of MXenes have been deemed to be of significant interest in various emerging applications. However, MXenes provide a major drawback involving environmentally harmful and toxic substances for its general fabrication in large-scale production and employing a high-temperature solid-state reaction followed by selective etching. Meanwhile, how MXenes are synthesized is essential in directing their end uses. Therefore, making strategic approaches to synthesize greener, safer, more sustainable, and more environmentally friendly MXenes is imperative to commercialize at a competitive price. With increasing reports of green synthesis that promote advanced technologies and non-toxic agents, it is critical to compile, summarize, and synthesize the latest development of the green-related technology of MXenes. We review the recent progress of greener, safer, and more sustainable MXene synthesis with a focus on the fundamental synthetic process, the mechanism, and the general advantages, and the emphasis on the MXene properties inherited from such green synthesis techniques. The emerging use of the so-called green MXenes in energy conversion and storage, environmental remediation, and biomedical applications is presented. Finally, the remaining challenges and prospects of greener MXene synthesis are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ho monopnictides (HoPn: Pn = N, P, As, Sb, and Bi) and monochalcogenides (HoCh: Ch = S, Se, and Te) are known to possess a nontrivial magnetic structure, while solid-phase HoO has not been synthesized yet. In this study, a rock salt-type HoO epitaxial thin film was grown by using the pulsed laser deposition method, which had a bandgap of 0.11 eV and tunable electrical conduction via its oxygen nonstoichiometry. Its Curie temperature, above 130 K, was much higher than those of HoPn and HoCh, most likely due to an enhanced direct exchange interaction. Similar to HoPn and HoCh, a HoO thin film showed a metamagnetic behavior below the Curie temperature in spite of its dominant ferromagentic ordering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The design and development of the next-generation power-efficient CIGS solar cells are at the research forefront due to their potential applications in renewable energy. Due to rich fundamental properties such as chemical and physical structures of the CIGS layer, cell scaffolding, and its promising applications like low cost, easy integration, and high efficiency, the CIGS-based solar cell systems are of considerable interest and received tremendous attention. In this article, we review the CIGS solar cells from the point of view of structural engineering. We explain the intrinsic parts of crystalline, optical, and electronic structures of the CIGS absorber layer up to the extrinsic part of the cell multilayer structure. For intrinsic structure, we primarily review the modification of the crystallinity or chemical composition of the CIGS and the effects that these modifications have on the physical properties such as the adjustment of the bandgap grading, effect of impurity or doping, selenization, oxidation processes, and the surface morphology and structure orientation. For extrinsic structure, the effect of substrates, electrical back contact, windows, n -buffer, grid, and antireflection layers will be discussed further, as well as the possibility of their tandem use with other solar cell thin films. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The magneto-structural coupling of BiFeO3 (BFO)–CoFe2O4 (CFO)/LaAlO3 (LAO) heteroepitaxy with various lateral sizes of CFO pillars embedded in a BFO matrix was investigated. A structural phase transformation of the BFO matrix was observed when the pillar size of CFO was increased to exceed 200 nm. Such structural transformation led to modification of magneto-elastic coupling behavior and magnetic anisotropy in the BFO–CFO/LAO system. The flexibility of tuning the pillar size of CFO, and hence, the strain and interfacial effect on the multiferroic system have significant application implications in these functional oxide nanocomposites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Eco-friendly CZTS solar cells having moderate power conversion efficiency (PCE) could be easily modified into wearable devices through green synthesis. [Display omitted] Cu 2 ZnSnS 4 (CZTS) is considered a solar cell material alternative to CuInGaSe 2 (CIGS); they have almost the same performance; except for power conversion efficiency (PCE). CZTS is stable beyond organic solar cells. Considering it's low-cost and eco-friendly, CZTS has become one of the best candidates to replace Si-, GaAs- and Cd-based solar cells in the marketplace. By using an appropriate fabrication strategy, CZTS solar cells could be transformed into wearable devices. Thus, a comprehensive study on how to boost the CZTS solar cell's performance is very crucial to increase their value. In this review, we