Search

Hybrid lateral closed-wedge high tibial osteotomy (HBHTO) carries certain advantages over medial open-wedge high tibial osteotomy (OWHTO). We investigated the potential difference in the required correction angle between HBHTO and OWHTO to achieve an equal amount of whole lower-extremity alignment correction, retrospectively analyzing the preoperative plain radiographic images of 100 patients. The medial proximal tibial angle (MPTA), joint line convergence angle (JLCA), mechanical lateral distal femoral angle (mLDFA), hip–knee–ankle axis (HKA), length of the tibia, width of the tibial plateau, length of the lower limb (leg length), and location of the center of deformity (CD) were measured. Differences in the required correction angle at the hinge point between the two techniques (CAD) were compared, and correlation analysis was performed to reveal the influential factors. The mean difference in CAD between HBHTO and OWHTO was 0.78 ± 0.22 (0.4~1.5)°, and mean WBL position change per correction angle was 3.9 ± 0.3 (3.0~4.6)% in HBHTO and 4.1 ± 0.3 (3.1~4.7)% in OWHTO. Correlation analysis revealed a strong positive correlation between CAD and HKA. mLDFA, JLCA, MPTA, leg length, OWCD, HBCD, and HCD were also significantly correlated with CAD. HBHTO required a 5.6% larger correction angle at the hinge point to achieve the same amount of alignment correction as OWHTO. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A design method for an ultra-wideband coplanar-stripline-based vertical transition that can be used for ultra-high-speed digital interfaces is proposed. A conventional via structure, based on a differential line (DL), inherently possesses performance limitations (<10 GHz) due to difficulties in maintaining constant line impedance and smooth electric field transformation, in addition to the effects of signal skews, FR4 fiber weave, and unbalanced EM interferences. DL-based digital interfaces may not meet the demands of ultra-high-speed digital data transmission required for the upcoming 6G communications. The use of a coplanar stripline (CPS), a type of planar balanced line (BL), for the vertical transition, along with the ultra-wideband DL-to-CPS transition, mostly removes the inherent and unfavorable issues of the DL and enables ultra-high-speed digital data transmission. The design process of the transition is simplified using the analytical design formulas, derived using the conformal mapping method, of the transition. The characteristic line impedances of the transition are calculated and found to be in close agreement with the results obtained from EM simulations. Utilizing these results, the CPS-based vertical transition, maintaining the characteristic line impedance of 100 Ω, is designed and fabricated. The measured results confirm its ultra-wideband characteristics, with a maximum of 1.6 dB insertion loss and more than 10 dB return loss in the frequency range of DC to 30 GHz. Therefore, the proposed CPS-based vertical transition offers a significantly wider frequency bandwidth, i.e., more than three times that of conventional DL-based via structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: We aimed to analyze the clinical outcomes and effectiveness of cervical biportal endoscopic spine surgery (C-BESS) and anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF) in patients with symptomatic cervical disc herniation. Methods: This study was a retrospective chart review of four-year clinical data involving 318 cases of symptomatic cervical disc herniation, with 156 patients undergoing the ACDF and 162 patients receiving the C-BESS. Preoperative and postoperative one-year data were collected. Results: The numeric rating scale and neck disability index showed statistically significant improvement for both ACDF and C-BESS groups. While showing a longer operation time and more blood loss during surgery compared to the ACDF group, the C-BESS group demonstrated a learning effect as the surgeon's proficiency increased with more cases. There was no significant difference in the postoperative length of hospitalization between the two methods. The subgroup with predominant arm pain revealed the statistical difference in arm pain intensity changes between the two groups (p < 0.001). The rates of complication were 2.6% for the ACDF group and 1.9% for the C-BESS group. Conclusions: C-BESS and ACDF are effective surgical treatments for patients with symptomatic single-level cervical disc herniation in relieving relevant pain intensities and pain-related disabilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The spectrum of diseases caused by Streptococcus pyogenes (Strep A) ranges from superficial to serious life-threatening invasive infections. We conducted a scoping review of published articles between 1980 and 2021 to synthesize evidence of state transitions across the Strep A disease spectrum. We identified 175 articles reporting 262 distinct observations of Strep A disease state transitions. Among the included articles, the transition from an invasive or toxin-mediated disease state to another disease state (i.e., to recurrent ARF, RHD or death) was described 115 times (43.9% of all included transition pairs) while the transition to and from locally invasive category was the lowest (n = 7; 0.02%). Transitions from well to any other state was most frequently reported (49%) whereas a relatively higher number of studies (n = 71) reported transition from invasive disease to death. Transitions from any disease state to locally invasive, Strep A pharyngitis to invasive disease, and chronic kidney disease to death were lacking. Transitions related to severe invasive diseases were more frequently reported than superficial ones. Most evidence originated from high-income countries and there is a critical need for new studies in low- and middle-income countries to infer the state transitions across the Strep A disease spectrum in these high-burden settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to investigate the effects of shift work on periodontal disease in blue-and white-collar workers and to examine the interaction effects between occupation and work patterns. Data were collected from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey conducted by the Korean Ministry of Health and Welfare for a total of nine years from 2007 to 2015. Participants with missing outcome variables were excluded from the analysis and a total of 32,336 participants were included in the final analysis. Univariable odds ratios (OR) were calculated using a logistic regression model with 95% confidence interval (CI). A multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed using the backward elimination method. The CONTRAST statement was used to analyze the interaction effect between occupation and work patterns. Multivariable logistic regression analysis revealed that interaction effects are present between the terms, occupational type and work pattern. Crude OR of shift work for periodontitis was 1.269 [CI 1.213–1.327, P < 0.05]. However, following adjustment for multiple confounding factors and the interaction effect term considered, this OR (1.269) increased to 1.381 [CI 1.253–1.523] in white-collar group while it decreased to 1.198 [1.119–1.283] in blue-collar. Crude OR of blue-collar (OR = 3.123, CI 2.972–3.281, P < 0.05) decreased to 1.151 [CI 1.049–1.262] when interaction effect to the shift work was considered. Shift work pattern increases the risk for periodontitis and this adverse effect is greater when white-collar workers are engaged comparing to blue-collar. The result of this study suggests that 24/7 lifestyle of the modern society poses health risks to the relevant people and the potential harm can be greater to white-collar workers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to investigate the effects of shift work on periodontal disease in blue-and white-collar workers and to examine the interaction effects between occupation and work patterns. Data were collected from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey conducted by the Korean Ministry of Health and Welfare for a total of nine years from 2007 to 2015. Participants with missing outcome variables were excluded from the analysis and a total of 32,336 participants were included in the final analysis. Univariable odds ratios (OR) were calculated using a logistic regression model with 95% confidence interval (CI). A multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed using the backward elimination method. The CONTRAST statement was used to analyze the interaction effect between occupation and work patterns. Multivariable logistic regression analysis revealed that interaction effects are present between the terms, occupational type and work pattern. Crude OR of shift work for periodontitis was 1.269 [CI 1.213–1.327, P < 0.05]. However, following adjustment for multiple confounding factors and the interaction effect term considered, this OR (1.269) increased to 1.381 [CI 1.253–1.523] in white-collar group while it decreased to 1.198 [1.119–1.283] in blue-collar. Crude OR of blue-collar (OR = 3.123, CI 2.972–3.281, P < 0.05) decreased to 1.151 [CI 