Search

Conflict over natural resources is a widespread phenomenon in the global south. Trends in consumption, demographics, environmental degradation, and socio-political dynamics are exerting significant pressure on the availability and accessibility of natural resources. In many countries, the governance of land for commercial agricultural investment leads to conflict. Such conflicts are complex, and the drivers extend beyond resource scarcity to issues of access and competition. This paper is based on the results of field research on investments in large-scale Jatropha plantations for biofuel production in Ethiopia. A case study of a large-scale Jatropha plantation in eastern–central Ethiopia is used to reconstruct the history of a short-lived, large-scale biofuel development in Ethiopia, and to examine the processes and the reasons for its failure. Between 2006 and 2009, more than 400,000 ha of land were acquired for industrial biofuel development. Given the country’s dependence on imported fossil fuels and the global rush for alternative energy sources, the Ethiopian government, not surprisingly, gave emphasis to investment in biofuel development, mainly through Jatropha plantation. However, after costly experimentation, the “miracle crop” did not deliver what had been promised. Instead, it dispossessed and displaced thousands of marginalized local smallholder agropastoralists, created conflict over water and land resources, and kept thousands of hectares of land out of production. In the end, the rhetoric of “Jatropha revolution” and promises of local and national development were never materialized; the government’s ambitious biofuel strategy also failed to achieve its objectives. The main argument of this paper is that the failure of large-scale biofuel companies to fulfill their ambitious promises in Ethiopia is part of the general failure in the governance of large-scale commercial agriculture and misleading views toward, and unrealistic promises of, Jatropha investments. These negatively affected the livelihood of the local agropastoralists and their interactions with the companies, which caused instabilities and conflicts in the area. It is hoped that the findings of this research will contribute to knowledge production and policies on the governance of large-scale commercial agriculture.

The main objective of this study is to investigate trends of land use/cover changes since the 1980s in Mandura district of Benshangul-Gumuz regional state. A total of 210 farm households from three kebeles: 105 from the local people and 105 from migrants were surveyed in May 2011 to acquire data on socioeconomic and land use. Aerial photographs of 1982 and SPOT-5 image of the 2006/07 were used to generate data on land use/cover changes. The results of this study indicate that respondents perceive that there were land use/cover changes in the study area since the 1990s. In view of this, respondents feel that bamboo trees, grazing land, grassland as well as wildlife have shown decline since the 1990s. The aerial photograph and spot-5 image analyses reveal the same result. Of the total 35, 386 ha of land that underwent conversion, farmland constituted 85.5%, riverine trees 12.4% and settlements 2.1%. The major drivers of land use/cover changes identified by respondents were population increase which in turn has triggered expansion of agriculture and deforestation. Consequently, the indigenous population has faced land shortage for practicing shifting cultivation. Furthermore, they were forced to change their livelihoods which in turn triggered natural environment degradation because of charcoal and wood selling practices. The study finally concludes that trends in land use/cover changes are evident and needs proper attention and appropriate interventions., East African Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, Vol. 1 No. 1 (2016)