compile information and strategy to increase the PCE of the CZTS solar cell and how to transform it into wearable devices. It starts from the explanation of CZTS's structure and properties up to their development in the next-generation of solar cell devices. A proper choice of eco-friendly complement layer in CZTS solar cells is presented. The recent fabrication together with the green synthesis approach is also explained. We also propose a plausible strategy for the commercialization and waste management of CZTS solar cells. We believe that the present article paves the way for increasing the realization of CZTS solar cells in the market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The intensification of fossil fuel usage results in significant air pollution levels. Efforts have been put into developing efficient technologies capable of converting air pollution into valuable products, including fuels and valuable chemicals (e.g., CO 2 to hydrocarbon and syngas and NO x to ammonia). Among the strategic efforts to mitigate the excessive concentration of CO 2 and NO x pollutants in the atmosphere, the electrochemical reduction technology of CO 2 (CO 2 RR) and NO x (NO x RR) emerges as one of the most promising approaches. It is even more attractive if CO 2 RR and NO x RR are paired with renewables to store intermittent electricity in the form of chemical feedstocks. This review provides an overview of the electrochemical reduction process to convert CO 2 to C 1 and/or C 2+ chemicals and NO x to ammonia (NH 3) with a focus on electrocatalysts, electrolytes, electrolyzer, and catalytic reactor designs toward highly selective electrochemical conversion of the desired products. While the attempts in these aspects are enormous, economic consideration and environmental feasibility for actual implementation are not comprehensively provided. We discuss CO 2 RR and NO x RR from the life cycle and techno-economic analyses to perceive the feasibility of the current achievements. The remaining challenges associated with the industrial implementation of electrochemical CO 2 and NO x reduction are additionally provided. • Recent developments on upcycling these pollutants into valuable chemicals via an electrochemical reduction process is proposed. • Electrochemical reduction of CO 2 into commodity chemicals are presented. • Electrochemical reduction of NO x into NH 3 are discussed. • Perspective from the life-cycle and techno-economical analyses is provided. • Challenges and future opportunities of the upcycling route of waste into chemicals are highlighted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We have successfully synthesized ZnFe2O4/SiO2—Morus alba L. nanoparticles as a drug delivery agent. The nanostructural and optical properties of ZnFe2O4/SiO2—Morus alba L. were evaluated using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy–energy dispersive X-ray (SEM–EDX) spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy. Antibacterial and drug delivery tests were conducted to examine the antibacterial activity and drug delivery performance of the nanoparticles, respectively. The peaks in the XRD patterns indicated the existence of ZnFe2O4 and SiO2 phases at 2θ = 35.4° and 22°–28°, respectively, in the sample. Meanwhile, the FTIR spectrum showed the functional group of ZnFe2O4—Morus alba L. at wavenumbers of 400–600 cm−1 and Si–O–Si at 1086 and 950 cm−1. The Si–O–Fe peak was also detected at 541–575 cm−1. The calculated bandgap energy was in the range of 3.003–3.218 eV. The TEM and SEM images revealed that the particle size varied in the range of 28.7–47.3 nm and confirmed the formation of a composite. The samples exhibited excellent antibacterial activity and inhibited the growth of S. aureus and E. coli by up to 72% and 78%, respectively. The samples also possessed a desirable doxorubicin (DOX) loading, indicated by the appearance of DOX absorption peaks at wavelengths of 200–250 nm and 450–550 nm. Herein, the increase in SiO2 composition can speed up the DOX release process. Thus, the synthesized samples in this work meet the riteria for drug delivery application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the three pillars of higher education or tridharma in Indonesia is community service for academic community to rehearse their innovation and technology as indicated by their capacity and provide benefits to many. To this sense, lecturers from the Department of Nanotechnology Engineering, Faculty of Advanced Technology and Multidiscipline, Universitas Airlangga Surabaya conducted a community service program named "The Application of Nanotechnology in Life: Education to High School Students" which aimed to disseminate knowledge and information about nanotechnology particularly to secondary school students. As the most recent innovation and technology, nanotechnology was still being unpopular amongst high school students in Indonesia. Thus, this community service was