1.049–1.262] when interaction effect to the shift work was considered. Shift work pattern increases the risk for periodontitis and this adverse effect is greater when white-collar workers are engaged comparing to blue-collar. The result of this study suggests that 24/7 lifestyle of the modern society poses health risks to the relevant people and the potential harm can be greater to white-collar workers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Open decompression and posterior interbody fusion are standard surgical interventions for multilevel degenerative lumbosacral spondylosis (DLS). Despite their clinical efficacy, intraoperative and postoperative complications have led to the demand for a minimally invasive approach. A biportal endoscopic approach is an advanced minimally invasive surgical option. Methods The data of two patients with multilevel DLS who had undergone biportal endoscopic spine surgery (BESS) were retrospectively analyzed. Parameters such as surgical difficulty, duration of operation, blood loss, length of hospital stay, and postoperative complications were reviewed. Pain and functionality were assessed using the visual analog scale (VAS) and the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI), respectively. Results Both patients were women and aged 75 and 73 years; they complained of back pain, claudication, pain and weakness in the lower extremities, and gait disturbance. The symptoms lasted 5 and 8 years, respectively. The multilevel BESS approach was applied bilaterally. Dissection, laminofacetectomy, decompression, excision, cage insertion, and screw implantation were performed. The operation durations were 170 and 160 minutes with blood loss of 500 and 650 mL, respectively. Back pain, leg pain, and ODI scores significantly improved; no pseudoarthrosis or additional neurologic deficits were noted on follow-up. Conclusions The presented BESS technique is a minimally invasive treatment option for patients with multilevel DLS, which typically requires a complicated surgical approach. Randomized controlled studies with larger sample sizes and longer follow-up periods are needed to verify the superiority of this operation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ticks transmit a wide range of pathogens. The spread of tick-borne infections is an emerging, yet often overlooked, threat in the context of climate change. The infections have rapidly increased over the past few years in South Korea despite no significant changes in socioeconomic circumstances. We investigated the impact of climate change on the surge of tick-borne infections and identified potential disease hot spots at a resolution of 5 km by 5 km. A composite index was constructed based on multiple climate and environmental indicators and compared with the observed tick-borne infections. The surge of tick-borne episodes corresponded to the rising trend of the index over time. High-risk areas identified by the index can be used to prioritize locations for disease prevention activities. Monitoring climate risk factors may provide an opportunity to predict the spread of the infections in advance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tetramethylammonium (TMA) cadmium chloride (TMCC), (CH3)4NCdCl3, has four phases with first-order transition temperatures at 104 and 118 K. To investigate the proton dynamics, we performed 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy on a single TMCC crystal and measured the spin–lattice relaxation rate 1/T1 and rotating frame relaxation rate 1/T1ρ in the range of 65−300 K at 206.4 MHz under ∼4.8 T. 1/T1 displays an abrupt increase at 111.5 K and 1/T1ρ exhibits a sudden jump between 110 and 120 K. The discontinuities of both 1/T1 and 1/T1ρ across the phase transitions are unique in TMCC and have not been observed in other TMA-based compounds. Above 118 K, the temperature dependence of both T1 and T1ρ is linear, which indicates Arrhenius behavior. Below 118 K, T1 has a single minimum, and both T1 and T1ρ are linear in the low temperature range. This behavior at 206.4 MHz is very different from the double minima observed in T1 at 14.7 MHz for powder TMCC samples and in both T1 and T1ρ for other TMA-based compounds. By fitting two different regimes to the Bloembergen-Purcell-Pound curves, we extract both E a and τ 0 above and below 118 K. By carefully analyzing the T1 and T1ρ data, we ascertain that the coexistence of CH3 and TMA motions displays the double minima, unlike the T1 and T1ρ data at 206.4 MHz. Therefore, we conclude that the only active proton dynamics of TMCC originate from the CH3 rotation, and there is no reorientation of TMA ions, unlike other TMA-based compounds. Both T1 and T1ρ data confirm that the proton dynamics of the CH3 groups suddenly switch from rapid rotation above 118 K to slow rotation below 118 K, with no TMA ion dynamics in TMCC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This document is a correction notice for an article titled "Green Silver Nanoparticles Formed by Phyllanthus urinaria, Pouzolzia zeylanica, and Scoparia dulcis Leaf Extracts and the Antifungal Activity" published in the journal Nanomaterials. The correction addresses an error in Figure 4 of the original publication, where two identical images were mistakenly displayed. The authors assure that this error does not affect the scientific conclusions of the study. The corrected figure has been included in the notice and the original publication has been updated accordingly. [Extracted from the article]

Classical monocytes (CMs) are ephemeral myeloid immune cells that circulate in the blood. Emerging evidence suggests that CMs can have distinct ontogeny and originate from either granulocyte-monocyte- or monocyte-dendritic-cell progenitors (GMPs or MDPs). Here, we report surface markers that allowed segregation of murine GMP- and MDP-derived CMs, i.e., GMP-Mo and MDP-Mo, as well as their functional characterization, including fate definition following adoptive cell transfer. GMP-Mo and MDP-Mo yielded an equal increase in homeostatic CM progeny, such as blood-resident non-classical monocytes and gut macrophages; however, these cells differentially seeded various other selected tissues, including the dura mater and lung. Specifically, GMP-Mo and MDP-Mo differentiated into distinct interstitial lung macrophages, linking CM dichotomy to previously reported pulmonary macrophage heterogeneity. Collectively, we provide evidence for the existence of two functionally distinct CM subsets in the mouse that differentially contribute to peripheral tissue macrophage populations in homeostasis and following challenge. [Display omitted] • GMP- and MDP-derived monocytes are transcriptionally and functionally distinct • GMP-Mo outnumber MDP-Mo in the circulation of healthy mice • GMP-Mo- and MDP-Mo-derived macrophages maintain discrete profiles • Monocyte ontogeny impacts on tissue macrophage identity Classical monocytes present as a circulating and heterogenous macrophage precursor pool, but the implication for tissue macrophage biology remains elusive. Trzebanski et al. establish that the hematopoietic origin of monocytes dictates their homing and differentiation potential in select peripheral tissues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Offshore large-scale wind turbine systems (LSWTS) face challenges in pitch and yaw management mainly due to unreliable wind direction measurements, delayed responses, and redundant yaw movements, reducing their optimal efficiency under various offshore renewable environmental conditions. To address this problem and increase power capture, this study introduces a model-free coordinated super-twisting pitch, yaw, and generator torque control for LSWTS under various wind speed and direction conditions. To achieve this, a dynamic model of the weather vane is first designed to accurately measure the wind directions under fluctuating wind speed and environmental conditions. At the same time, the onshore/offshore LSWTS weather vane model is formulated to operate under optimal conditions considering air density, temperature, humidity, and external disturbances. Then, super-twisting control based on an enhanced adaptive barrier function is proposed for the coordinated control operation of the pitch, yaw, and generator torque actuators for stable maximum power extraction of the offshore LSWTS. Finally, simulation and comparative studies are presented to signify the increased power capture ability of the proposed scheme for both a 4.8 MW benchmark and a 20 MW PMVG-based offshore LSWTS to verify robustness against wind gusts, direction changes, and model uncertainties. • Increased offshore LSWTS power efficiency in environmental changes. • Model-free coordinated pitch, yaw, and torque control for LSWTS. • Efficient weathervane model for coastal wind direction estimation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To determine whether vertical ridge augmentation (VRA) can be obtained through guided bone regeneration (GBR) using exclusively resorbable collagen membranes and particulate bone substitutes without additional stabilization. Materials and Methods: This study retrospectively examined 22 participants who underwent VRA with staged or simultaneous implant placement. The vertical defects of all participants were filled with particulate bone substitutes and covered with resorbable collagen membranes. The augmented sites were stabilized with unfixed collagen membranes and the flap without any additional fixation. The augmented tissue height was assessed using cone‐beam computed tomography at baseline, immediately after surgery, and at annual follow‐ups. Results: The vertical bone gain of the 22 augmented sites amounted to 6.48 ± 2.19 mm (mean ± SD) immediately after surgery and 5.78 ± 1.72 mm at 1‐ to 7‐year follow‐up. Of the 22 augmented sites, 18 exhibited changes of less than 1 mm, while the other 4 showed changes of greater than 1 mm. Histological observation of three representative cases revealed new bone apposition on the remaining material. Conclusion: The present findings indicate that GBR procedures using exclusively collagen membranes and particulate biomaterials without any additional fixation are feasible options for VRA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a new velocity and pose sensor for a ground vehicle using modulated motion blur generated from an optical image modulator (OIM). The OIM repeatedly shakes the lens of a camera in the lateral direction of the vehicle body, which creates patterns of motion blur that are recorded in an image frame. The relationship between the blur pattern and vehicle velocity is determined using camera dynamics. The 2D velocity of the vehicle body is estimated by analyzing the motion blur pattern. The vehicle roll and pitch angle with respect to the ground are calculated by comparing the estimated average depths (heights) of the sections of a scene. We propose a signal processing and control system to precisely modulate the OIM, which is an electro-mechanical system consisting of a coil, magnet, spring and damper. In addition, we validate the influence of the control reference waveform through various experiments and confirm the robustness of the proposed system. The proposed system is suitable for many applications because it is insensitive to environmental changes and has a relatively low computation time while accurately measuring the speed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Invasive non-typhoidal Salmonella (iNTS) is a growing health-concern in many parts of sub-Saharan Africa. iNTS is associated with fatal diseases such as HIV and malaria. Despite high case fatality rates, the disease has not been given much attention. The limited number of population-based surveillance studies hampers accurate estimation of global disease burden. Given the lack of available evidence on the disease, it is critical to identify high risk areas for future surveillance and to improve our understanding of iNTS endemicity.Methods: Considering that population-based surveillance data were sparse, a composite index called the iNTS risk factor (iNRF) index was constructed based on risk factors that commonly exist across countries. Four risk factors associated with the prevalence of iNTS were considered: malaria, HIV, malnutrition, and safe water. The iNRF index was first generated based on the four risk factors which were collected within a 50 km radius of existing surveillance sites. Pearson product-moment correlation was used to test statistical associations between the iNRF index and the prevalence of iNTS observed in the surveillance sites. The index was then further estimated at the subnational boundary level across selected countries and used to identify high risk areas for iNTS.Results: While the iNRF index in some countries was generally low (i.e. Rwanda) or high (i.e. Cote d'Ivoire), the risk-level of iNTS was variable not only by country but also within a country. At the provincial-level, the highest risk area was identified in Maniema, the Democratic Republic of Congo, whereas Dakar in Senegal was at the lowest risk.Conclusions: The iNRF index can be a useful tool to understand the geographically varying risk-level of iNTS. Given that conducting a population-based surveillance study requires extensive human and financial resources, identifying high risk areas for iNTS prior to a study implementation can facilitate an appropriate site-selection process in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to explore the predictors of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in women who have recently experienced sexual assault, by examining psychological and neurophysiological factors using a prospective design with resting-state electroencephalogram (EEG) functional connectivity. The study enrolled 33 women who had been recently traumatized by sexual assault and conducted assessments within a month of the trauma. These survivors were evaluated for PTSD three months later and were classified into two groups: PTSD positive (n = 12) and PTSD negative (n = 21). They were compared to two control groups comprising women who had not experienced any extremely traumatic events: 25 with depression and 25 healthy controls. The evaluation focused on resting-state EEG functional connectivity within default mode network (DMN) using small-worldness (SW), based on graph theory. We also assessed self-reported levels of depression, anxiety, anger, and executive functions. The findings indicated that survivors who developed PTSD three months post-trauma exhibited higher anxiety levels and reduced DMN SW in the beta 3 frequency, compared to those who did not develop PTSD. Contrary to expectations, survivors without PTSD showed decreased executive functioning and lower prefrontal centrality compared to those with PTSD. This study underscores the importance of early assessment and intervention for sexual assault survivors at risk of developing PTSD. • Neurophysiological alterations occurred in recent sexual assault survivors. • Individuals who developed PTSD afterwards and those who did not showed different EEG functional connectivity patterns immediately after sexual assault. • After sexual assault, individuals with PTSD had reduced small-worldness in the EEG beta default mode network. • Individuals who did not develop PTSD showed decreased EEG functional connectivity in the prefrontal cortex immediately after the sexual assault. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To assess changes in the position of the mucogingival junction (MGJ) after an apically positioned flap (APF) with collagen matrix performed at sites with or without previous guided bone regeneration (GBR). Materials and Methods: Dental implants were placed with or without GBR (group GBR or non-GBR) depending on the available ridge width in 30 patients with a limited width of keratinized mucosa (MGJ placed more coronally than the expected prosthetic margin). An apically positioned flap with collagen matrix was performed in both groups. Changes in the position of the MGJ from the day of an apically positioned flap up to 1, 3, and 12 months thereafter were assessed on digital scans (primary endpoint). Secondary endpoints were the width and thickness of the keratinized mucosa, and the position of the mucosal margin. Results: The position of the MGJ changed significantly from baseline to the first month, by 5.25 ± 2.10 and 4.40 ± 1.41 mm in groups GBR and non-GBR, respectively. Thereafter, the position remained stable in both groups up to 1 year (changes from baseline of 5.46 ± 2.28 and 4.58 ± 1.92 mm, respectively; p = .34). The position of the mucosal margin did not differ between groups GBR and non-GBR (--1.57 ± 2.04 and --1.75 ± 2.08 mm, respectively; p = .84), nor did the width of the keratinized mucosa (1.20 ± 1.03 and 0.99 ± 0.66 mm, p = .91) or its thickness (1.28 ± 0.44 and 1.40 ± 0.78 mm, p = .87). Conclusion: Apically positioned flap combined with a collagen matrix results in a more apical position of the MGJ at sites with or without GBR. Following a coronal shift during the first month after the apical positioning of the flap, the level of the MGJ remained stable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Purpose: Ring finger protein 219 (RNF219), a protein containing the C3HC4‐type RING‐HC motif, has been identified as a binding partner of the histone deacetylase sirtuin 1 (SIRT1). To explore the functions of RNF219, we examined its possible roles in the cellular responses to inflammation. Experimental Approach Effects of RNF219 on SIRT1 were studied in vitro using RAW264.7 cells and in male BALB/c mice, treated with LPS or IFN‐γ. Western blots, RT‐PCR, co‐immunoprecipitation and ubiquitination assays were used, along with LC‐MS/MS analysis. In vivo, survival and serum cytokines and tissue levels of RNF219 and SIRT1 were measured. Key Results: Binding of RNF219 to SIRT1 inhibited degradation of SIRT1 by preventing its ubiquitination, thereby prolonging SIRT1‐mediated anti‐inflammatory signalling. LPS caused RNF219 deacetylation, leading to instability of RNF219 and preventing its association with SIRT1. Accordingly, the acetylation status of RNF219 is a critical determinant in its interaction with SIRT1, affecting the response to inflammatory stimuli. The deacetylase