also expected to increase and balance public knowledge and to support the 4th goal of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) for a quality education that conducted online nowadays. The activity was attended by 129 participants from partner schools (SMAN 1 Sidoarjo, SMAN 1 Pamekasan and SMAN 1 Trenggalek) and several participants from non-partner schools in East Java. This webinar was conducted by clarifying the use of nanotechnology in daily basis as well as the example of gold nanoparticles synthesized both chemically and biologically. The expansion and transfer of knowledge were successful showing by the average of post-test score (68) increased contrasted with the pre-test score (54). This activity was also expected to improve students' knowledge on the latest technological development and students' interest in science and technology so nanotechnology could be used to solve problem existing in Indonesia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With increasing concerns regarding the potential health risks associated with microwave‐based technology, researchers have been actively investigating materials with impressive microwave absorption properties. In this study, a synthesis and investigation of a nanocomposite, named Fe3O4/MWCNT/ZnO/PANI, consisting of magnetite (Fe3O4), multi‐walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT), zinc oxide (ZnO), and polyaniline (PANI) as a microwave‐absorbing material, was carried out for the first time. The nanocomposite was prepared through a simple physical mixing approach and demonstrated tunable microwave absorption, making it highly suitable for shielding applications. Structural analysis techniques, including X‐ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and scanning electron microscopy with energy‐dispersive X‐ray analysis (SEM‐EDAX), confirmed the presence of all components in the nanocomposite. Moreover, ultraviolet‐visible spectroscopy (UV‐Vis) further verified the formation of nanocomposite components and revealed an adjustable optical bandgap ranging from 2.86 to 3.34 eV. Impressively, the nanocomposite exhibited promising microwave absorption properties, with a minimum reflection loss (RL) of −32.66 dB for the nanocomposite containing 37.50 % PANI by weight, and a maximum electromagnetic bandwidth (EB) of 2.26 GHz for the nanocomposite containing 44.44 % PANI by weight, indicating its potential as an effective shielding material. Furthermore, a modified theory combining transmission line, Landau‐Lifshits, and Drude‐Lorentz theories was introduced to extract complex relative permittivity and permeability, providing insights into the role of polyaniline in enhancing the microwave absorption properties of the nanocomposite as measured by reflection loss (RL). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) injuries are becoming more prevalent in athletes. Anterior Cruciatum Ligament Reconstruction (ACLR) surgery was used to treat ACL injuries and resulted in a recurrence rate of 94% due to the biomechanically repaired tissue being weaker than the original tissue. As a result, biodegradable artificial ligaments must be developed that can withstand mechanical stress during neoligament formation and stabilize the ACL. The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of composition variations in polylactic acid (PLA) and polycaprolactone (PCL) used as ACL nanofiber scaffolds on ultimate tensile strength (UTS) and modulus of elasticity, fiber diameter, cytotoxicity level, and degradation level, as well as the PLA-PCL concentration that provides the best value as an ACL scaffold. Electrospinning was used to fabricate the nanofiber scaffold with the following PLA-PCL compositions: A (100:0), B (85:15), C (80:20), D (70:30), and E (0:100) (wt%). The functional group test revealed no new peaks in any of the samples, and the ester group could be identified in the C-O bond at wave numbers 1300–1100 cm−1 and in the C=O bond at wave numbers 1750–1730 cm−1. The average fiber diameter, as determined by SEM morphology, is between 1000 and 2000 nm. The unbraided sample had a UTS range of 1.578–4.387 MPa and an elastic modulus range of 8.351–141.901 MPa, respectively, whereas the braided sample had a range of 0.879–1.863 MPa and 2.739–4.746 MPa. The higher the PCL composition, the lower the percentage of viable cells and the faster the sample degrades. All samples had a cell viability percentage greater than 60%, and samples C, D, and E had a complete degradation period greater than six months. The ideal scaffold, Sample C, was composed of PLA-PCL 80:20 (wt%), had an average fiber diameter of 827 ± 271 nm, a living cell percentage of 97.416 ± 5.079, and a degradation time of approximately 219 days. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, a novel RAM utilizing Fe 3 O 4 , ZnO, polyaniline (PANI), and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) in the form of nanohybrid is invented, namely Fe 3 O 4 /ZnO/PANI/rGO nanohybrid. In this study, the effects of the rGO fraction in Fe 3 O 4 /ZnO/PANI/rGO composition on the radar absorbing performance were investigated. Meanwhile, exploring the quality of the nanohybrid sample, such as the crystal structure, functional groups, morphology, magnetic properties, and reflection loss was also examined carefully. It shows that two crystalline phases of Fe 3 O 4 and ZnO, as well as amorphous structures of PANI and rGO are formed independently, indicating successful nanohybrid formation. In this case, PANI functioned as a binder for Fe 3 O 4 and ZnO, and thus, it could infiltrate the pores of rGO. Fe 3 O 4 /ZnO/PANI/rGO nanohybrid possesses superparamagnetic properties with decreasing saturation magnetization as rGO composition increases. Nevertheless, rGO enhanced the radar absorption performance with a maximum reflection loss of −8.57 dB at 11.10 GHz. In this present research, the synergy of combination between the magnetic and dielectric losses in the Fe 3 O 4 /ZnO/PANI/rGO nanohybrid is discussed together with plausible strategies to obtain highly efficient RAM. • The radar technology is one of important aspect in stealth technology. • One of the most popular magnetic materials applied as radar technology is Fe 3 O 4. • A novel Fe 3 O 4 /ZnO/PANI/rGO nanohybrid for radar absorbing application was successfully synthesized using the regular mixing method. • Radar absorbing material (RAM) must have several features, including high permittivity and permeability with high magnetic saturation. • rGO enhanced the radar absorption performance with a maximum reflection loss of −8.57 dB at 11.10 GHz. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The innovation in microwave absorbing material has increased exponentially to support telecommunication technology. Fe 3 O 4 could be one candidate for absorber material; however, Fe 3 O 4 still has lower permeability at high frequency and high density; thus, it fails to meet one of MAM's ideal characteristics. In this research, we try to make an excellent microwave absorber material by combining conventional microwave absorber Fe 3 O 4 with multi-walled carbon nanotubes and TiO 2 (Fe 3 O 4 /MWCNT/TiO 2 nanocomposites). Structural characterization results strongly suggested that the Fe 3 O 4 /MWCNT/TiO 2 nanocomposites have been successfully fabricated. The nanocomposite presented superparamagnetic properties and has a band gap energy range between 2.236 and 2.255 eV, which is suitable for microwave absorbers. We found that increased TiO 2 concentration in the nanocomposite enhanced the microwave absorption performance. The maximum reflection loss of this study was 44.3 dB with thicknesses of 20 mm, in which 99% of the microwave was absorbed by Fe 3 O 4 /MWCNT/TiO 2 , indicating excellent microwave absorption performance. [Display omitted] • The innovation in microwave absorbing material has increased exponentially to support telecommunication technology. • Fe 3 O 4 as absorber material still has limitations. We combine it with MWCNT and TiO 2 to enhance their absorption properties. • The Fe 3 O 4 /MWCNT/TiO 2 has superparamagnetic behavior. Its M s decreases with the increase of TiO 2 nanoparticles. • The addition of TiO 2 to the nanocomposite resulted in higher microwave absorbing power. • The RL in this study ranged from − 4.4 to − 44.3 dB which indicate 90–99% absorption ability of the microwave. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we have successfully prepared Co x Fe 3-x O 4 /ZnO/graphite nanocomposites [x = 0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5] as radar-absorbing materials. The X-ray diffraction characterization results signified that the crystallite size of Co x Fe 3-x O 4 in the nanocomposites increased from 8.5 nm to 11 nm as x increased. However, the crystallite sizes of ZnO and graphite were constant at around 55.1 and 25.8 nm, respectively. The presence of such phases was also detected at the wavenumbers of 400–560, 678, and 1637 cm−1, originating from M − O [M = Fe, Co], Zn–O, and C C bonds, respectively. The energy-dispersive X-ray spectra also showed the presence of Fe, Co, Zn, and C as constituents of the nanocomposites. The optical absorption of the nanocomposites was observed at a wavelength of 390 nm, showing bandgap values of 2.991–3.029 eV. The nanocomposites had superparamagnetic features, with magnetic saturation values between 12.78 and 25.27 emu/g, which decreased following the increase in x composition. Interestingly, the Co x Fe 3-x O 4 /ZnO/graphite nanocomposites attained a maximum reflection loss of −32.26 dB at the frequency of 11.82 GHz. In general, the reflection loss increased following the increase in x composition. Therefore, the prepared Co x Fe 3-x O 4 /ZnO/graphite nanocomposites can be a potential candidate as radar-absorbing materials with excellent performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]