inhibitor trichostatin A, increased acetylation and stability of RNF219 and survival of mice injected with LPS, through the interaction of RNF219 with SIRT1. Conclusion and Implications: RNF219 is involved in a novel mechanism to stabilize SIRT1 protein by protein–protein interaction, leading to the resolution of cellular inflammation. These observations provide new insights into the function of RNF219 in modulation of cellular inflammation, and may aid and encourage the development of new anti‐inflammatory drugs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to compare the accuracy and reliability of digital versus conventional clinical measurements of the width of keratinized tissue. To this end, the keratinized tissue width was measured at 110 tooth sites in 5 pig jaws. The measurements were made at each site using three-dimensional (3D) scanned images and a periodontal probe. The actual keratinized tissue width was subsequently measured on histologic slides prepared from the same sites, and differences between the histologic slides and the digital and clinical measurements were analyzed to determine their accuracy in two measurement rounds. Furthermore, intrarater and interrater reliabilities were evaluated using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). Here we show that the mean differences (and lower/upper limits of agreement) between the histologic and the digital/clinical measurements were 0.10 mm (−1.34/1.54 mm) and 1.11 mm (−0.69/2.92 mm), respectively, in the first round of measurements (p < 0.01), and 0.04 mm (−1.52/1.59 mm) and 1.05 mm (−0.37/2.48 mm) in the second round of measurements (p < 0.01). Moreover, we found that the intrarater reliability was higher for the digital measurements (ICC = 0.97, confidence interval [CI] = 0.96–0.97) than for the clinical measurements (ICC = 0.87, CI = 0.86–0.89; p < 0.01). Taken together, our results demonstrate that digital measurements of the keratinized tissue width using 3D scanned images can replace conventional clinical measurements using a periodontal probe since they are more accurate and reliable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The variable lymphocyte receptor (VLR) mediates the humoral immune response in jawless vertebrates, including lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) and hagfish (Eptatretus burgeri). Hagfish VLRBs are composed of leucine-rich repeat (LRR) modules, conjugated with a superhydrophobic C-terminal tail, which contributes to low levels of expression in recombinant protein technology. In this study, we screened Ag-specific VLRBs from hagfish immunized with nervous necrosis virus (NNV). The artificially multimerized form of VLRB was constructed using a mammalian expression system. To enhance the level of expression of the Ag-specific VLRB, mutagenesis of the VLRB was achieved in vitro through domain swapping of the LRR C-terminal cap and variable LRR module. The mutant VLRB obtained, with high expression and secretion levels, was able to specifically recognize purified and progeny NNV, and the Ag binding ability of this mutant was increased by at least 250-fold to that of the nonmutant VLRB. Furthermore, preincubation of the Ag-specific VLRB with NNV reduced the infectivity of NNV in E11 cells in vitro, and in vivo experiment. Our results suggest that the newly developed Ag-specific VLRB has the potential to be used as diagnostic and therapeutic reagents for NNV infections in fish. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lead-210 is a useful tracer in environmental studies for a wide range of applications, particularly in atmospheric research and geochronology. Liquid scintillation counting (LSC) is a commonly used measurement method for 210Pb analysis. In the present work, to increase detection efficiency, an improved LSC technique for 210Pb determination was developed. After adding lead carrier, samples were decomposed with mineral acid in closed digestion vessels. Using extraction chromatography with Sr resin, 210Pb was selectively separated and precipitated as lead oxalate. Following re-dissolution, the solution was mixed with a scintillation cocktail and measured by a liquid scintillation counter. In this study, all the spectral regions with peaks of 210Pb, 210Bi, and 210Po were used to calculate the activity of 210Pb; this is in contrast to the existing method, which divides the spectra into three regions according to energy level, and then selects only the 210Pb region. The method in this study also addresses a procedure for correcting blank values to account for 210Pb activity in the Pb2+ carrier. This measurement technique, using the spectral regions of 210Pb, 210Bi, and 210Po, exhibited more than twice the detection efficiency of the conventional method using only the 210Pb spectrum region. This measurement technique is expected to be a useful method for 210Pb analysis of environmental samples that show low activity, and when sample amounts are limited. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anterior gradient protein 2 homolog (AGR2) belongs to the disulfide isomerase family of endoplasmic reticulum proteins. Itis overexpressed in several types of solid tumors, including tumors of the prostate, lung, and pancreas. However, the role of AGR2 in breast cancer and the regulatory mechanisms underlying AGR2 protein expressionare not fullyunderstood. We demonstrated that AGR2 levels are increased under hypoxic conditions and in breast cancer tumors. Mechanistically, Twist1 binds to, and activates the AGR2 promoter via an E-box sequence. Under hypoxic conditions, the increased expression of ARG2 is attenuated when Twist1 levels are reduced by shRNA. Conversely, Twist1 overexpression fully reverses decreased AGR2 levels upon HIF-1α knockdown. Notably, AGR2 is required for Twist1-induced proliferation, migration, and invasion of breast cancer cells. Collectively, these findings extend our understanding of AGR2 regulation in breast cancer and may contribute to development of Twist1-AGR2 targeting therapeutics for breast cancer. • HIF-1α/Twist1 is a crucial regulatory pathway for AGR2 expression in breast cancer cells. • Twist1 increases AGR2 promoter activity via direct binding to E-box motif. • AGR2 is a critical oncogenic protein in Twist1 mediated breast cancer cell survival and metastasis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Colorectal cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths. Due to relapse after current therapy regimens, cancer stem cells (CSCs) are being studied to target this small tumor-initiating population. Anterior gradient 2 (AGR2), a disulfide isomerase protein, is a well-known pro-oncogenic/metastatic oncogene overexpressed in various tumor tissues, including colon cancer. We found that AGR2 was a novel stem cell marker that was regulated by the canonical Wnt/β-catenin pathway in colon CSCs. AGR2 was highly co-expressed with surface stem cell markers in spheroidal culture. Silencing of AGR2 resulted in decreased sphere-forming ability and down-regulated expression of stem cell markers, whereas the opposite effects were seen with AGR2 overexpression. Moreover, patients with high β-catenin and AGR2 expression showed lower overall survival than those with low expression. In conclusion, our study describes a novel role for AGR2 as a stem cell marker that is highly regulated by canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling in colorectal cancer. • AGR2 is a novel stem cell marker regulated by canonical Wnt signaling pathway in colon CSCs. • AGR2 is highly co-expressed with surface CSC markers. • Only AGR2 can modulate/manipulate stemness function of CRC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/aims: The clinical course of chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients with partial virologic response (PVR) during tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) therapy remains unclear.Methods: We retrospectively investigated the long-term clinical outcomes of TDF treatment in nucleos(t)ides-naïve CHB patients, particularly in those with PVR.Results: A total of 391 patients treated with TDF therapy for more than 12 months were included. Virologic response (VR) was achieved in 341 patients (87.2%). PVR was evident in 127 (45.3%) of the 391 patients. Multivariate logistic regression analysis using selected baseline factors identified absolute HBV DNA levels at baseline (OR 0.496; 95% CI 1.369-1.969) and HBeAg positivity (OR 0.622; 95% CI 1.096-3.167) as factors significantly associated with PVR. During continuous prolonged TDF therapy, 127 (71.8%) of 177 patients with PVR achieved VR. The cumulative rates of VR in patients with PVR at 12, 24, and 36 months were 42.4, 79.7, and 90.2%, respectively. Serum HBV DNA level at week 24 was significantly associated with VR in patients with PVR.Conclusions: The vast majority of CHB patients with PVR achieved VR through prolonged TDF therapy, although the time to achieve VR was delayed in those with PVR. This suggests that adjustment of TDF therapy in patients with PVR is unnecessary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Dengue has been prevalent in Colombia with high risk of outbreaks in various locations. While the prediction of dengue epidemics will bring significant benefits to the society, accurate forecasts have been a challenge. Given competing health demands in Colombia, it is critical to consider the effective use of the limited healthcare resources by identifying high risk areas for dengue fever.Methods: The Climate Risk Factor (CRF) index was constructed based upon temperature, precipitation, and humidity. Considering the conditions necessary for vector survival and transmission behavior, elevation and population density were taken into account. An Early Warning Signal (EWS) model was developed by estimating the elasticity of the climate risk factor function to detect dengue epidemics. The climate risk factor index was further estimated at the smaller geographical unit (5 km by 5 km resolution) to identify populations at high risk.Results: From January 2007 to December 2015, the Early Warning Signal model successfully detected 75% of the total number of outbreaks 1 ~ 5 months ahead of time, 12.5% in the same month, and missed 12.5% of all outbreaks. The climate risk factors showed that populations at high risk are concentrated in the Western part of Colombia where more suitable climate conditions for vector mosquitoes and the high population level were observed compared to the East.Conclusions: This study concludes that it is possible to detect dengue outbreaks ahead of time and identify populations at high risk for various disease prevention activities based upon observed climate and non-climate information. The study outcomes can be used to minimize potential societal losses by prioritizing limited healthcare services and resources, as well as by conducting vector control activities prior to experiencing epidemics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To determine the seasonal variations in the removal efficiency of fine aerosols (PM2.5) in the Northeast Asia, we analyzed 7Be data collected for the surface air and precipitation over 20 years in Korea. The 7Be activity concentrations in the surface air were relatively higher in spring owing to tropopause folding but lower in summer owing to efficient removal by precipitation. The monthly 7Be concentrations decreased as the precipitation amounts increased showing a negative correlation (r2 = 0.34) against the precipitation amount. These results indicate that the concentrations of 7Be and fine aerosols are mainly controlled by the same washout effect, although the sources are different. The mean depositional velocities of fine aerosols, based on the 7Be mass balance model, showed a large seasonal variation, with its maximum value (1.9 cm s−1) in July and minimum value (0.22 cm s−1) in March. The 7Be depositional velocity reflects the net deposition of fine aerosols excluding moisture effects. Thus, the concentrations of fine aerosols can occur as high as five-fold in the dry season, if the input terms of fine aerosols remain the same. Our results imply that precipitation plays a critical role in the seasonal changes in the concentrations of fine aerosols, providing much clean air in the summer monsoon season in the Northeast Asia. Unlabelled Image • The highest 7Be activities were observed in spring due to large stratospheric air inputs. • The lowest 7Be activities were observed in summer due to larger removal by precipitation. • The deposition velocity of fine aerosols was maximum in summer due to large precipitations. • The residence time of fine aerosols in winter is 5-fold longer than that in summer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Long-term data of tritium in precipitation in Northeast Asia are reported. • Tritium concentrations were maximum in spring due to tropopause folding. • Tritium concentrations were minimum in summer due to the effect of marine air. • The fractionation of tritium was observed in precipitation. • Conversion factors of tritium concentration for different regions of East Asia are provided. Several studies have documented the characteristics of seasonal, decadal, and spatial variations of tritium in different regions including North America, Australia, and Europe. However, long-term data such as these studies were not yet reported for Northeast Asia. In this study, we document the extensive spatial-temporal monitoring data of tritium levels in precipitation measured at 16 stations in Korea over the last 20 years, including the long-term trend since 1961 by using measured and estimated data. The long-term variation of tritium concentrations in the Korean precipitation follows the global trend, reaching the maximum in 1963 owing to nuclear bomb testing, followed by a consistent level since the late 1990s. Tritium concentrations in precipitation from 1998 to 2017 were maximum in spring (April) due to tropopause folding and minimum in summer (July) due to the dominant inflows of marine air. The tritium concentrations in precipitation were lower toward the coastal stations, due to the influence of marine moisture for all seasons. Our results characterize the differences in tritium levels in groundwater recharging areas for different periods in this region. These results will serve as important tritium reference data for hydrology studies in Northeast Asia, which is an important region for understanding global hydrological cycles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-γ has been implicated as a key player in the regulation of adiponectin levels via both transcriptional and posttranscriptional mechanisms. Herein, we show that PPAR-γ interacts with human antigen R (HuR) and that the PPAR-γ-HuR complex dissociates following activation of PPAR-γ by rosiglitazone, a specific ligand of PPAR-γ. This rosiglitazone-dependent dissociation of HuR from PPAR-γ leads to nucleocytoplasmic shuttling of HuR and its binding to the 3′-UTR of adiponectin mRNA. PPAR-γ with H321A and H447A double mutation (PPAR-γH321/447A), a mutant lacking ligand-binding activity, impaired HuR dissociation from the PPAR-γ-HuR complex, resulting in reduced nucleocytoplasmic shuttling, even in the presence of rosiglitazone. Consequently, rosiglitazone up-regulated adiponectin levels by modulating the stability of adiponectin mRNA, whereas these effects were abolished by HuR ablation or blocked in cells expressing the PPAR-γH321/447A mutant, indicating that the interaction of PPAR-γ and HuR is a critical event during adiponectin expression. Taken together, the findings demonstrate a novel mechanism for regulating adiponectin expression at the posttranscriptional level and suggest that ligand-mediated activation of PPAR-γ to interfere with interaction of HuR could offer a therapeutic strategy for inflammation-associated diseases that involve decreased adiponectin mRNA stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined the applicability of the equivalent core concept, which replaces a discrete core with a homogenized solid core representing its elastic properties, on a large-scale structure. To this end, numerical verifications were performed for corrugated core structures at two levels, the specimen level and structural level. Before the verifications, analytical equations were gathered from previous reports to obtain the homogenized elastic properties of corrugated cores. At the specimen-level verifications, the maximum deflections of the corrugated core panel specimens subject to three-point bending were calculated with sandwich beam theory, finite element models with discretely modeled cores and equivalent cores. For the structural-level verifications, the maximum deflection and natural frequency were computed from a discrete finite element model and an equivalent model of a railway car body structure. The results revealed that the equivalent models gave excellent agreement with the theoretical values if the same underlying boundary conditions were used; however, greater discrepancies were observed with the discrete models. In addition, for the structural-level verifications the equivalent core model reasonably approximated the discrete model with marginal accuracy. Therefore, employing the equivalent core concept can be expected to save computational costs in the initial design stage of large-scale structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vertical and horizontal distributions of 137Cs were investigated in sediment cores of the crater lake, Baengnokdam of Mt. Halla, Korea. The activities of 137Cs in sediments were in the range of minimum detectable activity 0.2-214 Bq kg−1 in the 0-100 cm layer. The inventories of 137Cs were in the range of 7.4-29.7 kBq m−2. The higher total inventories of 137Cs were observed in the middle of Baengnokdam of Mt. Halla, indicating that higher 137Cs in soil sediments of the middle of Baengnokdam of Mt. Halla can be strongly adsorbed on mud. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Dengue fever is a rapidly growing public health problem in many parts of the tropics and sub-tropics in the world. While there are existing studies on the economic burden of dengue fever in some of dengue-endemic countries, cost components are often not standardized, making cross-country comparisons challenging. Furthermore, no such studies have been available in Africa. Methods/Principal findings: A patient-specific survey questionnaire was developed and applied in Burkina Faso, Kenya, and Cambodia in a standardized format. Multiple interviews were carried out in order to capture the entire cost incurred during the period of dengue illness. Both private (patient’s out-of-pocket) and public (non-private) expenditure were accessed to understand how the economic burden of dengue is distributed between private and non-private payers. A substantial number of dengue-confirmed patients were identified in all three countries: 414 in Burkina Faso, 149 in Kenya, and 254 in Cambodia. The average cost of illness for dengue fever was $26 (95% CI $23-$29) and $134 (95% CI $119-$152) per inpatient in Burkina Faso and Cambodia, respectively. In the case of outpatients, the average economic burden per episode was $13 (95% CI $23-$29) in Burkina Faso and $23 (95% CI $19-$28) in Kenya. Compared to Cambodia, public contributions were trivial in Burkina Faso and Kenya, reflecting that a majority of medical costs had to be directly borne by patients in the two countries. Conclusions/Significance: The cost of illness for dengue fever is significant in the three countries. In particular, the current study sheds light on the potential economic burden of the disease in Burkina Faso and Kenya where existing evidence is sparse in the context of dengue fever, and underscores the need to achieve Universal Health Coverage. Given the availability of the current (CYD-TDV) and second-generation dengue vaccines in the near future, our study outcomes can be used to guide decision makers in setting health policy priorities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Turmeric is a well-known functional food exhibiting multiple biological activities in health and disease. However, low aqueous solubility and poor bioavailability limit its therapeutic potential. Herein, we investigated the utility of nanoemulsions as a carrier to improve the efficacy of turmeric. Compared with turmeric extract (TE), 5% TE-loaded nanoemulsion (TE-NE), which contains 20-fold lower curcumin content than TE, achieved similar inhibition of palmitate-induced lipotoxicity in HepG2 cells. Exposure of HepG2 cells to 5% TE-NE also suppressed the palmitate-induced accumulation of lipid vacuoles and reactive oxygen species comparably with TE, and was accompanied by decreased levels of sterol regulatory element-binding protein (SREBP)-1, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ2 (PPAR-γ2), cleaved caspase-3, and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP). Consistent with these effects in HepG2 cells, oral administration of 5% TE-NE to mice fed a high fat diet (HFD) markedly suppressed lipid accumulation in liver, leading to a significant reduction in body weight and adipose tissue weight, equivalent to the effects observed with TE. Compared with TE, 5% TE-NE also equivalently inhibited the levels of SREBP-1, PPAR-γ2, cleaved caspase-3, and PARP in the liver of mice fed a HFD. Furthermore, TE and 5% TE-NE significantly improved serum lipid profiles in a similar manner. These observations indicate that nanoemulsions can improve the efficacy of turmeric, thereby eliciting more potent biological efficacy against palmitate- and high fat diet (HFD)-induced cellular damage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigated the effect of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor δ (PPARδ) on angiotensin II (Ang II)-triggered hypertrophy of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). Activation of PPARδ by GW501516, a specific ligand of PPARδ, significantly inhibited Ang II-stimulated protein synthesis in a concentration-dependent manner, as determined by [3H]-leucine incorporation. GW501516-activated PPARδ also suppressed Ang II-induced generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in VSMCs. Transfection of small interfering RNA (siRNA) against PPARδ significantly reversed the effects of GW501516 on [3H]-leucine incorporation and ROS generation, indicating that PPARδ is involved in these effects. By contrast, these GW501516-mediated actions were potentiated in VSMCs transfected with siRNA against NADPH oxidase (NOX) 1 or 4, suggesting that ligand-activated PPARδ elicits these effects by modulating NOX-mediated ROS generation. The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase inhibitor LY294002 also inhibited Ang II-stimulated [3H]-leucine incorporation and ROS generation by preventing membrane translocation of Rac1. These observations suggest that PPARδ is an endogenous modulator of Ang II-triggered hypertrophy of VSMCs, and is thus a potential target to treat vascular diseases associated with hypertrophic changes of VSMCs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • Lamprey VLRB has dual functionality like as humoral agglutinin and membrane receptors. • The LC can perform multimerization of fused protein via disulfide-linkages. • The LC can mediate cell surface localization of fused proteins via GPI anchoring. • The LC can be used at an antibody display system as membrane tethering domain. Abstract Lamprey, one of the living representatives of jawless vertebrates, uses variable lymphocyte receptors B (VLRB) for antigen recognition, rather than immunoglobulin (Ig) based receptors as used by higher vertebrates. The C-terminus of lamprey VLRB (LC) possess a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) signal sequence and seven cysteine residues providing dual functionality of the VLRB antibody in the form of a humoral agglutinin and cell membrane receptors. Here, we show that the LC can be either secreted or be membrane anchored as a heterologous fused protein in a multimeric form comprising of eight or ten monomeric units. Using serially truncated LC variants, we showed that the LC, in which the last three amino acid "RKR" were deleted, referred to as LC7, was the most suitable domain for multimeric construction, whereas, the intact LC is more tailored for applications involving membrane anchorage. We show that an antibody specific for viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) (VLR43), displayed on HEK-293F cells using a PiggyBac (PB) transposase system, exhibited a dose-dependent reaction with its antigen, verifying that the LC can be applied in antibody display technology. Therefore, the present report provides valuable insight into the structure of the lamprey VLRB and highlights its potential use as a novel fusion partner for multimerization and membrane anchorage of chimeric proteins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract This study investigated the effects of different curing agents on the physicochemical properties, microbiological properties and sensory evaluation of sausages formulated with and without nitrite over 4 weeks of cold storage. Seven batches were prepared: control, sodium nitrite 0.01%; celery powder 0.8% (T1); fruit extract powder 0.6% (T2); purple sweet potato powder 0.45% (T3); fruit and vegetable extract powders 0.5% (T4); gardenia red 0.04% (T5); paprika and blueberry powder 0.07% (T6). T1 produced significantly lighter, redder and yellower sausages compared to control and had a higher color intensity (C*) and hue (h). The residual nitrite ion concentration was the highest in the control and declined most rapidly in control, T1, and T2 during storage. The pH, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), volatile basic nitrogen (VBN) content, and total microbe counts were the same for T1 and the control. T1 received comparable sensory attributes as the control. These results suggest that celery powder effectively protects sausages from quality deterioration during storage. Highlights • Reduction/removal of nitrite from meat products would minimize consumer concerns. • The addition of 0.8% celery powder in sausage may be an alternative to nitrite. • Sausages containing celery powder demonstrated similar results to the control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, we report the results of high‐energy electron beam (e‐beam) irradiation of polymer thin films made of poly(semiperfluoroalkyl methacrylate)s (PRFMAs) and propose plausible chemical reactions that may cause their solubility to change in fluorous liquids. It was observed that the polymer films were converted to a more soluble state under low exposure doses of e‐beam, possibly due to main‐chain scission. However, the films became insoluble with higher doses of e‐beam. Three hypotheses were proposed to explain the reduction in solubility, and we used data from Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, mass spectrometry (MS), and nanoindentation to eliminate the less probable hypotheses. The results derived from e‐beam‐irradiated thin films of three PRFMAs showed that the radical‐related Norrish Type I and II pathways may not be the main decomposition routes. The data also suggested that sufficient scission reactions of the perfluorooctyl moieties of PRFMAs do not occur by e‐beam. We therefore assumed that the decrease in solubility of the fluorinated polymers results from intermolecular crosslinking reactions between the free radicals and reactive moieties generated on the perfluorooctyl groups by the e‐beam. The unique imaging mechanism of PRFMAs may be developed further to synthesize radiation‐sensitive materials working under e‐beam and extreme ultraviolet (λ = 13.5 nm) lithography conditions for advanced patterning applications. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2018, 56, 2672–2680 Results of high‐energy electron beam (e‐beam) irradiation of polymer thin films made of poly(semiperfluoroalkyl methacrylate)s are reported and plausible chemical reactions that cause their solubility change are proposed. It is assumed that the decrease in solubility results from intermolecular crosslinking reactions between the reactive species generated on the perfluoroalkyl moieties by the e‐beam. This unique decomposition behavior may be employed in developing radiation‐sensitive materials and improving the performance of water‐repellent, antifouling surface coatings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The activities of tritium in water-vapor (n = 649) and precipitation (n = 2404) samples were measured from 1998 to 2015 around the Wolsong nuclear power plant (NPP) site where four pressurized heavy water reactors and two pressurized water reactors operated. The activity concentrations of tritium in the water-vapor and precipitation samples were in the ranges of 2.2–2200 Bq/L and 0.3–1090 Bq/L, respectively. The concentrations of tritium in the water-vapor in spring were approximately 7 times higher than those in fall and winter, mainly owing to the wind directions at the power plant location. The annual geometric mean activities of tritium in the water-vapor and precipitation samples varied within 56% and 83% from the average, respectively, depending primarily on the annual discharge amount of tritium to the atmosphere. The activities of tritium in the water-vapor and precipitation samples rapidly decreased away from the power plant. Approximately 0.5–30% of tritium discharged from the NPP site was removed by precipitation to the ground within an area with a radius of 30 km from the NPP site, which linearly depended on the precipitation amount. Our results suggest that the wind direction and precipitation, in addition to the amount of discharge, are important factors that control the tritium concentrations in air near the NPP site. Highlights • The tritium concentration in the water vapor and precipitation near NPP was measured. • Approximately 0.5–30% of tritium released from the NPP was removed by precipitation. • The removed amount of tritium linearly depended on the precipitation amount. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The distributions of 137Cs, 237Np, and 239+240Pu activity concentrations in sedimentary soil cores of the volcanic crater-lake have been studied. The 240Pu/239Pu atom ratios measured by MC-ICP-MS and mutual activity ratios were examined. These results were used to evaluate the sedimentation characteristics of the crater-lake (Baengnokdam of Mt. Halla, Korea). The 137Cs, 237Np, and 239+240Pu activity concentrations showed similar distribution patterns and one maximum peak was observed in each sediment core, except at St.10. For all sediment cores, the activity concentrations were in the range 1.03 × 100–1.92 × 102 Bq·kg−1 dw for 137Cs, 7.56 × 10−3 – 7.15 × 100 mBq·kg−1 dw for 237Np, and 5.20 × 10−3 – 5.13 × 100 Bq·kg−1 dw for 239+240Pu, respectively. The averaged 240Pu/239Pu atomic ratio (0.159) was slightly less than the global fallout ratio (0.176). The averaged inventories were estimated to be 9.21 × 103±5.34 × 103 Bq·m−2 for 137Cs, 2.27 × 102±1.58 × 102 Bq·m−2 for 239+240Pu, and 3.22 × 10−1±1.78 × 10−1 Bq·m−2 for 237Np. The averaged 239+240Pu/137Cs and 237Np/239+240Pu activity ratios were 2.21 × 10−2 and 2.21 × 10−3, respectively. The mean sedimentation rates calculated using 239+240Pu activity concentrations at the central area (St.30 – St.45) and at all stations (St.5 – St.75) were estimated to be 0.844 cm yr−1, and 0.767 cm yr−1, respectively. In addition, the sedimentation rates calculated using 210Pb and 226Ra were 0.856 cm yr−1 at depths of 0–35 cm and 0.204 cm yr−1 at depths of 35–55 cm. These results imply that the sedimentation in Baengnokdam was relatively slow (0.204 cm yr−1) until about 44 years ago and then became faster (0.856 cm yr−1) to the present. The excess 210Pb dating is consistent with the sedimentation rate calculated from the vertical 239+240Pu profile. Graphical abstract Image 1 Highlights • This is the first report of radionuclides and sedimentation in the Korean volcanic crater-lake (Baengnokdam of Mt. Halla). • The distributions of 137Cs, 237Np, 239+240Pu and 240Pu/239Pu atom ratios were investigated in sedimentary soil cores. • Sedimentation characteristics were estimated using horizontal and vertical information of the radioactive isotopes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To evaluate dimensional ridge alterations and sequential healing processes following ridge augmentation after tooth extraction in damaged extraction sockets with buccal‐bone‐deficiency. Material and methods: Bilateral dental roots of three mandibular premolars were extracted with entire removal of the buccal‐bone plate in eight beagle dogs. Unilateral sites were grafted with biomaterials (test group) and contralateral sites were healed without grafting (control group). Observations were made after 1, 2, 4, and 8 weeks, and all sites were distributed evenly (n = 6 for each group and period). Radiographic/histomorphometric analyses were performed. Results: In spontaneous healing of damaged extraction sockets, the dimension of regenerated alveolar ridge gradually increased until 4 weeks and then remained stable, but radiographic/histomorphometric analyses revealed evident dimensional shrinkage compared to the pristine tissue at 8 weeks in the coronal and middle areas. Bone grafting retained the pristine dimension of alveolar ridge, and newly formed bone area within the augmented space continuously expanded during the observational period to the outermost border of the space. Conclusions: Spontaneous healing of damaged extraction sockets caused substantial dimensional shrinkage. However, ridge augmentation can provide space into which new bone may grow continuously, resulting in the final dimensions comparable to those of the pristine alveolar ridge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Monomeric variable lymphocyte receptor B (VLRB) is one of the smallest binding scaffold (20–25 kDa) from jawless vertebrates, hagfish and lamprey. This relatively new class of binding scaffold has various advantages: i) it has a single peptide composition, amenable to molecular engineering for enhancing its stability and affinity; ii) it has a small size, contributing better tissue penetration and easier production using microorganism expression system. Monomeric arVLRB142, which can specifically bind to the glycoprotein of viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV), was expressed in Pichia pastoris. High quantity recombinant monomeric arVLRB142 (rVLR142mono) was purified from 100 ml of culture with a resulting yield of 2.6 ±1.3 mg of target protein. Functional studies revealed that the purified rVLR142mono can specifically recognize low levels of the target antigen (recombinant glycoprotein) (i.e. as low as 0.1 nM), but also the native glycoprotein of VHSV. The expressed rVLR142mono exhibited high levels of stability and it retained it binding capacity over broad temperature (4 °C ~ 60 °C) and pH ranges (pH 1.5–12.5). We developed an effective expression system for mass production of monomeric VLRB based on P. pastoris. The recombinant protein that was obtained offers promising binding avidity and biophysical stability and its potential use in various biotechnological applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Backgrounds: Clinical benefits in bone grafting of intact extraction socket have been widely known, but limited evidence is available for the procedure in damaged extraction sockets due to periodontal disease. Purpose: This study aimed to determine the dimensional alteration of alveolar ridge following bone grafting of damaged extraction sockets, and compare the outcomes of using deproteinized bovine (DBBM) versus porcine bone mineral (DPBM) in the damaged sockets. Materials and Methods: One hundred patients (n = 50 for each group) with periodontitis‐induced damaged extraction socket were included in this randomized, single‐blind trial. After removal of tooth and granulation tissue, sites were grafted with either DBBM (DBBM group) or DPBM (DPBM group), and covered with collagen membrane. Linear/volumetric analyses of hard and soft‐tissue dimensions were performed on reconstructed/superimposed computed tomography and scanned cast images, taken immediately and 4 months after surgery. Results: The two groups showed comparable hard tissue augmentation with minimal reductions in the grafted volume, as well as in vertical (1.22 ± 2.16 and 1.45 ± 1.92 mm for DPBM and DBBM group, respectively) and horizontal (1.43 ± 3.40 and 1.83 ± 2.85 mm on the central section, respectively) dimensions at 4 months after surgery. However, several cases showed large variations in maintenance of the grafted volume. None of the measured parameters in hard and soft tissue dimensions differed significantly between DBBM and DPBM sites. Conclusions: DBBM and DPBM can comparably augment damaged extraction sockets with minimal postoperative reduction of the grafted volume. However, the large variations in the results should be further evaluated for application in routine dental clinics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study was conducted to enable on-line prediction of primal and commercial cut weights in Korean slaughter pigs by AutoFom III, which non-invasively scans pig carcasses early after slaughter using ultrasonic sensors. Methods: A total of 162 Landrace, Yorkshire, and Duroc (LYD) pigs and 154 LYD pigs representing the yearly Korean slaughter distribution were included in the calibration and validation dataset, respectively. Partial least squares (PLS) models were developed for prediction of the weight of deboned shoulder blade, shoulder picnic, belly, loin, and ham. In addition, AutoFom III´s ability to predict the weight of the commercial cuts of spare rib, jowl, false lean, back rib, diaphragm, and tenderloin was investigated. Each cut was manually prepared by local butchers and then recorded. Results: The cross-validated prediction accuracy (R2cv) of the calibration models for deboned shoulder blade, shoulder picnic, loin, belly, and ham ranged from 0.77 to 0.86. The R2cv for tenderloin, spare rib, diaphragm, false lean, jowl, and back rib ranged from 0.34 to 0.62. Because the R2cv of the latter commercial cuts were less than 0.65, AutoFom III was less accurate for the prediction of those cuts. The root mean squares error of cross validation calibration (RMSECV) model was comparable to the root mean squares error of prediction (RMSEP), although the RMSECV was numerically higher than RMSEP for the deboned shoulder blade and belly. Conclusion: AutoFom III predicts the weight of deboned shoulder blade, shoulder picnic, loin, belly, and ham with high accuracy, and is a suitable process analytical tool for sorting pork primals in Korea. However, AutoFom III's prediction of smaller commercial Korean cuts is less accurate, which may be attributed to the lack of anatomical reference points and the lack of a good correlation between the scanned area of the carcass and those traits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A simple spontaneous deposition kit for 210Po determination using alpha spectrometry was newly designed, and polonium deposition characteristics under various physicochemical conditions were evaluated using it. The high-purity silver disc (99.99%) showed high deposition efficiencies of over 85.1% in the HCl concentration range of 0.01–6 M. Optimal physicochemical factors were determined to be a temperature of 90 °C, deposition time of 90 min, and the use of ascorbic acid as a reducing agent in an amount similar to that of the interfering element (Fe). • A new spontaneous deposition kit was designed to be small and convenient. • Physicochemical factors involved in the sample preparation for 210Po determination were optimized. • High-purity (99.99%) silver discs showed high deposition efficiency and spectral resolution. • Deposition efficiency increased with increasing deposition time and decreasing sample volume. • Ascorbic acid in the same amount as the interfering element maintained deposition efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Variable lymphocyte receptors B (VLRBs) are non-immunoglobulin components of the humoral immune system in jawless vertebrates including hagfish ( Eptatretus burgeri ) and lamprey ( Petromyzon marinus ). Hagfish VLRBs consist of leucine rich repeat (LRR) modules with a superhydrophobic C-terminal tail, the latter of which leads to extremely low expression levels in recombinant protein technology. Here, we present an artificially oligomerized VLRB (arVLRB) that conjugates via the C4bp oligomerization domain derived from human C4b-binding protein (hC4bp) rather than the superhydrophobic tail. The resulting arVLRB had a tightly multimerized form with seven monomeric VLRB arms and showed high expression and secretion levels in a mammalian expression system. To isolate antigen-specific arVLRB, we constructed large VLRB libraries from hagfish immunized with the fish pathogen, viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV). The selected arVLRBs were found to recognize various types of antigens, including the recombinant target protein, purified viruses, and progeny viruses, with high antigen binding abilities and specificities. We also performed in vitro affinity maturation of the arVLRBs through LRRCT mutagenesis, and found that this enhanced their antigen-binding properties by at least 125-fold. Our epitope mapping analysis revealed that 37 DWDTPL 42 , which is located in a region conserved among the glycoproteins of all VHSV isolates, is the recognition epitope of the arVLRBs. Thus, our newly developed arVLRB could prove useful in the development of universal diagnostic tools and/or therapeutic agents for the virus. Together, our novel findings provide valuable insights into hagfish VLRB and its potential use as a novel alternative to conventional antibodies for biotechnological applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Hyperglycemia contributes to the pathogenesis of diabetic complications, such as diabetic retinopathy, by affecting cellular redox state. In this study, we investigated the effects of lutein on hyperglycemia‐induced premature senescence in retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells. In ARPE‐19 cells, a spontaneously immortalized cell line derived from human RPE, lutein treatment significantly inhibited high glucose‐triggered premature senescence and production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Notably, lutein treatment increased SIRT1 mRNA and protein levels, suggesting that lutein exerted its beneficial effects in these cells by upregulating SIRT1 expression. Resveratrol, an activator of SIRT1, mimicked the inhibitory effects of lutein on high glucose‐induced premature senescence and ROS generation, whereas sirtinol, a specific inhibitor of SIRT1, blocked these effects of lutein. Collectively, these observations indicate that lutein interferes with hyperglycemia‐induced RPE senescence by modulating SIRT1 signaling. Practical applications: Lutein, a xanthophyll carotenoid present in green leafy vegetables and eggs, has been consumed as a dietary supplement to improve eye health. Lutein exhibited anti‐senescent properties by suppressing ROS generation through SIRT1 upregulation in RPE cells exposed to hyperglycemia mimicking diabetic conditions. Thus, we propose that lutein could be applied to therapeutic interventions aimed at treating hyperglycemia‐induced retinal disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background The dengue vaccination era began when Dengvaxia (CYD-TDV) became available in 2016. In addition, several second-generation vaccine candidates are currently in phase 3 trials, suggesting that a broader availability of dengue vaccines may be possible in the near future. Advancing on the recent WHO-SAGE recommendations for the safe and effective use of CYD-TDV at the regional level on average, this study investigates the vaccination impacts and cost-effectiveness of CYD-TDV and of a hypothetical new vaccine candidate (NVC) in a country-specific manner for three endemic countries: Vietnam, Thailand, and Colombia. Methods The vaccination impacts of CYD-TDV and NVC were derived by fitting the empirical seroprevalence rates of 9 year olds into an individual-based meta-population transmission model, previously used for the WHO-SAGE working group. The disability-adjusted life years were estimated by applying country-specific parametric values. The cost-effectiveness analyses of four intervention strategies in combination with routine and catch-up campaigns were compared for both vaccines to inform decision makers regarding the most suitable immunization program in each of the three countries. Results and conclusion Both CYD-TDV and NVC could be cost-effective at the DALY threshold cost of $2000 depending upon vaccination costs. With CYD-TDV, targeting 9 year olds in routine vaccination programs and 10–29 year olds as a one-off catch-up campaign was the most cost-effective strategy in all three countries. With NVC, while the most cost-effective strategy was to vaccinate 9–29 and 9–18 year olds in Vietnam and Thailand respectively, vaccinating younger age cohorts between 1 and 5 years old in Colombia was more cost-effective than other strategies. Given that three countries will soon face decisions regarding whether and how to incorporate CYD-TDV or future dengue vaccines into their budget-constrained national immunization programs, the current study outcomes can be used to help decision makers understand the expected impacts and cost-effectiveness of such vaccines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]